A Presentation

On

“Seismic Design of Structures: An Overview”

- Dr. Dipendu Bhunia

Department of Civil Engineering
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

17th March, 2018

 AGENDA
 What is Earthquake?
 Types of Earthquake?
 How Earthquake Occurs?
 Causes and Effects of Earthquakes
 Seismic Waves
 Seismic Performance and Design
 Case Study

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What is Earthquake

 Natural hazards/disaster
 Causes destruction and loss to human life
 Depends on magnitude and intensity
 Occurs every now and then all over the world
 Destroy cities and towns

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What is Earthquake

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 Types of Earthquake

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Types of Earthquake
 Inter plate earthquake

 Intra-plate earthquake

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How Earthquake Occurs

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How Earthquake Occurs
Underground rock suddenly breaks along a fault.

This sudden release of energy causes the seismic

waves that make the ground shake.

The spot underground where the rock breaks is called

the focus of the earthquake.

The place right above the focus (on top of the ground)
is called the epicenter of the earthquake.

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Causes and Effects of Earthquake
Causes
Tensile or Compressive Stresses

Volcanic Eruptions, Rock Fall, Landslides, Explosion

Effects
Ground Motion

Landslides

Liquefaction

Tsunamis
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 Seismic Waves

 Body Waves: Compression in nature

o ‘P’ waves: travels through solids and fluids

o ‘S’ waves: travels through solids

 Surface Waves: Slowly and dangerous

o ‘Rayleigh’ waves: waves move both horizontally and

vertically in a vertical plane pointed in the direction of
travel

o ‘Love’ waves: move like S waves in that they have a

shearing motion in the direction of travel, but the
movement is back and forth horizontally

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 Seismic Performance and Design
 Seismic Performance:

Ability of Structure to sustain its function viz. safety and serviceability

 Seismic Design:

Procedure, Principles and Criteria

o Forced Based
• Equivalent Lateral Static Procedure/Response Spectrum/Seismic Coefficient/Time
History

o Displacement Based
• Performance Based Design

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 Seismic Performance and Design
IS:1893-Part1: Concept and principle of EQ resistant design. Code of practice

IS1893- Part2: EQ resistant design of water tanks

IS-1893 Part-3: EQ resistant design of bridges and retaining walls

IS1893- Part4: EQ resistant design of industrial structure and stack like structures

IS:4326, IS:13827,IS:13828: Earthquake resistant design of non-engineered construction

IS:13920: Earthquake resistant design and ductile detailing of R.C.C. structures

IS800: Earthquake resistant design of steel buildings

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It can only be true if the building has been carefully designed by an engineer so
the infill walls provide the bracing without failing the frame.

A bare frame (without infills) must be able to resist the earthquake effects.

Infill walls must be uniformly distributed in the building.

Masonry infills should not be discontinued at any intermediate story or the

ground story level; this would have an undesirable effect on the load path.

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Due to Pounding Action (Too closely located buildings)

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What is meant by ductile detailing?

The ability of a structure to undergo large deformations without collapsing

is called ductility, and the detailing of the structure that enables the
structure to have large ductility is called ductile or ductility detailing.

Good structural configuration,

Lateral strength,
Adequate stiffness, and
Good ductility

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Ductility and Costs

In general, these increased costs for improved ductility allow for

the proportioning of members based on assumptions of higher
levels of inelasticity, and thus lower member forces, in the
response of the structure.

In regions of high seismicity, the benefits of such ductile detailing

are clear as they improve building performance and allow for
economical design of structures for more severe earthquake
effects.

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Reinforced Concrete Frames

RC special moment frames are used as part of seismic force-resisting systems in

buildings that are designed to resist earthquakes.

Beams, columns, and beam-column joints in moment frames are proportioned and
detailed to resist flexural, axial, shearing actions that result as a building sways
through multiple displacement cycles during strong earthquake ground
shaking.

Special proportioning and detailing requirements result in a frame capable of

resisting strong earthquake shaking without significant loss of stiffness or strength.

Intermediate Moment Frames (IMRF), Ordinary Moment Frames (OMRF) are other
moment frames.
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Special Moment Resistant frames

SMRF were introduced in the US around 1960 (Blume, Newmark, and Corning).
SMRF was imposed in the year 1973 (UBC requirements) for regions of highest
seismicity.
Some of these gravity-only frames did not perform well in the 1994 Northridge
Earthquake,  resulting in more stringent requirements for proportioning and
detailing of these frames.
SMRF have been found in dual systems that combine special moment frames
with shear walls or braced frames.
The total seismic resistance is provided by the combination of the moment frame
and the shear walls or braced frames in proportion with their relative stiffnesses.

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Special Moment Resistant Frames (SMRF)

The proportioning and detailing requirements for special moment frames are
intended to ensure that inelastic response is ductile.
To achieve a strong-column weak-beam design that spreads inelastic
response over several storeys
To avoid shear failure
To provide details that enable ductile flexural response in yielding regions.

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IS 13920:2016 Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
subjected to Seismic Forces - Code of Practice (First Revision)

IS 13920:1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to

Seismic Forces - Code of Practice

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Dissipative structure

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CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES – NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS

Brittle structures: Contain primary seismic resisting members which do not

satisfy the requirements for minimum longitudinal and shear reinforcement.

Nominally ductile structures: Structures designed using structural ductility factor

of 1.25 or less.

Structures of limited ductility: Structures designed for a overall structural

ductility factor of 3 (shall not exceed 3).

Ductile structures: Structures designed for a overall structural ductility factor of 6

(shall not exceed 6).

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STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Structural Elements: Non-structural elements

Walls Cladding
Columns Partition systems
Beams Elevators
Braces Exit stairs
Floor slabs
Diaphragms Collapse resistant
Foundations Robust resistant
Damping devices

Strength calculations, Demand/capacity ratios, drift limits, deformation limits, strain

limits

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 Coupled Shear Walls

Construction of building

Overall view of the 1200 L Street Apartment building, Anchorage,

Alaska after damage from the 1964 earthquake (0.18g, 9.2 M). This
14-story building has a basic lateral-resisting structural system and a
series of slender walls coupled by beams
 Coupled Shear
Walls

(a)Plan view of building

(b)Coupled shear walls at section ‘a-a’

Overturning Moment = 2 M  Tl 

Degree of coupling = Tl / 2 M  Tl 
Coupling Beams bb

db

hs

Lw Lb Lw

(a)

As As"

(b)
As As"

Coupling beam with different

reinforcement layouts: (a)
(c) Conventional reinforcement; (b)
Diagonal reinforcement; (c) Truss
reinforcement
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Diagonal steel bracing to
prevent structural damage

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Shear failures and bond splitting failures of RC coupling beam

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Exterior Bracing provided in the building

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Lead rubber isolators supporting the building (base isolation)

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CASE STUDY
(IITK-GSDMA-NICEE-EQ22-V3.0)
A ground plus four storey RC office building of plan
dimensions 19 m x 10 m located in seismic zone V on
medium soil is considered. It is assumed that there is no
parking floor for this building. Seismic analysis is
performed using the codal seismic coefficient method.
Since the structure is a regular building with a height less
than 16.50 m, as per Clause 7.8.1 of IS 1893 (Part 1):
2002, a dynamic analysis need not be carried out. The
effect of finite size of joint width (e.g., rigid offsets at
member ends) is not considered in the analysis. However,
the effect of shear deformation is considered. Detailed
design of the beams along the grid line ‘2’ as per
recommendations of IS 13920:1993 has been carried out.

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Thank you

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