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EDUC4721 ASSIGNMENT 2
Teachers once looked at education outcomes as a one size fits all prospect, they
now realize that the attainment reflects and depends on different factors. One of
Teachers face students who are diverse in a variety of ways including students
who come from different economic, religious and family backgrounds, students
who are gifted as well as students who have special educational needs. For
What is Inclusion?
Foreman (2014) stated that inclusion is based on the philosophy that schools
should provide for the educational needs of all children in the community
Progress and A Sense of Belonging of all students (Ainscow and Miles, 2008).
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First of all, student has to be physically present in the classroom in order for
participation to take place. Participation also relates to the quality of their learning
the educational outcomes across the curriculum. Finally, students must feel they
are being accepted (no matter their differences) and that they belong to the
What is Differentiation?
Teachers can create different paths for students by differentiating the classroom
(Tomlinson & Imbeau, 2010). They further stated that to differentiate effectively, it
instruction.
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The diagram below demonstrates how differentiation and inclusion philosophies
figure 1.
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School “Diversity and Inclusion Profile”
about students
Garden Children’s Centre (this is a pseudonym, not the real name of the school)
is an early intervention centre for children aged 2 to 7 years old who have been
session includes a mixture of 1:1, small group activities or big group activities.
According to the school’s annual report as of 31st March 2017, there are a total of
spectrum condition and it affects individuals in different ways. Hence, the school
typically groups students according to the levels of support needed. For example,
students on the higher end of the spectrum will most likely be in the same class.
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ABA is an approach that was derived from learning theory that is based on the
principles about how behaviour works and how learning takes place so as to help
increase useful or desired behaviour (Autism Speaks, 2012).
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TEACCH principles are based on the learning characteristics of learners with
ASD, including their strengths in visual information processing. It offers
structured teaching in the physical environments and visual structure of materials
in the tasks and activities presented to them (Autism Speaks, n.d.).
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The average number of students per class is 3 to 6 with 2-3 teachers. Please
summary.
School Approaches
Curriculum
The diagram (figure 2.) below shows the school’s curriculum framework. They
are further broken down into smaller achievable steps that teachers will pick to
way the school has worked to address student differences. For example, based
on the child’s learning needs (which are typically evaluated during assessment),
under “Work Habits”, he may have the goals of, “Follow one part instruction (sit,
stop, keep, hands down)” and under “Functional Communication”- “Requests for
All students have access to the same curriculum but at different levels of
modification to it.
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figure 2.
curriculum where all students are working towards a common set of broad goals
framework.
instructions for all learners and they include providing opportunities for learners
school. Teachers feel that the even though students with autism need to learn
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social and communication skills which the curriculum is focusing on, the
become competent problem solvers in life nor is enriching and challenging to the
students. What are the essential facts, skills and understandings behind the
Assessments
range of ways. Teachers are required to continually attempt to create and design
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (Turville, Allen & Nickelsen, 2010). The
authors further explained that ZPD is the zone in which learning occurs and it is
different for every student. Too much challenge and the students become
frustrated, too little challenge and students become bored. To maximize learning,
teachers need to manage learners in the ZPD, the zone which students feel
excited and enriched. Hence, teachers will need to find out a student’s readiness,
time during assessment that are relevant to those goals (Doubet & Hockett,
2015).
curriculum framework (figure 1). They assess student status before picking the
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IEP goals (pre-assessment), throughout the whole of semester (formative
assessment) as well as a key ending point at the end of the semester/ IEP
(summative assessment).
In addition, due to the small student to teacher ratio, teachers can usually create
tasks to fulfil such condition for learning to take place (ZDP), even individualized
activity for a particular student. Tomlinson & Moon (2013) have noted that in a
example, the number of students and teachers in a class (as mentioned), class
structure, type of learning groups (1:1, paired, small or big group), assessments,
students’ interests and readiness. They will also ensure that every student
example, students who have communication barrier such as those who are non-
verbal can still have access to the curriculum by using Picture Exchange
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Communication System (PECS)3. Such an approach will help students to reach
the same outcome but through a different process (Jarvis, 2013). At the same
philosophy of teaching.
strategies to meet the learning needs of students. These include, visuals (daily
External Professionals
therapist from the therapy hubs. The therapists only come in once a week for
each session. With the centre housing 134 students, the therapists will not work
with every individual directly, unless identified by the teachers. However, the
strategies to the classroom teachers so that they can work with the students.
3
PECS is a form of augmentative and alternative communication system (Frost
& Bondy, 2012).
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Others
schoolers with autism with relevant skills to be ready for school settings”.
While this statement does suggest that the school will help to provide for
the needs of all students with relevant skills, there is very little in their
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Going forward…
Garden Children’s Centre can be seen as a quality school as the school has
points.
activities helps to build and solidify the class’s sense of community, the
tasks will lead learners to whole-class closure and engage in the same
closing discussion.
• Another point that was highlighted earlier on was for the school to think
evident that students are always working with the same group of
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(2013), flexible grouping is used in a differentiated classroom to
be created for students to work with different group of peers for various
different ways so that there are opportunities for interactions with other
peers.
want to look into how they may work together for theirs students who
than to work separately and have different goals in these two different
settings.
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Professional Reflections
experiences and readiness that vary from lesson to lesson and skill to skill. Some
students may struggle to learn a new concept but comprehend other topic with
ease. For effective differentiation to take place, one important factor that was
growth mindset with students, they will be able to develop mastery of a skill
through the awareness that whichever degree of learning proficiency they have, it
can be cultivated and built upon progressively (Cash, 2017). We have to see
have also come to realize that I have been using “Tiering” strategy after attending
students toward the same learning goals (Doubet & Hockett, 2015).
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Tiering was used when I worked in a mainstream preschool setting with 20
students including 2 children with autism. For example, during a phonics lesson
to teach children the sound of “S”, I have developed tiered tasks according to the
learning objectives using “All, Most, Some”. This allows me to set explicit
baseline for all learners and ensure that everyone still have access to important
content.
Another strategy that I employed was to use both teacher-structured and student-
modes of exploring or expressing ideas such as working alone, with a peer, sit in
a desk and etc. (Tomlinson, 2010). In the preschool setting, I have created
learning corners that are set up within the classroom with a specific focus that
have the choice of working alone or with a small group of friends or even to have
They were effective and it allows me to see the growth especially the two
students with autism. More often than not, I was able to reach a common “place”
where all students could progress together through the next step of the unit or
engagement levels for the task and allowed them to develop growth mindset
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Coming back to my current placement of work in Garden Children’s Centre, what
effective through raising the level of enjoyment and standard of the work
completed. Students are more enthusiastic about their learning and are more
comfortable with the activities created for them. However, as mentioned earlier
on, I agreed with the teachers that there is a lot of individualization going on that
I believe that the school could move towards a more highly effective
curriculum that promotes students’ higher order thinking and flexible grouping. I
am also excited to implement the lesson plan in assignment 1 after the approval
from my mentor.
What made it difficult for me to differentiate was I need more practices and
children who are at different readiness and who may have behavioural issues,
plan and think of different tiered tasks that cater to different student readiness. In
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addition, for students with special needs, there may be a huge gap between what
gap.
Future Growth
Although I was able to implement some differentiation strategies, there are still
many areas for me to improve on. First of all, it is the need to foster better
more structured way to better suit their individual needs. Next, the need to also
work with students to develop growth mindset so that students are more
how I think they will fare in the tasks I design by conducting assessments in all
learning areas, rather than their abilities. And finally, to apply in action the
I have come to conclude that differentiation is more than just a useful process
forward in their learning. I hope to always refer back to the principles learnt in this
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References
Ainscow, M., & Miles, S. (2008). Making education for all inclusive: where next?.
https://www.autismspeaks.org/docs/sciencedocs/atn/atn_air-
p_applied_behavior_analysis.pdf
https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment/teacch
Cash, R.M. (2017). Advancing differentiation: Thinking and learning for the 21st
http://www3.canisius.edu/~grandem/catholicconference/catholicconferenc
e2.html
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Frost, L., & Bondy, A. (2002). The picture exchange communication system
INC.
Tomlinson, C.A., & Imbeau, M.B. (2010). Leading and managing a differentiation
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Tomlinson, C.A., Kaplan, S.N., Renzulli, J.S., Purcell, J., Leppien, J., & Burns, D.
Strategies and lesson plans for tiered instruction grades K-8. New York,
London: Routledge.
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Appendix A – Demographic Information about Students
15% Malay
5% Indian
Gifted Education 0%
Note: Information is collected from the School’s annual report as of March 2017.
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Appendix B – Interview with Teachers
1. Define Differentiation.
2. How do you differentiate in your classroom to meet the different needs of the
students?
3. Define Inclusion.
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4. Do you support the idea of inclusive school? How do you find the school’s
approaches in fostering an inclusive culture or practices?
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Appendix C – Sample Lesson Plan
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Appendix D – School’s Philosophy, and Vision
term outcomes
practices
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