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Ohms law and other formulae like it will It also possible to “mix and match”
yield an accurate result if and only if all of prefixes to make the final answer come out
the units of measurement (such as Volts, as units.
Amps, and Ohms) use the same multiplier
prefix within the same algebra problem. For example:
Otherwise, your answer will be off by
some order of magnitude, or power of ten. E (in units) = I (in milliA) x R (in kiloΩ)
Most often, it is easiest just to convert any
readings you have into units, where no In this problem the prefixes on the right
prefix is required. But this could leave you hand side of the equation cancel each
with a large number of 0s to keep track of. other out since “milli” means 1/1000 and
On occasion, it may be more expedient to Mega means 1000. 1/1000 x 1000 = 1.
maintain a prefix such as Mega, if all of These problems can also be worked with
-3
the measurements are given using that exponents using the form milli = 10 and
3 -3 3
prefix. If the latter method is used, the Mega = 10 . Again, 10 x 10 = 1, so the
answer to the problem will automatically end result would be an answer given in
come out in the same prefix used for the units.
component parts.
Commonly used prefixes:
For example:
Mega Kilo Units milli micro
#1
X,000,000 X,000 X .00X .000,00X
E (in volts) = I (in amps) x R (in ohms) M millions
E = 2A x 100Ω K thousands
units
E = 200v m one thousandth
___________________________
μ one millionth
#2
200,000Ω is equal to 200kΩ or 0.2MΩ.
E (in Megavolts) = I (in MegaAmps)
x R (in MegaΩ) 0.002Ω is equal to 2m Ω.
E = 2MA x 100MΩ
3,300Ω can be written as either 3.3kΩ or
E = 200Mv 3k3Ω.
___________________________
2
RESISTANCE IN SERIES: Current and resistance are inversely
proportional, as one goes up the other
A series of something generally means goes down. A high resistance value will
connected along a line, or in a row, or in lead to a low current flow. A low
an order of some sort. In electronics, series resistance value will lead to a high current
resistance means that the resistors are flow. This presupposes that the voltage
connected one after the other, and that remains constant. A higher voltage will
there is only one path for current to flow pass more current at a static resistance
through. value.
Note that the resistors are labeled R1, R2, 3) Individual voltages throughout the
circuit add up to the total voltage.
and R3. The numbers 1, 2, and 3 are
given as subscripts. Subscripts are very
Law # 1 was addressed on the previous
common in electronics work. In this case,
page as R1 + R2 + R3 = RT. Law # 2
the resistors are given identifiers on the
should be somewhat intuitive, because it
schematic, and the values are listed
seems self evident that the same number
separately.
of electrons should return to the power
source as the number that left it.
Resistances in series are seen by the circuit
According to Rutherford’s atomic theory,
as only one resistance, so it is necessary to
electrons are not being created or
add the values together to get a total
destroyed, they are just being pushed
resistance. In this example:
along through the circuit.
R1 + R2 + R3 = RT
Law # 3 requires a bit more explanation.
100Ω + 200Ω + 300Ω = 600Ω As it turns out, the voltage pressure is
shared throughout the circuit,
Use the RT value to find the current draw proportional to the amount of resistance
on this circuit using ohm’s law: at specific points in that circuit. In
keeping with that rule, voltage readings
taken at various points in a series circuit
I = E/R I = 24v/600Ω
will vary in accordance with the resistances
or I = 0.04A
present at the particular point in the
or 40mA
circuit where the reading is taken.
3
The answer could be converted to
milliamps, but this would just confuse the
rest of the problem. It is best to wait until
the end.
STEP THREE:
It is also possible to determine the values The voltage between any other points can
mathematically, using what we know be determined by adding together the
about Ohm’s law, and using the following appropriate legs of the circuit.
procedure.
STEP FOUR:
STEP ONE:
Add all of the voltages together to check
Use the first law of series circuits to your work. The individual voltages
determine RT for the circuit by adding should add up to the total voltage from
together the individual resistances. In the the power source, which is the third law of
earlier section, this was determined to be; series circuits.
100Ω+200Ω+300Ω=600Ω 4v + 8v + 12v = 24volts, the answers we
had were correct.
STEP TWO:
4
Here is an example in which a meter is
used to reference the same concept:
5
In electronics work, voltage dividers are In this example, each resistor has its own
often used to lower the voltage applied to discrete path to the voltage source, and if
a specific part of a particular circuit. This one of the pathways is opened, the other
is especially true for circuits using will still operate. In a parallel circuit, the
transistors that we will look at later. voltage in each part of the circuit remains
Another case might involve an indicator constant, but the current varies in
light that shows that the power is switched accordance with where a reading is taken.
on to a particular device. Adding a resistor This is the opposite of the way a series
in series with the lamp will “share” the circuit operates.
voltage between the resistor and the lamp
so that the light runs on a smaller voltage. There are many different ways to organize
Higher voltages make it much more likely a parallel circuit. In the practical world,
that a person can receive electrical shock, most wiring is done in parallel so that the
so it is common to use a lower voltage for voltage to any one part of the network is
control devices. the same as the voltage supplied to any
other part of it. Having a constant voltage
is very important because electrical devices
are designed to operate from a specific
pressure. It would be impractical to
change that voltage at will throughout the
electrical service.
RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL:
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wiring in a lighting system may be, all of draws on a system to see if that total
the circuits involved are still in parallel, amount exceeds the limitation set by the
and all of the outlets have the same 120v circuit breaker.
service.
1) The reciprocals of all the individual 1) Use Ohm’s law to determine the
resistances add up to the reciprocal of the total current flow in each branch.
circuit resistance. 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 …
2) Add the currents together to find
2) Voltage through the circuit is the same
at every point.
IT for the entire circuit.
7
Referring back to the first law of parallel Notice that adding lamps to the system
circuits we see that it states: causes the current draw to go up. It seems
intuitive that the more lights in a circuit
The reciprocals of all the individual the more power will be consumed. Also,
resistances add up to the reciprocal of the
the lower the resistance of each lamp, the
total circuit resistance. 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2
+ 1/R3 … more power will be consumed.
So in determining RT for the parallel Most of the time, we do not know the
circuit shown, it is apparent that: resistance of a particular stage lamp,
although it could easily be determined
1/RT = 1/6 + 1/8 or with a VOM. Instead, the power rating is
1/ RT = .167 + .125 or given. Power ratings are stated in Watts.
1/ RT = .292
P is the symbol used for mathematical
R T = 3.42Ω
computations using power.
Continuing on, the formula I = E/R is
W is the symbol used to express an
used to determine the total current used in
amount of power. Example: P=100W.
the circuit:
I = 120v/8Ω
I = 15A
8
Suppose that the following schematic is TERMS USED IN THIS CHAPTER
given, and that the problem is to find the
total current draw: Aircraft Landing Lights
Color Band
Laws of Parallel Circuits
Laws of Series Circuits
Magic Triangle
Ohm’s Law
Open Circuit
Order of Magnitude
PT = 500W + 1000W
PT = 1500W
Solving:
I = P/E
I = 1500W/120v
I = 12.5A