HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK A HISTORY ERSTE ABTEILUNG | OF DER NAHE UND DER Mr E Ost ZOROASTRIANISM ACHTER BAND ZOROASTRIANISM UNDER MACEDONIAN AND RELIGION ROMAN RULE, ERSTER ABSCHNITT MARY BOYCE AND FRANTZ. GRENET BJ. BRILL, LEIDEN + NEW YORK » KOBENHAVN » KOLN setDati 1 de memory of LOUIS ROBERT Canin 1908 = 1985, senha grt last wh manned "ad har in esr ‘he pra same et mach as blogs tran ones Kaninoesoo tis (© Cpe an KJ BL, Te it cam] SI Rate pies ae te Se Pt, wegsun | Sato ie aCONTENTS Foreond i ‘Abbreviations i ‘Mapr and tempi plan 5 Paxr OXF 1. Under Alernder and the Successors 3 The Seleucia» bcgroundsktey a II, On the western edge the Iranian aie: Sus a Byam Fa Parr Two IN LANDS OF ANCIENT IRANIAN HABITATION TV. Zorostransen and Hellenism a generat survey ‘Vin westera Tran: Media Atropatene, Greater Media and Perse " : ® Inte Indo Iranian tondeand Avachosia snd Gandara, wth = neon Kates Kiajain Drangiana 125 VIL Imesser Iran the time ofthe Greck Ringdoms (2250-5080) 1 182 Pax Tune IN NON-IRANIAN LANDS OF THE FORMER [ACHAEMENTAN EMPIRE In wester Asia Minor: Lydia with Caria and sth wert Pag 1 ivceotal and exter Aaa Minor Greater Borgia with Galata, Cappadaca and Ponts, Cia a X in Commagene, Sra and Eeypt as 11. Zarcstan contebutins to etter Medieraaean religion and thought in Greco Ronan tines, stEXCURSUS ‘Thus spake oot Zarathultrs: Zoroasian reudepigrapha of the Greco: Roman world so Selec biograpy 86 Index Es FOREWORD, The downfall of the Ackeemenian expe Ie 19 most Zacas sags coming under Msostonian rele aod, when tht empie was ‘rently split up (othe commen beng divided among sepa fate Kingdoms. for Iran sue? Seleocd. domicio lated is ‘tescern egos unl the tumpho the Area dated hereto the ‘try ty Phraaes lover Antiochus VIF in 1293LC. To the west ‘Sceaants of anian coniste maintained thie ancestral ath fise under Helens and then under Romane and the atempt is nae this volume to tace the history of Zoroastrian there Utd ialmost entre disappeated fom vew ithe fourth century 1G. To the cote Zornatans ofthe Indodranian bordetands ate under Matryan domination, and the Greco Baan tings the contributed toa mined eltte, Only here and there paso Asia Min ant Roman imperil ine, and in Media Aopatene uniteruptedy di reatvely smal groups of Za ‘uta contin to be ule by co eligionsts Ie peed uf Zocoastian history consedered hee thus 2 lng one Fam eft century BC. to the forth centary A.C; and {hcarce concerned an lage, the soures sesttered and nthe main meagre The fem herary teats are however being incressngy uppemented by archaologieal Rds oro both win ran and ‘ej is moder borders, Soviet excavations are being parc Tey productive and in onde o makefile afrecent dineveries, In Sorte Centel Avi I ivted Brant Gtent sin me in wit this volume: Hee the author of Ck IIl"On the western edge af {he Tranian pleas Sura and Blpmais” (Beene the “high places” ff Elm are of special comparative interes fr hm), and of GhVit “tn caer lan: the Greek Kingdon bu ie contrib ‘Son tothe wome goer ar beyond hi, We havedacasied fom the ‘egning ft scope and content, and he has read al a tin da, ‘aking learned od judkoas commen. The mae important of {exe see acknowledged in enotes withthe atbution "FG: With regard to dhe eondlsing reached hee, we have fd ‘tsives in the main i harmonious agreement: But on occasion fase nda nthe notes) we have ditred, ad exch retain he final export for the coments of hit or he oa chapters Pursuing the histor of Zoroastrian i the Greco Romanx ForrwoRD ‘wold Heads nea othe problem of the Zoroastrian prude {rapha;and on the adece omy fend Jobe Hinsls approached ‘he datingwthed Mihai, Roger Beck, with am ination t0 ‘conte an Eacuruson thie cl subject. This be very nly Sted odo having be sud ome hope thats thorough invests on of the texts concern mht shed some new ght on the Mithac Mystere ff noe on Zovastlanism ise AS his ada sly lucid study shows, nkber bope was telaed: bt he az ‘Sete up mach consonants complex Bl, his analy ‘bah Tee the hiory of Zoroastantem from some ong held ‘conceptions, and increases undetstaring of how the Gresks ‘ought of Zoroaster and ofthe Ma “The wie gograpica ange a he vlume, andthe occurrence in tof nus of moe generally well known placenames, made the provi of mape derivable; and these have Been prepared by Gy Leeaor, im conalation with Fran Grenet Thee also one plan, ofan impotan semple excavated by Soviet archacslgsts, ‘hose owt publestion of stot yet readily accessible 1 mort Scholae Wah separ to the spellings of western proper and place fumes, Latin fons have general been given preference vr ‘Greek. As for Zooarrian names and terms, the only posible Imetod of standardisation seemed tobe the use of Avestan forms Uhroughoweeg. Abura Mazda, Mita, Jerome since the Milde Issa languages, en known, fer in thee forms ‘exe to west and undergo marke changes over ths lng period Engin marks ocr vowels ar in general given ony in the sndex xcept in chaos lors texts (here alone the standard conven tine for wranerhing Avestan or Middle Tanian ae uly usd) ‘Simiay arin Vol 1oae eters ofthe Avestan lphaber wich In ie rant ate endered by special sors (eg. 2,9) are ‘epenented inthe tent bythe phoney approximate teers of the Roman alphas [e1), eor Anta Mainyu, Fraboere iy ohe nature of fs comets this lume has demanded the collaboration of ets ad lasses and we ae deeply deed to Paal Beard and Pierre Chuvin for the gener ith whieh they hve found time read cerain chapter in draft snd to make ‘mow valuable eommeats and criss, Tht leaning a aca parse knowledge ofthe HeLenstic ld, expecially for Cec [saan Anta, hve hugely benefited the work For other chapters We owe War thanks to other fends and collegues or wester Iran to Peter Calmeyer and Deck Hal (Go az mer peerour in sending the writer copies of hed Unpublished works of is own}; for eastem Tran, among he oREWORD # numerous Soviet scholars who hive aided Frantz Grenet © Bont Livin. gr Pehlian and Bors Marshak. Grate ‘hnowiedgement other scholars are made in osnors through fut the volume The writer begel yas fr he two previous lunes, indebied to ber lend and colleague’ David Bivar for ‘puch an numsmae and arehaslogical matters, She i ao ‘Specally rac to Doris Jonson, frmer etal secretary of SE Bate othe Sehol of Orie and Aftian Stes, for umal help ip the actual procuring of books and artes. Fe Sally, we ste™much beholden Jacques and Marelle Duchesne Goilemin for ir dessin sparing time fo ead Bist proof of ‘he whole ylume hs aaah ghened for ll concered by {he ery hgh standard of pring. “The volume, lite the Hiswry a2 a whole, bas grown beyond cexyeciation because of the sour of data tobe enstdered and the ‘er for thar proper undesandig, se hein thei lea and ‘Witiea! coment Weare according inde ob ate roe for Spur athe general str ofthis seca. he Handbuch, ih to Bry for allowing it extend to what seemed the neces. iy eng "hey fave als aed sha the net vosme, to be “red SZoreasansm unde he Arai and carly Sasa, ‘Sout form's companson oe oth in hat Rs planed covet most the sae pero of tine bu wid the focus on Tran teal tpt Armenia ard Babylon) ie roped that ts peeparatin wall prove ean for Iran sd 0 req fewer year, Mary BoyceBow et aan, amt 18 ABBREVIATIONS in Hee eenwud Cb Zs Le Cec psi (one SC LG al” 6 \ bet tie Z) eee o ice wh y= 2 7 a oe = Ul y, y} wee sus) Ply LS YIAol (eS)INTRODUCTORYcorres one UNDER ALEXANDER AND THE SUCCESSORS, Dering te ones ‘The previous volume ended in $90 B.C. with Alevander ¢ chatana, disbanding hit conelerge togpe and Preparing to fmarch eas cougutor i is own ight, m pure of Barns In ‘tess of is eater campaiqas there bad been sely occasional felerenes to mates concerning the religion of his Iranian foes: a ‘lseripton ofthe Peran sy marching out the bate of ean, ‘rth sre ite eared ty’ matt sn the an flowed by the emp ‘Sharot devoted yo Ahuramaida al the sess Rome of Mita Sir acconrt of Danes exbortaons to his sldere bce Ca {mel with insoctons of Mitra the Saw and ea Ferenc 0 tags preceding whe Chaldean priest nthe ret prossnon which ame butt surener Bbylon to the Macedonians ad enon of ‘arly group of magi who for ome wo hundred years ad ‘aitaine lg tesa the tod of Cyrus xcept or he ast, ven by Actas un the shorty of Arttobul, these allsons te [BStpptied by Quinta Curis; and meagre though they ate, they rein accord sither sith knoe Zoroarran belies ad practices Sr ith deduce hoa realy fre 2 song Zoroastrian pre ‘horn fowrlcenury Babylon), et wppese secondly to derive fom accurate source ‘Such allesions ae hardly ore abundant in the suring ac outs of Alexanders eastern campaigns, fs ehh dhe fiat event ‘memocsbe forthe hole Iran was the death of Dau deposed {She Red by Reous, satrap of Bacto, and then, 2 pesmer, ‘Nounded and lee die rather shin be allowed tof ase na the TTR m2, ee ennands of Aleraner A his a number of “the most highly place Persian oicers of Daren, came to Aleranders came and gece {hezmales up, to be floral soon ahr by. Avabar, mss {strap of Dascylum, an fda wath much ene ese ‘mained with Dart near hts Alera nov Ply the pally uel part of Drie avenger veeted thes fees generously, and some annferrel totais iy ‘ew conqent th ety which they ha ery se the lsd Acharmeian, Among thse was Arar mall whoo Alesaoder potted tos seer of high oes Pagers, fermery satrap af Parthia, wh in uc tour cevel bee Me sayy and Atopats, emery strap af Media” cho ws Payot insigcan: part in Zoroastsin history. Wht he ees ‘Nvessoder his strapy Mad already been given ove Ouest om Iranian “who had been arrested by Dri and imprison st Soar {his caused Alraver ely upon him ut while the Masta, an was i cater Tan he “heard that Osan hal ‘guns himself and so despatched Aurpats to take oe his ld ‘Strapy again ns pce Tran was thas no ony largely subjugated, but her wadiinal leaders were divided among thomacves with uae reat nobles Alkeady serving Alexander, athens sil bent on vss Hm uot the leadership ef Bens, who, Nm Achcmena lod, had taken thee of king i succeston to Deion The subsequent ‘campaign in eastern Tran were hard fought ad condte nit ‘cleaated savagery on the Mactdbsian side. Amd the pi ‘Sante given by Alcranders chron of wholesale massacres tnd endlavmens, eraains, baring Sod pliging” Cures ein provides ew scrape of regan cre, thong one wo Imay be no more than ftonal embelichnen af his marae, Thos in tling ofthe pot hatched aginst Alcan by lee Matedonlns atthe capital of Dragiana (Seiten), Cura say that one eoprator led anther, prvuyr ints hoy ise 1 Aig ee Ona wz "ok ont bythe in won ep they wet! IF Pesca Mac at» odes ehh hc Eutpin nin Beye Ite Seating to Catan feat ri by Acton apcd day pte sta ie gos" ie cosy a he ms wh te AC at war on Grr" Me by aoa" et ince prs Gat fr sda he oe ce Shan yall r,t ter ape rg rated tere sc, Sole ery ac tea of aan Salon fe) neat Oa ab sey aed Be and Sobre bey Seapog ah hs ate sandes inp an set ah on tcl poe th cmp sae Saeed whoa wt ened tne by hr wm comrade etna Cars asa ie had csr tence ots ne’ ta at Dar adn hat "had St bento a Bn myths arog! bt propos Aan, Se eet retested hc clay Ie ay eh o's SST Seeder Car tet tad Bes eth mas ale ed se Oxy, Dat ot isa tb eb ued pe ‘Sou apa aes ehh ayo ie ‘ie’ P oe re he tte to Spy Se eno se aye Sno ne ime oa ep ts pape at Bec ged an ve gun a, ney See Sec FG ce bol tapaa ch le ‘in tal coy eae vou hve ree Stranraer ange atm ‘og tan nce ae has ome, Aeon se Conse Ba tee Sen he‘ isreveToRY A cuiow tnemrss att general prates i connection with death sang eater Iaane suri on he sous sath of ‘Onesicitan'« Macednian who campaigned with Alexander 29 ‘vee hs contemporaries thereafter with obra and seem lngly ftv accounts of the adventures he eapeienced sn the fiehs he tiv. Strabo, who cher him om neo time for {gress rob own ser marae, quateseetin ober tins by Hinton aa castein Traian props. Now in ary te {Strabo writes} "the Sogdans ad Barts id no der much from the [anian] soma in ther moder of He and ast Although tbe Baca were a ite more eized; however, af ‘he fe others, Oniert docs no cept tei be lt ‘Singer stance iat thee who had became helpless heeaase of 0 3b or sickness are thrown cut alive apes dage Rept ‘ipresiy for the pep. whichis tei native tongue sre called ‘undertakers (lap, and hat whe the In oie the self the metopisa he Baexrans foots clea, ye mua the [Bhd inside the wall i fll of bur bases; but that Alsander Broke up the cat" This emarkabe Saterent as come det etic fom cases and renal alte” an oe ofthe lace ba writen trenches concern pointing out that the ‘Sof Bac ers Balth), ar fre beng a backwaed oF frnitv place, had by he ie the Macedon conus been For over two hundred Seas the administrative centre chm sch and prea nn: ofthe Achar Epes” As wach wa. linked by the admizale Pesan networ® af highways with ther reat cis ofthe eepite, He satrap was uals not avays & sian of oyal bord ke Besa and would fave had isto ‘ut nth it Persian eobles and atendant. Taere wold have teen cantoments br sep ote tn, and is owe cies ate {ey eohave numbered among theses weshny meschant td ‘members fhe esl aristocracy. Repl vst ol mapection would fave been past moreover by the Great Kings te lial Forther, Hagia ad long boon 8 Zorosstrian Ind probably for ‘enuricstefore he ath feached ester Transl a8 ined ‘the rgins tly legendary cm tong the irthpace of the prophet and Ye tena his mbt. Temperance i the aE ee tee tee tn {Ae fa enn 1 OB, 15-165; Henin, pp. 2 RRR vr, 1800, an low p38 wh 1 [UNDER ALEXANDER AND THE SUCCESSORS 7 ‘tgs commit in Achaea ds ha bes angled iy Rraerey I when he babe one eho Anahi” snes BY cee go” hd gece er leaner emguce the ash sang ft he steppes, lea in Bata ovenesate Zoran dvr Thee sequen there but that the Sec mich he Macfonan wot nau Zara yan ‘title that anya conan there oud ave buen race lla tbe or kt ten ale by og Gites he hmantaran plese the fh and the are SiR itse fae rove flow men (and epee Thurs one' flow bev) thi oie doe ot ned sboutng sariEagnmen wh hed foe theres we ree dca ‘seein tat in Zevoatann dest see an acon Sought by Anes Mainyu tbe Est Spire and fasten would be CST a a et tren ones ou wah sa ei str had psnay, weer ome “weak basi ing Ast ¢ mln er the Chinese wales We {Guscorded tt inte seventh enary AC. Samarkand in SoS arie Sol Begs were bed or he prpee of devouring BEMIS Chi anima ght cnc baee een call Oy spect equivalent te Ones: “urease “enon E2E5)"Theceloge Wes Chch sai, were pr at aed pace {Erm habla, whith had ian cnc a pfestionl tenant and te tones were Cesta barat’ Farther, ‘row that Hyon dogs wer hess devour he ded fic pave he surg 2s Cheysppay ei hog to have tpn on Eons of Rhode Weft sera thus {ot Inc oes prod ar Once gry ana 2 FEI ser iad we! Oni gy ney ‘eget SeTueg St inten ctf rs a Pienerpab are cceasee cmp nes hear eke aiiehtat marly eter eieT omen seit % aie Gar pees pean Sepa sop Gah aneza te Mee Serer Pa Tie aitanc memes eatineey Roce hal, Fe aS ae Seatac ti wk end re ands euros er oegy deeb sas dheee er Se ap 2 ng ar cgi, CB SD ceEge Re baba iB ut A810 aber Bae Bl Wen8 sropucrony In evolving his fan the Macedonian appears so have inked Sopians ed Bacans (ho proved oxbte horsemen) ih mad ofthe steppes and th tbe lesen inthe genes of hie Story may theefre have been reports of harsh customs amg these noroads of abandoning the Old and sick fen at wa? OF “therwse hard pressod)-castoms eich he wnfuoad with seme Haleundesstood eaplanaion ofthe Zoroastrian fara site and then acted ito gratyingly hora eaves le“ staring ‘nd macabre quay oti al see with Saas lp tobe fined wide curtene, and it probaly undrkstaahlainpt FEewatd by Plutarch for Alexander, tat he "persuaded the So dans to support thee paren, not kil thers" an ate ‘mae by Porpiee inthe hid century A'G> “And the Bacrans ‘xpos thet ld people alive othe veracity of dog. For having tied wo oppose Meet ty Stnanor the hipareho was near sven oat" The her sentence, wth scum det ‘sndoubtedly appear oeorourate Onesies tale: bu it seems ‘ore lily that Stasanor had in ft simply ried to put an end {he Zoroaian ste of exponre ths being hal whl epg. unto Helenes, who sin daespect or the dead adc ff ofthe depart pint fom any haven i the heen. That he ‘Should have aroused deep lel resentment 6 ting fo ed 9 lomgestabished so doesn el-baed aneary custom wa 9 be eapecid andthe existence of Onesentus wenn sry ‘oul easly have eco the goal n ters ring ater mses preted by eter Hales ‘Soho custom peel to the Zooastrans was that of Abate suis of lose nextkin mariage” and. Cuts peeves 8 ise teprt of an instance of ths, onering that Sitar, ‘govern ofthe dntict ef Nataca i Sola, had two ss by Bt ‘um mother ho was alo his wedded wily "for'among those rope iis Lawl Yor parents co cabbit with hee hlden Ptah ao alludes wo the etm this ine, ing (evident ‘with de oundation) the Alexander suppresed ty eahing The Perino "revere char mothe and ot ty tate the in wedlock” SIRS a ACS te te ak tale Ene a eee ASS Sain ig [UNDER ALEXANDER AND THE sucCESSONS Daring th aah of lesen compet “Thi eagre sum ofinfrmation with ny eligous connec tin fo be found in the extant chronic gf Alorande’ ester Tanisn campaigns Later, an it retro from Ind, ate be had cnguered the faherinst Achaemenian straps rome sceouss ‘STrathesscondac by sore of tone hon heh ie be Suthoriy in Iran and amd report cra, rape and lings tere i meaion of ander of tapes aed eilig of ancient tombe mong the ater was the torn of Cyr at asada, fansaeked of all bus the ein elf and sand ™ According #0 ‘Arian Alexander, who punished with the wtmose severity all als accused of misconduct sell as hee Hence, hod the ‘magi stendane atthe tomb tare to eveal what the Krewe af ‘hires bat their innocence sod iparance were so pl that the end e Feleased them.” To test humble chant press one roupofHlellenes wax doubles: Ike another, violent and ering ‘rangers andthe Hkelioad i moreaer tha all flocs, they Had Bed fr tei iver athe abbas spose, to hide the eghburing groves. Twas ati stage that Alexander appained one afhis own lve companions, Penesta, to be savap of Persie. Peserstas, alone of ‘he Macedonian, hal aleady taken tan ginal wat a ie and owas not sulted tothe Perdane. And of ts he fae poo! ty adopting.» the Madiam dese and leaning the Pram [an™ ge andi al ther sepa ssilating heel wo the Persian Stayr and the Persane were gre shat he peleead ther rays to thse of his own country He, presumably, had many ‘edlng with Perian mas but the oly mento of mag 3° se Sage of Alexanders wn ates Isa! Ops, where the king Soap to place his Macedotans and to rronie thr with he Iranians ho mere by then serving in hs ary Tei gain Arian Steer se remese coe seen SE Rte VE, nya ey et or sce Cra ‘iin Reece Noes peace Zeta abe BW, 2 |0 ixTmoDucToRY sccount which ere appears the mit detailed and accurate, since this lt the indent a het of Cyran wan am cven 0 which Alexander hie was dieclly ancerned. Arian Tests tht the tng "tered the godt whom he was most to sacri and five a general lat, siting hie there, and al the Macedonian Siting sound hi ad then next others Persians, ad next ay of the other ribs who tad precedene in reptation of an) ether ‘aly and he hinselfand is omrades dra fom these bol Sd poured the same batons, whe te Gre sers ad the magi ‘aga th xremony, And Alexander prayed forall sos less ‘and especially fr concord and community in empite for Macedonians abd Persia: The sav that thee whe shared the fens were nine thousand, and hat heal poured the se [batons and tang the one song of tory Ths prayer had for tckground + mutiny among the Macedonians, cased by thle recensment wads the Fenians sn Alxander's service, and ‘cannot te taen as expressing any sted policy on his part 0 fase Hooves and Traniane ino one impel people ™ "Mago" (he ‘gente Greek ter forall Zoroastia priests, wheter from east fro westes (ua) are evidently mentioned hete because the ‘Seesion hal 2 gurl goon character, wih Alesander seeking the Desogs a th Gree and Tani nts apo Sa he felerence othe seems eas, asi their presence wer a much ‘sen ran safe Grech eT be xp, Since they would naturally be presen! wherever here were rain Fighting men ar cians who heeded hee ministration and by tha time Alexander had nto) adeated Persian nobles os ‘wn else ele, but, enn $27, ha erated Teaman rope in Tis army ona lunges, “ntening have hem a once ae sages td a soldiers" Thus bis eam which by then ta bce toile sate and the adiiteatve centre othe emer “rave known the presence of many Zoreasian pita minstetng ecg pe ar tor (aed coe Aas waco Eg ESE ey, whe en ale UNDER ALEXANDER AND THE: SUCKESSORS IE ot only to Persians bt aio to Bactrians, Sopdians and Arch ‘uns Zarangans, Arcane and Pastyseana"™ “There eno actual mention of magia the ct wedding cee ‘many which Alexander held earher at Stay when he at his Macedonian subles maricd Irani lade of any igh ons ting slemuied st ance™ bu the weddings are sao have been Performed "inthe Pasian fashion". a0 that ie ressonable to SSstme the presence of magi passed over as unremartable Ale. ander hinge had. prevousy, in Sogdia, married Roxana, Alughter of Onyanes & Bactian nablemaas" and mom, in adie ‘onal eocqueror ul, Be took to wifealso the elds daughter of the dead Duis, alte youngest daughter of Dari reece Shrstere IIL Otthe remaining marnages, two ate interest for Zoroastrian history tamey that of Sleses 0 Apa, au of Soramenes satrap of Saga, ho bad fghe sod ded valonty inn Aletande, sod that of Perdieas Aleyander' ne and trusted end, 10 2 daughter of Atropates of Media tn general the arranged mons beween Macedonians at hgh-born Ir iam ads apgea asa declaration by Alexander that he intended Is Compan orale with him 2 the new Toes of the con ‘dere enpse™ (Ue sgniant shat no rides were Bro {Bom Maceo or Gree be marie i Iranian noblemen) ‘Nlcrander had previously encouraged smariges beeween his soldi and Astute women, inorder tw Sad, 1 lessen bt ‘woop desi to rez to Macedonia, and to eeate an ary of tne sce whore ony home was he ean In general, recor fs dealings wit sane show him seeing the oroeration of two te of penont erent ant eeable admits Lamar Ith lca dione, ad skied fighting S2." Thore named by ‘hronicers inthe fet group were alot ll former serape ce ‘G-govemors, en seapponted to their 0M posta” but arson {hen was one “stribe™, Ametines, who ad been secretary 15 SANG cain, X12 Dione XVIII Ate ogy SS cath base fina Sa elrocbmae oro te Be A Mt ata aeDarius, and whom Alexander made governor over & people in ‘ster Iran The order of series, ike ‘hat of pret, included nen as nae cange of eis and scala: abd the cht ‘eres cou ke this an, be pomertal cel servant Al sees tree probably inated inthe lowest grade othe rethood sad ‘Mould tho have shared with practng priests 3 base rain Being necessarily engaged in wotdly matters, they may wel there fore have bern uel intermediaries a times between fall peo fessed press and Teas ew ide rales, Ttvetins marked, lthough Alexander was the ppl of Aral, who gest respected Zoroster and the anit Oder of ‘he enagio™ no mention made tv the surviving anal of ay fncounter between him and a magus, nor i any benclation oe fenerosiy aested on his pat towards the Iranian priesthood oe Rar place fwogip Vee he wasn geeral noted fo beng mont etl of rigion's ane yeterded ta have ore his ersal ‘Sonata the evinies 9 her land he fought inary Tutlay beings inthe moumain above lus, Melee i ruined Tyre aod ever gods ofthe Indus plan. Even eoe notably, Egypt and Babylonia be tok part in traditional rites of wombp zlnade eral benlacons fo the temples and priests. Tn oth these lands he could, however, pratt himself as liberator, come totes ther om Ptse's you) wheres he arrived in Tan ual ‘ele proisined svenger and proceeded o plage, burn and ly or Zavoasran, such man could be assigned one roleonly the ume drama, namely tat of creature ofthe Ei pir With ‘som in te religous adion Alsanderabares a eet cone ton tthe para them namely gveetag “accursed Their ge Chonahip ie destared dramately m what appear be a fganc ora ofthe Pesian Sil, in which Anta Mainye's mame is ‘Nene a regulary, by tba of fades Th orale was tere na poy a western Anatol ith the peop. a8 ovaten ie ear, bing partly en Tra Seager en ‘alge hin pa man. Bot all Asi SATEEN, eg, inte Bat eves Hades wil attend im in everything though he Thane whe race be wished 1 desoy “The propey of Gi scems) destruction of Macedonians by Persians was nero be ule, but Zornsran pris el ly 1 the ‘Shvieton thc Alexander bonged sally to the Hl Spit Trans nes wooly ae Zocostians, have sated her pit? vale woekvews tut the praca ofthe new situation ed Some of them, ar we have sen 1 come 10 tems with the on {Queor, and thes to ein thee Lene positon of wealth te ‘Rito and adimaton for his mltay prewesy, and fr i ‘essay, may well ave nade their ange loyal go deeper {han mere selinnerest They may, moreotes, have felt thatthe ‘oval fete or Kwak (pee to the recs) ad pasied to foreign infil (a lng before had pase bree Pranracyan, the kai fe), and ha chey were tha jase ging in te AMlepanee: Oxker Iranians of lester ani ho seed hi emi 5 Shim Ceti She fc, oF acti de Ree settaun premiemnetiis areas punan ialer nen sotont“ ssraopuctory rere Sighting men who nee 4 earn x ving, whoever com- Ianded them. The priests a contest had no proteasomal ease {Mimire Aletander's matchless mary silly and 0 nosh to ‘Bet thereat and horor at he devastation which tose brought Shout Nera they aay place seek in the Macedorians srs Sor aibough Alexander was always cage to bear pressions ‘athe interpreting sf mens, he mat hay ikely whe tasted Aivinatom ty ean pis, who fm gene! woul have wished to free fr im ning bet doom ih the spr ofthe Sibling ‘ese ingeiots theory has never been ane th ‘Alowander may have made oe scious eit fo come em wth ‘he Persian mag hs unexplained delay af our moms at Pesepo- lis ec 3, wat paps, is suggested, hecaun Be eas eg to persuade the pests thereto et im take leacag prin he No ut clbrationt late Mase and so nee to play aay he [ur of Persia's king among the palaces bul by Darius anes, Ad their stub rela nthe endo enraged hi that he barat down these glace themes" This theory neces specu Inve since the outs ogre in giving the mative br is cen ‘chim as acetal revenge ar he deat ton wrouebt By Nemes In Grece, Nevrtel is a fom implausbe asindcting posible ontibutory tats Stubors reeance bY the magi in uc attr might well Bele nreond by Alexander «chron es, wile seems wholly in Leeing wth Alexa ing fr the dramatic gesture, and his dese ar eseogition Dy each coun trys gn that should ave sughe the hang’ pant, the {retest aia ofthe Zevostetan year Te ao set al to Uely that this were denied him, anger athe feb woald have led ny halformed yslve he might have hae Hae iekny by Spectacular aco sengeanee elastance by Zoroastian priests to cooperate with Alexander oul help to accunt fr seant mention of tem y his cronies $eappeare alto have leno infrequently to tho death. Dow the ares Zoreassan tao, rom both eater std weer Tra, ‘maintained that Alexander so rests” Cletly many st have RSE Ces ees Se yahoo eae Fant ' Chaca Plge LXV, WH 210 E Rat nC Sti nama. 1S ad te res ie ee ns GBA XXXIL UNDER ALEXANDER AND THESUCCHSSONS 15 re ith eae sonoma ding he compan of Eonqeest bur te sepeted share ses specie ar magi were Single out fo death, and wy gs that this wan breuse ih tie ay aed wre ti eer {he Macedonian, to them 3 pag, calamity seat Wy Ane Maye to dest what was got di Brabne ae ed ave incited local jae to dey Alsander, aking and sometimes Ting ironies hereby and tees ey fat Zorostan Pret plaved 3 similar pat in Ian, encouraging for insane the tris that went on taking pls there cren ae the wba ‘county had heen subdued The prising ocurred in bth est Sind west Those recorded ater Alexander retorned from Todi ‘were led by Onin and asus im Arachonn ad by Bates Wikcia’te ver camel she imperil throne, and 2 ease of how Iaian nya were divided thi was the Median satrap Atopatey, he ea and brought hen eae ‘Alexandr (Tie Zorosran ath equtes an oho iy Be ep cen i worn to 8 the tach focus onl") The Macedonian put Baryanes to death, sogether with allt Abanlates in his evolution and retlon”* who vey probably incaded agi Once some of their order claimed. Auanders Sec Sending ong stn the cng et etdemty prey capac of ering mt oly tienen, bt Teese a of ng umbers lt bere, to courage ny forthe such action and whole piel groups ocllges ma thas have met seath, The pale remains, however, of hy his ‘hrotcee sould have rceeded the kiln of Brahma bt tof tag, leaving ts to eee of the latter eal frm Zennsran feurce; ut eoncebly the fame ofthe magh among earped ‘cienes mde i dedrable past over in sien’ oth thee ‘bluray tnd thee slaughter, edounding lle to Alexa ‘re The Jus to the fat tow the deaths of pret was al the renter because thy were i Bing books at ely ets being tl Etaly prerved* The most tre, notably the Gar of Zon ter hinsel, sure atc, beg known to very working pit through day recadon at thepe! betes, peared peaslocally by partial piety fancy or clleges, appear to have prised a this tneTfor am ral ezine gop of gle ‘eterno mean oblivion. The nam that was the Gone ne ‘Sted im a badly preserved Pain text emanating (a coment ‘Shows) fm Dranyins (Seta) in souteeaster Tan. hie tel ‘Sbcurely(becae of textual comupein) how when “accused ‘exandee"eame to Iran he sted ad sew tho who ment ih The guments of magl” (onde od bah mgmandin not git znd) ley oven te Doyo, tcl, ecaped nd Bed te Seta Taring with them the knowledge ef parnenlar Avestan works oF asks" ""A ask --- would be lara sompltey by hear soe: times by women, sometimes by a child, Adin that way indeed the Fah was restced in Seistan, rested an brought en ate ‘nde Except in Seta, in other places there was no reelection (Gest b enn bd abu wa rd ad, ah in hd sgetn he pl edt win nb nfo sagt ‘heya wor) Cleary her mach fxagheaton i th {ale arr by lea pride, but as, i wal ae heed {ewe tron comeing the dsstrs and Tosesinfted by the Macedonian conquest ‘Wiens much later (probably i the Shs centuries A. she Aver was at lat enten down, ina brawl and peel ferpt evolved fr that Sle purpose, he lege deeeoped that = Serie Avesta a existe oh the cal day ote faith, set “dwn nid gut on parchment, or engraved on ao fold in tas Alexander had destroyed Thm arachyonisti ale tld wh varying desi sant sande incredible” bu it appes to =F Fama, The Pdr a ttn ecole MB sia a eg ee Teele create Po Seiler Gt Be Zara ad 05s a ERY Rema a etna sa ee cos Ra Saab We et Pe ie gpa alien en gay a oe ma SS et i ean Rea ret Fe Swi eden refer cclity in 4 far ay Alexanders conquest dd apparealy ‘re great harm to Avestan leaning ‘Aihough Alexander's on delings wih dhe magh appear ro have been bash ao ited, neverhce ee e the leard ‘in eho accompanied acqoed some knowledge of Iranian Smerances; aa when #325, preparing Hephaistons feral in [Bayon be sought to ve fir vend the highest honours "he [roland al tbe perples of Asa that they should seo, ‘Quench what the Pens cal the sacred re (Apa nt uth ne asthe inera shouldbe ended This was the stom of the Pesan when thelr Kings died" The "sacred fie" bee “ident ot 3 spec temple fie but eae the sated lent ‘eprewnted by advil hearth Sex throgbout she lad. Ui Serr recenty the ageold custom vas wll onerved in radiionalt Zorostian vlges in Tran of extinguishing 9 hearth Bre atthe death ofthe master of the Hows snd thal ef extngulhing earth Sires generally when 2 chil or ing died probably goer back likewise toa remote pst, far oer than the Achaemena er Because under the Achaemeniana this general obsereance seem © Ihave been cared out any forthe Great King. the Taniane ‘Peja Alexander's orders ominous: al a eels late he Himself war indeed dead” As the newa of ths rpread through Babylon, where sickness ad lsmed him, the ciiren, Car felaten" libel t the rol to heep wath, bat did not dare to Tight imp. Ti, hasbeen sugested,” nay have been because fer generations of living wader Persian tale they expected the ‘onder regulany sued on such occasions ext al orm Siren their hose, Afr Aesner While Alerander ved, most Zoroastrian, satered through the lands of the former Achacmenian Enpte rerained under one {Spek ten ae Za eh by ol, no embed i Eigen 2-1 nw el eZ pra Inn Ps cen Ret he ig paps el ‘tian enn on es ggg aie Onerace Nteme Wes rime1 iropvevoRY ule; atl ths state of airs continue Bric af is deat, when 2SSun of hie Macsdoniam genera, mectng im Babylon, ap ined to o their umber, Berd, to be seget for hi oxo ier hitwntorn chill by Roxana sa his half ited Mal inother Php Aridaeve. Alexanders army was not dbended, bur eemained n ing undr Perdis aut and inte ranks sere sill many Transat, some otered by sons ad ew (Row of erat bles who had served Alexander They icles ‘omve 3,000 Fransan yout al of ike age, who he had had ‘Rune from boyhood for ha service the’ Macedonian way ef fektng™ Namen for power, based on postion of lands, Baan at pct wh same yeahoration of strates, Pamy obtained Egy, {Eomenes (Alstanders Grek secretars) Cappadocia, while Med Strategie theron. portant athe anian sattpiey as Snide Creates Mesa, withthe ancione es of Ecbatans and Raga and contol of the Khorasan Highs, went othe Macedo= ‘an hon: bur, perhaps because he eas Prairafatherin-lam [ero leprae? Media, hat the portvest corner af the Tranlan plateau: Tse he wa able to iainain sll she ‘combi tees shat flowed, and to fovad 4 dyna” and the region called ater hm Atropatene the Grek, fst owe hy The Afabicedfcrof ste Tratan name of "Aopalakina, 36 [eatajan Aner Iranian, Onyuren, Rota’ father ras ap- joined governor of Paropamisadal in the far nort-east™ and Prntaprmes continued ar strap of Pa iatWecania These ‘rere the nly Larians to retain high authority, Alexanders shor Ted empire then began to break up a8 individual Macedonian ‘rae ted thei power, Perce ded in $21 tying 10 fe Sabla uri wer Bley, who erate raed Exypt Independemiy. Under the neat regem. haipter Sleweus ob fined Babylon, and Antigos, sarap of Phrygia, became iso ‘Simmander in shielof al Sacedonan frees in Asi, Phratapher. tes lat Parti toa Macedon who ws hiss ose thon of Med, who virally annexed Pura. The other sarap Iniran armed onfedracy aginst hi, Badin omnia ease a ‘Sp the interest of Aleanders bora they mere ined by Teagan HE Cas VL Dat KM Pah, ‘Pit Kv: Sate XLS © Ble XVI UNDER ALEXANDER AND THE SUCCESSORS 19 Eumencs, who bad mpc Antigonas a comenanderi-cie in ‘Asa, ani who, ss upholler a the roysh ays had with im Traian contingents flom Alexanders army (Among is ier swore a om of Arabasus™ and anather poblemaa ho claimed ‘deacetlom oe ofthe six Persians who aa yt Darius the Great Sn the thane") Onyarts fet trope frm tbe nerth-est.” ad Peyerstan Brought large force from Pers Antigen now ‘Selon the Liga in sown ihe, marche eas jon Tees ‘with Phonan, once arrived, Ferlted Median and Party Tancess to serve under him” "The yearlont war, 817-316, wat thos ugh on Iranian sal wih Taman troops an baby aes ed {hs nd other campaigns in the years thu flowed. proba ‘onribsted ro vengthening Iranian gins, wet loyal to fas iay sda tans cong craig sto in the account of 8 sid more than ore thatthe comma ‘ra seeking winter quater: lor shee foes, managed to fd ‘Seiten th weve al unplunderd ™ By the winters cn ese Srear on must have ben sipped ae It Spores, “The confederate ty had probleme over tabetha 50 swat agreed "that all the straps and. generals who had ben elected by the mass of the army should gather inthe ral tot ‘ich day aed nk counsel together about what wa fr the comm ‘vantage Fora tent had been setup for Alexander altho he sear dead and ia the tent 2 thon, belore which they. were Tcrwstome to mae ofings"* On the throne were placed he laden scepare an toon > Peron Great King, together th ‘Alesndcr's armour Irany Trani abies were ever preset ‘hie rts, they ere dobrss able ainet the ow ravers towards honouring the dead Ling’ fras™ An ac of shared ‘woah by Helles and Iranians tok place when the confederate ny bund ise in Pere receiving lavish entertained rors Povcestar "There wat an abundance of ext every hed, which ‘cetasgahered together frm the ibabitants an dab thou stn he skier, seeking their god «When they [ad srived im Persepoke Pegeotas pefrmed # mage EE RBB he teem me LISREE eee nan xs TEELES awe20 erpopecroRy eat sei to the gods and 0 Alerander and Phi; sod air tstheg fom almnt the whole of Peri multitude of seit ‘himalr snd of whtcver ene was needed fr fies and religous tatherings he gave seat whe amy, Wah che company of ie farting Reale oor zc, one within the athe --- The roto the ter ring was of tem staden and wae iid with Ierrnaries se the mas ofthe allies: thecal the econd wat ‘igh ste and int were the Macodonan Sver Shields and thone ofthe Companions who had foght under Alexander; the ‘Gre of the meat wan of Our sade an area wa fled Teaming men~the commanders af lower ran the feds and fers who were ungsiged, and the cvaly and layin the ‘er cic, withs permter ftw tas, acho te geneal ad Hippardie and aise cach of the Pesans nin saw moat highly TRoued eccupied bis own cach Inthe ile of these there ‘were sie rf gu and fo Alexander and Philip. The cose ‘rete frm of apa of leases covered by hangings sl roe of ‘hry ‘kind ince Persist in plenty eveything need or ‘inmy and enjoymeni and the ccs were suticlnty separated {fom each other so thatthe baagueter should not be crowded ad That al the provision shouldbe ear at hard?™ I the hgh of the feoeral vnbon, and of Peucestas own prsanzig i rte Sie hat mag Rad's part in pevtrting the multnioons sar less seeded om this occaion, dedicating dem premmabi ia presribed Zoroastrian fathion, even i Hales grformed he ‘ical acts of were st he coal stars. The arrangement fhe moceatie sites seen meant combine convenience of dit ‘ting th onset fod with sense une and emanation” ‘Despite there pons sacices, Andgunus gained the upper Hand nd pr Bamenet and others 0 death He eye mw virally eer ‘ean, sod soup oetalish Rs power by etng at mary of it ‘en adberene a possi poston of author here, Bee be KE’ Metia laden wih spate rom Ecbatana's palaces, he put Pithon to death Hedi mot feel Bisel stron enough, wear tl {o challenge Oryactes in is distant atrapy, ort dni she Macedonian situps of Cartania or Barts, "xince hey bad ‘inducted themsltes wel tovards the inane ad bad ony UNDER AEZXANDER AND THIESUOCESSORS 21 supporter but he made what other dange he bl and even tmataged toute the welbie Pevcestae away from Pes veplc Ing by Macedon fis om chosing" The Persians were ‘go and one ofthese nobles rotted sing at they would Ste mane but Peusrtas, Thie the ly revue act of Persia {eircom at i tme, and the protest was adc on bal nt Sa Pesan bat Macedon. I vas given short sbi Anions thd the noble put to det, aI the new Macedonian sap sith ah sds ef fe stay ‘Amigo tem mashed west Adding tothe sp rom capaho he ely a Stein Bano wath = peat baguage tain, Sevens feccved on wih oye onour! bu hens becoming sapicous at Phos ate awaited mye fo Peety in Egy lewing Anigonus mater of Babs lon abo, “the Incr then pesed on to occupy most of South (Cok) Sy and tose ares of Asia Minor whch had prevely ‘seaped hele THP51s anagem was at war wih Casader of Macon and Lysinachts ef Taraces and tn 12 hs son Detvre, wh, Feling Syria and. Paesting. was sacked and” defeated by Folens. During ti ter campaign Rte allowed Seeweus + thy fre tn wich ores hs Buyonansatrpy: and wat {o'a/1 thatthe Seleucid dated the oundig of thei nan “The apparent ease with whith Seleacss ook Babylon sapuets tha Ae wat welamed tere; and when the Median sarap Nieaer (who N50" beon appointed by Amtgans) tracked hin, the Manan trope htm destin Sear, who won te dy ™ TDM Ancona concluded a eat wih hs tre ras which Ie cach muse of hs vn Goin, wie Annigoncs Neel was ‘coined au rler ofall Asa This eat wa xtc nly 2 fiber reglaon of Axor mp, wih Cassar th guard Sto hs surviving or, hs som by Roxana. (is bal Unter ‘Reriaews had bes urdered 0317) Seeweu wa pot pay 0 thetreag, being. see, ll ocapied i extending autor IniranTheye Antigone allenged hin, and voyeurs of Reting Famed, ending ina great bate in S/R, wich Seleucis won Aigonis appre shrafter to have abandoned helms a Tan, An Tr the tent weve years Selewcos wat I to hs conquests2 wrropecrony thee teaching in the end the most ester Inds of Aenande thats ofthe od Acbuemenian, empire There he encountered He forest the fot Mauryan.Goperor Chandragupe tne developments ced him westward agin ad he ueaed with te ‘Indian Wg, ceding to him the I vie, Gandara he astern repons of Arachora sod Gedo? in etre War lepiane Sad ober concesonn ‘odes ae recnrded of Slew” nine years of fighting, 311-30, whic sted longer than at Alexanders own campalges tn ranan a Indian sol apd virally ong knowl es {Chulocone se ut ing orf wht lao were ase, what Festance ated The ony scrap of infomation which has surivd ix hat Sele ‘unin is tr subdued the Bacrans by force The ean sourees Sea cy ht nt wes wr 0 An 1s suravig bet bad been murdered ogther with is rsa ‘moor Fouryeas ne Anignus pone ini 508 Plolemy also took this te, vo be followed by Caancer {imac ard Selec. The wo later, ty hou ha i ‘ate ited purer in thin Pleyel dele te ‘Btependene wan von This then was {he Formal ith of the se Tingdoms. These hoot peerahialy Tar extended, were 1 fein a common chara a Potny and See wee the end Maced ‘an hing io hsppened to lg ype adi “The suncrng of Asada nope Weasels of {he Zoro community. Most Zoroastrian ied in Sess gdom, but some were under Potenys len Egypt and Cole Syn man more were i Antigens” dais and yes others the Maryan npr. A minor Atopsene, Arena, Com Inagene and Portus, were sil ruled by covrelion, bat ‘were subjec wo nil Kgs, and almost all had eter sured “dred the havor of war ad known Ta de sh ‘mate demands {THE SELEUGIDS: A BACKGROUND SKETCH, ‘Ta euelan of te Sehmpir, S2-21 B.C. [Aca Macedonian adventurer, Sleycus had esenialyonly one silos he new Kingdom, tha of i by eanqus, saeco 0 ste Sci Aland hein ashe had sme shadow of ‘Sse in prattenew ther ales pretenders rough Hs mariage to Apart Yet even tht his only subjects th el teres n Upholding tis author were the Macedonians aod Greeks who aa helped him to eas it nd whowe own prosperity and hopes ef aurvied were baud up with is fortunes They were {leet own umber wile elds be raed by 72 serene, fom the Euphrates to the Joxartes, with great enic and geo- ‘raphe diveniys bold use wide eons he pursued Alea vite shige ata oe ‘or vifages) tobe: pooped msn ty Helencs and to serve ag Stronglds and pine odominance—alog the main igh fonts and'in pcs of economic importance, Thee ne ens am ign potion sevoted othe under cen of Gree habia ae, cch a Ph Sle peri commuy oe, lan-owning tens equal before the aie apote and wrote Gresk, maintained Grek insiutions, hd dwered themoches in Greek was. The most notable of SSvcue loundstos during thee ears was Seeuca-on-the- {igs coabliced to eval ancien Babylon, and deine to be cone ike eater capital of he empice Tt as probably also be Ro buted Saat Selcincntbe-Eilon and anther re Tounding af on the Taran plateau was ofthe ay chy of he diana Rays, whi toda rate pin on the great ‘Kiorasan Highesy Tein fom Babylon to nordvastem Trans Sceuens ebanwlciged i importance by naming this nee pol ee 1 AE RET SPR 1254, On Raga a Zrosin lyy seHZ” srropuicroRy uropus, afer his own birthplace. Europus may have been but Inside ancient Raga rather shan incorporating it but it clo prximity, with all the alien comings ant goings, mat invita fave bee le a pellcon by the Zovastian priate Tn dae course Auigona’ uaquenchable ambition brought anew culo into eng agains hi, jon which Seles hasten back toes the Indian boederlands* In 301 fe, Lystachae an CCssarer defeated and slew Aatigons a Ips in Phy, snd Aivided his possesion between them, Sees obtaines Cela nd North Sytay where he founded the chy of Ariochon-be ‘rons tobe his new capstal He lids alot South Sym, bt tha seas held by Pelemy of Egypt and remained doped teritoy, to be ought ver by ther descendant in a sees of structive wars. Not long aterwards Seleacas foe! with mel Sr covegen his son Anton, alf Iranian by blond bo there tee ruled the eastern pare ofthe enpres Antwxhus had to fh ‘eaint ncuron by Franian nomad in the noth-eat and he wae Scesful in Usa in comaidating Selewed rae overall ran, there he continue the Funding ees Talo posible 1 Aetermine which ware enablshed thre by him, whlch fsther but beeen them Greater Media sceved tuber oa feundaons, because ofits wealth and stati importance nd Hellenic ies are eeconded for Posy Parti, Fijcan Ay tad moat devsey ofall for Sogn Bata The character names of eleucu' foundations were Seleucia, Antioch fr his ate), aod for his mater) and pamnes {for is Botrian wile and ths nomenclature conned to be red Uyhitdescendan. Is nt alway penile homes, match he ‘ine of Seluch ties with known nan Excavations tA Khana on the Ova, ancient Baca show that the Hellen sity there was founded her by Alesnder or by Sclewcar and Ihave established that distant though i wan thi cy wa hoe ughly Greek i some of i aspect, ith thse, gymnasium, alee Pe tae Fae ene Ee SoS oe Be ee kere sere oo Eee ecmoniecaa ae a "RHE SELEUCIDS-AISTORICAL BACKGROUND 25. heron and few eloguay phrased inscriptions? Tha such Helle ine oman af tet-eau ra shared traly Grek clare Ath cts in the esto the Eee strkngy Haase by an Insertion ff another namele ets apparently in Flyeann, ‘dane ro the vig of Antiochus" This eecords the manusion ‘faslave dediesed "holy Sarapis'=pesy that to abr ‘heuthrapa in resk guise." The declaration ofthis mans fon tadlreeed wo two Seleucid oles he fnamed, Ande. Gore bsing presumably the local step, Exacly similar incre Ketiatons wath the manutd sae being devote to Nanaia ‘n imone cate to Apollo sed Artemis Dita, have bee excavated tSeeusaon-the-Ealie(Sora" i being Grer law which war thas bring flied in these two cies sett the oppose ends of Teventually new varie fed eleucus to take held aginst is former lly sacha, whom he defeated sn 281 t Carepeicn, ‘at Sardis, He was teteby abet ado hast domi seet Si Lyimachar’ pomenins in Asst Minor: and Sars which had ‘bean the chit Achacrenin tine west, Deame the thd reat, ‘hy of his empire. These secession brought yt move Zoroastrian Ler the rue of Seles, so now held (exept for Eye South Sirs, sad the Tada satapis) almost all the former Ackaeme The ent year Selects made bid wo gain poten aloof his omeland, Macedonia, nd was murdered tthe outset Antioch Iastened westward by hard hing succeded in ean he [nds acquired by hi her n Ana Minor He abo stacked wo terntoner, Cappadaca and Pontus, which were being ruled y ‘Syaste who Gaimed Achaemenian decent nd had many Zo ‘oasrians among their subjects, Antachus in the end abandoned [Reelin at congurt here, snd entered to indy reatons with th rulers, Another region which fought succeali fr indepen ence was hithynia, 9 the nor-west commer of Asia Minor, which tad never been fully incorporated in the Achuemenian empire, In 217 eles, arden by tl rales and Sued power, brought over rm Three at mercenaries, the Calta, eros fehters who stayed onto ieronice western Asia Mino, town ted28 ivrnopectory cnuntyide alle, Lite is known of Antioch own srgles Seams them, but in 275 he achieved victory oft ar; ad uae ‘Query the Kings of Bthyia apd Ponts managed to ste them tore or less ina region caved out fom Phrygia snd Cappadors, own thereafter sb Galata A year late, the Sat othe Syrah Warr betree Selevad and Prlema Bogen and lst at 277 with no dear rele One ofthe two chistes concerning 3 Babylonian cametorm rable rods that 279 the sata a Becta contributed twenty warclephants to Ansochin’ fey, eich i sce ae early instanceof how the Seles mestened ‘ort-ssten Iran, ever exposed to homed pests, inthe interest Cher western dans, uring dis war the sou coast of Asa “Minge was harased by Polen ships and is pote were tbe Tught over for decades by the per 263 Antiochus wat in Habyly where he put wo death his lesson and eo regent, Seeder conspiring gaat hem the vst of many dasticoubles foes house In 28 he wa ging again in Auta Minor. suBeing delet that year neat Saris by ‘Eumency,rler ofthe ll cata principality of Pergamon, and hen his vassal. Two yeas late Antaches died, having never, tt fara known, rcturoed to Tram dosng hi tweny years of ‘pendent rule: Some smi to thee years of Select pre faton wath the weather ofthe Fratarskay on Pei 8 ‘lrwaliy independent vasa dyasty,* oan the bt of Magni, 21-10 BC: rom Scleyeus’ victory 2t Gorupedion down to that of the Romans at Magnesn the Seles Empire had thus thee main ison: inthe wert Asia Minor up tothe gest bari of he ‘Taurus the centre North Syria, which was the dynasty heart lap with Clic and Mesopotamia’ and in the est Babylonia 2d Tran, “The natural det ofthe Erte, the Basures which ere 50 apt at any weakening ofthe central authority to gape, flowed ‘seograpica bares... The fog stugale for each ene bas a moter es separate hier." The student of Zeros Bit 3a 3 Sit, dyin Vsti xs, London 906,190 EOS won ondary tite ay ies ee : "THESBLEUENDS. ISTORICAL BACKGROUND 27 ces ono somthing ofthe pla history of al thre regions. ‘Shoe chat eg hed adherencrin each, Throghou, ors is most sbondant or Asia Minot and scans for lan Roiochus TT [21-46), who suceeded hi father ike him, rot known ta haves ho ithe eaten septa during bis rem, Though his mame occrs as that of distant euler (gether ith ‘howe of oer Mlle Easern kings) two ofthe rocked af ‘Asoka, the thitd Maryan enperoc (gratdeon of Chandragup sith whom Seeucae had ete), who bad seceded the hone ‘hour 2 nthe west Anis TT continued his athers pl (Ge, srengthening tes with Cappadocia by giving his daughter Strvonice sm marrige to ts rler'" Hostess Pergamurn ‘ued but continued wits Egypt Being tl he south cma of ‘Asia Minor. Tn the untest the great city af Miles seine by a Toca tyrant and retaken by Antoctus, aed the Tater wth Aplomatie grate ae Theos "God", which remained his byepame: Antiochus Thad already ben accorded divine honours 1 Tom in ieume,® tt there ino evidence for a gence imperial ult of he Ivng rae (as distinc rom such oe civ ones) bere the reign of Amiochus i112 "The Second Syrian Wa excupied mich of Aniochs 1s reign: an consequent nelet af the east presumably cnet othe rowing independence of Baca nd Paria ane hes Macedo ‘ian straps Diodote and Andragoras The mar eed 0 253 sith Pty the nr Ants seco a ais sof Asia Mina, and on grein repute his ice Feed Piolemy's daughter erent, it marrage wih 2 large dowry. When be died 246 Lacdice, then Tvng in Epes, roland her ster son hig, a8 Seleeus TI. Berenice aod bet hull son, ts Astor, were klled Her brother, Poles IM, ‘poweig thee cause, landed in Sri belore this was koown and fom there: marched ease thvoagh Mesopotamia. to Babson ‘Domest rubles then fred him t euro to Egypt, but hie ey seams 10 have presse on Br some detnee into Tran, witht eee a ya aap ns