@afiqafham

1. State problem
Collegues 4. Develop options
2. Gather info 3. Identify stakeholders
Employers & Clients
Obligation as 5. Test options
Life long commitment Engineer
Public/Society
Reasoned judgement 6. Make choice of action
Ethical Decision
Expertise Oneself Making 7. Final choice, act & ask

Reponsibility More than just Research

Engineer can
making money, it work in Development
Passion involves
Production

Service for society Operation & Maintenance

Regulatory Requirements

Ethical values & principles Supervision

1. Engineering Ethics
Publicly disclosed Registration of Engineers Consultancy
Act (REA), 1967
For decision making Registration
Code of Ethics

No legal enforcement
Code of Ethics
Bring shame if breached
COE vs COC
Conversant with Code of Conducts
Honour pledge

Do s Respond promptly to clients

Practice & behavior to follow

Aware of environment & safety
Code of Ethics
Employees only
For Action Code of Conduct
Mislead information given
Law of BEM Don t s
Solicit
Disciplinary processes if broken
Favouritism among vendors
@saniesatar
Code of ethics

Engineering Ethics Do’s Don’ts

Obligations Aware of HSE Solicit
matters.
Respond promptly to Misled public by
Towards employers & clients & authority giving wrong info to
With colleagues
clients gain adv.
The Favouritism among
Profession vendors

Oneself The public

Difference between Codes of Ethics & Code of
Conduct:
Professional Engineers is more than just making
COE COC
hefty money Ethical values and Specific practices and
principles behaviour to follow
Responsibility For decision making For actions
Publicly disclosed Employees only
Sense of If breached, brings If breached, there will
service to Expertise shame and be investigation
society
dishonour processes

7 steps for ethical decision making

Passion for Reasoned
the job judgement
•Example: "something's not right"
State •Example: "Do I have conflict of interest?"
Life long problem
sommitment

•Examine the situation

Check facts
Difference between Morals, Ethics and Law:
 Morals: Individuals own principles regarding
right or wrong.
•Check any applicable laws, professionals codes/standards
 Ethics: guidelines/principles provided by an Identify
factors
external source eg. codes of conduct. It is
not considered as rules. If getting caught, no •What actions/decisions available
penalty/punishment. •consider whom to go for discussion and and the help they
Develop
 Law: rules that enforce the standards of options
can offer

moral and ethical. Will get punishment if the

•Harm test: which options offers less harm?
one’s breaking the rules. •Publicity test: wanna published to the news?
•Defensibility: Could I defend this option?
Test the
•Colleague test: what others will say?
Registration of Engineers’ Act (REA) 1967 options
•Virtue test: what I'd become if I choosethat option?
 Purpose:
 protect public interest/safety
•Make choice
 ensuring competency of engineers Make a
choice

•What can I do to avois this decision again?

Review
@saniesatar

Engineering Law Product liability

Liability: obligation to pay damages • Strict Product Liability: A liability when no
professional negligence was involved or
Contract: offer + acceptance + consideration
even when the injured party acted
Breach of contract: carelessly.
• one party fails to perform his/her part of the • Design aspect:
contract  Strict adherence to standards.
• injured party can sue for damages  Thorough testing
 Quality control measures.
Tort: civil wrongdoings  Warning labels and instruction
• Fraud, professional negligence and product manuals
liability  liability insurance

Laws > Regulations > Standards

Contract Law vs Tort Law.

Law Contract Tort

Definition Exchange of promises between two or more
parties, an act which enforceable in a court of law
Defined as civil wrong. Categorized into 3:
• Intentional: assault, false imprisonment,
fraud)
• Negligence: covers full scope of activity
(product liability, professional negligence)
• Strict: nuisance

Elements • Offer/acceptance: a party offer and the other • Failure to meet required standards
must accept the exact offer to form a contract • Duty of care owed by defendant to
• Legality: contract can’t be against public plaintiff
policy. • Damage reasonably foreseeable.
• Formalities: can be formed in writing and
orally.
Defences • No contract or contract expired • No breach of standards, limitation period
to the • No damages has expired.
claim • Damages not foreseeable. • No damages caused by the breach of
standards
• Damages not foreseeable
Damages • General: compensation for actual losses • General: compensation for non-monetary
award • Consequential: compensation that not loss or harm suffered
naturally flow from the breach (eg. economic • Special: compensation for direct,
harm) consequential and punitive losses.
• Punitive: awarded to punish certain (quantifiable)
behaviour (eg. Fraud) • Punitive: awarded to punish certain
behaviour (eg. Fraud)

Insurance

• Duty of insured party:

 Deal with insurer’s application honestly
 Notify immediately when claim made against the insured party
 Co-operate in investigation and resolution of the claim
@saniesatar
• Methodology:
 Define customers and requirements
Design for Quality  Measure things critical to quality
Quality: A dynamic state associated with  Analyze opportunity, objective, root
products, services, people, process and cause
environment that meet or exceed customer  Improve process
expectation.  Control the process

Attributes of Product Quality and Service Quality

Product Quality Service Quality Engineering definition

Performance Availability Quality is inversely proportional to variability.
Features Professionalism
Reliability Timeliness Quality improvement: reduction of variability in
Perceived quality Pleasantness process and products / elimination of waste

Organization of International Standard (ISO)

Deming cycle
Purpose of ISO: provide documentation for
quality system

Quality Function Development (QFD)

• Translate customer requirement 

functional design
• Benefits of QFD:
 Improves customer satisfaction
 Reduces Implementation Time
 Promotes Teamwork
• 7 deadly diseases for management:  Provide Documentation
 Lack of purpose constancy • QFD implementation – house of quality
 Emphasis on short term profits only
 Mobility of management
 Excessive costs of warrantees
 Excessive medical costs for
employee health care

What is Six Sigma?

• Statistical measure of the product

performance
• System of management to achieve world
class performance in business.
• Put customer first and use facts to drive
better solutions Steps on how to build House of Quality

• Link: QFD and Building House of Quality

• Link: Building a House of Quality | Example
 @saniesatar

Engineers Act Registration (Qualifications)

Characteristics of engineer should have
Graduate • Recognized academic
• Sophisticated and specialized skills qualification
• Special societies and organization • Documents to submit must be
• Contribute significantly to public benefit certified by PE
• Responsibility to public especially safety Professional • Registered as graduate eng.
• Extensive and regulated formal education • Obtained practical experience as
prescribed Section 10(1) (b)
Role of Engineer in Society • Passed Professional Assessment
Exam (PAE) or holds position of
• Responsibility to public: Ensure that safety
corporate member of IEM
to public
• An effective engineer should: Temporary • Holds necessary qualifications
 Understand the engineers’ obligation which recognized by PE
to the public • Posses expertise in field he
 Practice safety at all times and be intends to practice
sensitive to long term issues • 10 years experience
 Adopt continuous learning • Stay MY physically not less 180
days in one calendar
Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM) Accredited • PE registered under Act in civil,
Checker structural, geotechnical
• BEM: Regulatory body of engineering • 10 years relevant experience in
practices in Malaysia. design/construction
• Roles and functions: • Has adequate hands-on
 Facilitate registration of engineers experience in
 Regulate conduct/practice in order to geotechnical/structural
safeguard public’s safety
 Undertake accreditation of engineering
degrees

Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM)

• IEM: Learned institution for practising

engineers.
• Roles and functions:
 Promote the science and profession of
engineering
 Facilitate the exchange of info/idea
related to engineering
• Objectives:
 Hold meeting/exhibitions/visits to
promote the profession
 Promote honourable
practice/etiquette Professional Engineers (PE)
 Do such thing that carries the mission
of institution. • Route to PE:
BEM vs. IEM
• Requirements:
BEM IEM  Must be registered as graduate engineer
-A government body. -Non-governmental body with BEM
 Satisfied training requirement with BEM
-Only for engineer and -Engineering student can  Complied with all requirement of the
engineering graduate join IEM Board
 Passed Professional Assessment
Examination (PAE) of BEM
 @afiqafham
Graduate must register with the BEM to
Do take up employment as an engineer

REGISTRATION
practise in the branch of
The study of moral issues and decisions confronting individuals Dont engineering he is not registered in
and organizations engaged in engineering Activities
endorse his PE Stamp and sign on
Engineering reports or plans not prepared by him
Engineer must not exploit the client Ethics
Issue of
Client places trust in the engineer ethics
Transparent with his work if requested
Engineer possess specialist knowledge and training Do
Take full responsibility for the checking of the work
COE for Young CONSULTANCY
Engineer
Dont accept work not within his competency

carry out projects for fees below the minimum

endorse any work not performed by him

familiar with and knowledgeable in the work

Do
7. Case Study shall keep proper records of all dOcuments for projects

Cause by landslide due to damaged SUPERVISION

pipe culvert and failed drainage system accept site supervisory staff who are not qualified
Case Study #1
Highland Tower Dont certify work not within his expertise
Unqualified draftsman – design 12storeys
over or under certify progress of works
while online qualified for 2storeys building
notify the relevant authorities changes in designs
Do
ensure that HSE measures are implemented
REGULATORY
REQUIREMENT
allow works to proceed before plans are submitted
Dont
Undertake a project that not fulfill statutory requirement
Cause by failure of design and
materials used for the roof familiar with the Code of Conduct of Engineers
Case Study #2
Terengganu Stadium Do understand the need for responsibility and liability
Unqualified architect – don t have authority respond promptly to complaints and enquiries
to supervise the construction of the roof COE

Dont respond to an open advertisement to bid for provision

favoritism among vendors
 Ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely
@afiqafham
Meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future
Potentialities (assets)
the capacity of doing and being
ability of conversion
Multidimensional aspect requires
Main operational social opportunities
Linkage between generations characteristics Sustainability
Future Thinking ability of agency (act, think,
Focus on people capacity Capability
Environmental Thinking communicate with others)
concepts
Objectives Social Justice
Social Objective(Reduce poverty/increased equity)
Economic
Ecological Objective(Management of natural resources)
Economic Objective (Increased efficiency and growth) traditional quality
Life indicators
sustainability quality

Re-engineer

Reuse Human rights

PLANET
PEOPLE Social responsibility
Revert
Temperature increase of 2 - 6oC Local community
Recycle
Sea level rise of 1-1.5m Labor protections
2007
Snow cover to shrink

Increased Tropical cyclone strength IPCC-4A Report Building Blocks

3. Environment Growth is both essential and good

PROFITS Defining economic value: eco-services

USA Challenge: Assimilating profitability into accreditation

GCC Air pollution

Hurricane Deforestation
& Flood Common issue
Water pollution
Indonesia Environmental
Oil erosion Climate change
Problems
Population growth
Pakistan
Causes Poverty
Wasteful use of resources

Informing on SD Ecological ignorance

Define problem
Process of
Strengthening People s Capabilities
Education Establish goals & measures
Ensuring Social Sustainability
5 stages Selecting appropriate tools
Facilitating the Transmission of Capabilities
Establish roles & responsibilities
Develop & implement plan
PROJECT MANAGEMENT (PM) Planning & Scheduling

Introduction Planning:
Establishment of framework for
Project Management: measuring, controlling and reporting a
Directing and coordinating humans, project resources and methods.
materials, and resources through the
life cycle of a project by modern Scheduling:
management techniques in achieving Converting outline plan of a project
pre-determined goals. (PMI) into a time-based graphical
Organizing and managing resources to representative based on resources and
deliver all works required to complete time constrain.
the project within defined scope. (BSI)
Purpose of planning:
Pre-defined objectives: -What
-Time -How
-Cost -Where
-Qualities -Whom
-When (lifecycle)
Characteristic of Eng. Projects:
-Specific goal
Purpose of Scheduling:
-Set of different activities
-Details breakdown of “when”
-Have a life cycle
-Ordering material and equipment
-Consume resources
-Study impact of productivity problem
-One time and temporary
-A communication platform
-Complex and Fragmented
-Contractual obligation
-Involve risk and uncertainty
Project life cycle: Type of Planning:
-Defining stage Pre-Project Pre-Design
-Planning stage By owners By owners or consultant
-Execution stage Feasibility studies To obtain optimum design

-Delivering stage Pre-Tender Pre-Construction

Necessity of PM: By costruction contractor By contractor

Submission of tender or bid Planning of construction phases
Characteristic of eng. Projects required
a systematic approach in managing the During-Construction
activities and resource. By contractor
address issues discovered

Project Manager:
-Planning (tactical and strategic)
-Leading (directing and motivating) Pre-construction task:
-Organizing (coordinating task) -Establish project team
-Controlling (corrective measures) -Review scope of work
-Identify potential risk
Approaches in PM: -Review cost estimation
-Initiation stage -Conduct value engineering
-Execution stage -Develop schedule
-Monitoring stage -Prepare cost plan
-Completion stage -Labor requirement
-Ordering material and equipment
-Select subcontractors
-Prepare safety program.
Procedure in scheduling: Terms:
-Establish objectives -Time now (date progess measured)
-Determine activities and sequence -Budget at Completion (BAC)
-Determine duration -Percentage Completed (PC Planned)
-Determine Logical relationship -Percentage Completed (PC Actual)
-Prepare “what if” scenarios -Earn value (EV)
-Draw logic network -Palnned value (PV)
-Identify critical path -Actual Cost (AC)
-Implement schedule
-Monitor and control “Traffic Light Status” project performance:
-Resource management -CPI green (1.00-0.95)
-CPI yellow (0.94-0.85)
Type of schedules: -CPI red (0.84-0.00)
-Bar chart (Gantt chart)
-Network/Precedence diagram example:

Control and Termination:

Control:
Measuring actual achievement
regarding the objectives when
compared to a baseline and taking
corrective measures if needed.
Tracking, monitoring and steering
project so objectives will be met.

Types of control:
-Time (schedule)
-Cost

Time control:
-Determining current status
-Determining any schedule changes
-Influencing the schedule changes
-Managing changes as they occur

Cost control:
-Influencing changes to the baseline
-Monitoring cost performance
-Keeping cost overruns in check.
-Informing stakeholders of changes.
-Reducing expected cost overruns

Earn Value Analysis (EVA):

-Point in time evaluation
-Work plan to complete (Plan)
-Work actually completed (Earned)
-Cost spend (Actual cost)
 Project Termination:
-Unsatisfactory performance
-Contractor unable to continue
-Performance Bond will be forfeited
-Adequate time to improve
-Adequate notice and warning

Handing Over:
-After practical completion
-Certificate of Practical Completion
-Defects Liability Period comance
-DLP guarantee period
-Outstanding or repairs work
-Handling Over Document signed.

Resource leveling (RL):

• Use floats time tolerances in schedule
to re-schedule resources and bring
back deviation of actual progress to
within acceptable limits.
• Applies to resources such as labour and
equipment that fluctuates greately
with activities.
• It improves efficiency and minimize the
cost.

Steps in RL:
-Determine critical path and floats.
-Identify key resources
-Histogram of resource demand
-Rescedule using floats
-Redraw resource profile