Chapter

10
Medieval Europe
Power of the Roman Catholic Church
§  Clergy are people given authority by the Church.
§  The Pope was the leader of the Church, and his
offices was called the Papacy.
§  Men who filled important positions in the
Church had strong social and political ties to
Europe’s nobility.
§  Local princes were often bishops.
§  Many nobles and religious leaders went to
school together. As a result nobles and Church
leaders supported each other.
§  Church officials helped European leaders run
their kingdoms by keeping records of births and
deaths.
§  The wealth of the Pope was greater than any
individual European monarch.
WATCH CNN Explain Papal Succession
Clergy in the Roman Catholic Church
q  Pope
The pope was the spiritual and political leader of the Church.

q  Cardinals and Bishops
Cardinals helped the pope run the Church. The bishops ran
the dioceses, areas with several churches.

q  Priests
Priest ran individual churches and administered the
sacraments (communion, matrimony, and baptism) to most
Catholics.

q  Monks and Nuns
Monks and nuns lived in isolated communities. They learned
to read/write Latin, grew their own food, and copied and
translated religious text.

WATCH CNN Inside the Conclave
 Conflict Between Monarchs and the Papacy

§  After Pope Leo III (3) crowned Charlemagne

“Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire,’ Church
leaders and Europeans monarchs cooperated with
each other.
§  However, in the 11th century (1001-1100 C.E.),
there was a conflict between Pope Gregory VII (7)
and Emperor Henry IV (4).
§  In 1075, Pope Gregory said that Emperor Henry
could no longer appoint people to Church offices.
§  Henry tried to get the bishops that supported him
to declare the election of the Pope invalid.
§  Gregory in response excommunicated, or
banished, Henry from the Roman Catholic Church.
§  Henry asked Pope Gregory for forgiveness by
standing barefoot for three days in the snow.
WATCH Mini Bio Pope Francis (Named after Francis
of Assisi)
 The Crusades
§  The Crusades were military expeditions from
Europe to Jerusalem, Palestine.
§  Jerusalem and the area around it is sacred to
Christians, Jews, and Muslims.
§  Christians called the area around Jerusalem the
Holy Land.
§  In 1071, the Seljuk Turks took over Jerusalem
and Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land
nearly impossible.
§  Seljuk Turks attacked the Byzantine Empire
(Eastern Rome), and the Byzantine emperor
asked the Pope for help.
§  In 1096, the Pope decided to help the Byzantine
Empire and the First Crusade began.
WATCH Rick Steves Jerusalem Dome of the Rock
and the Temple Mount
 The First and Second Crusades
First Crusade (1096-1099)
§  In 1096, several European armies conquered
territories in the Holy Land.
§  The conquered land was divided into 4
Crusader states (Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli,
Jerusalem).

Second Crusade (1147-1149)

§  In 1144, Muslim Turks recaptured the
Crusader state of Edessa.
§  European crusaders fought Muslim Turks,
but were defeated at Damascus.
§  Christians continued to control the other 3
Crusader states.
WATCH Smithsonian Knight Templar

 The Third and Fourth Crusades
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
§  In 1189, Muslim leader Saladin recaptured Jerusalem,
and the Pope called a Third Crusade.
§  The Crusades were led by Richard the Lion Heart.
§  The Crusaders were not able to capture Jerusalem, but
Saladin and Richard agreed to a truce.
§  Muslims would continue to control Jerusalem, but
would allow Christians pilgrims to visit the city’s holy
places.

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)

§  To pay Italian merchants who were transporting the
Crusaders, the Crusaders attacked and plundered the
Byzantine cities of Zara and Constantinople.
§  The Crusaders did not continue the Crusade.
§  The Fourth Crusade angered the Pope and weakened
the Byzantine Empire.
WATCH Rick Steve’s Venice

 The Reconquista
§  In the early 700s, Muslims (Umayyads/Al-
Andalus) conquered the Iberian Peninsula
(Spain and Portugal).
§  In the 1000s, King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella unified Spain, and defeated Muslim
forces.
§  The Catholic Church used a court called the
Inquisition to punish people opposed to Church
teachings.
§  The Inquisition tortured and executed many
Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula.
§  By 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella completed the
Reconquista by forcing out the last Muslim
rulers, followers of Islam, and many Jews.
DISCUSS Should Catalonia gain independence
from Spain?
In my opinion, Catalonia _____ should/should not
gain independence from Spain because _______.
 The Hundred Years’ War
§  England and France is separated by the
English Channel.
§  In 1066, William the Duke of Normandy
captured England in what is called the
Norman Invasion, and became known as
William the Conqueror.
§  Between 1337 and 1453, England and France
fought each other in the Hundred Years’
War.
ü  In 1337, England attacked France.
ü  In 1428, at Orleans a French peasant girl
known as Joan of Arc led the French to
victory.
ü  By 1453, the French had driven the English
from France ended the war.
WATCH Joan of Arc Mini Bio
 The Plague
§  People that became sick from the bubonic plague
experienced severe chills, fever, convulsions, and
vomiting.
§  The bubonic plague of the 1300s became known
as the Black Death.
§  The bubonic plague killed nearly 20 to 25 million
in Europe, about one-third of the total population
in Europe died.
§  The bubonic plague killed about 25 million in Asia.
§  Christians believed that the plague was a
punishment for sin.
§  Muslims believed that the plague was a test of
their faith in God.
§  Jews were falsely accused of causing the plague
by poisoning water wells, and were forced to
move out of many European towns.

 The English Government
§  From 1154 to 1189, King Henry II (2) of England sent
royal judges to every part of the country.
§  Court decisions of the royal judges were based on local
customs and previous rulings, in what is called common
law.
§  In 1199, Henry’s youngest son John became the next
king of England.
§  King John fought and lost many expensive wars.
§  In 1215, England’s nobility forced King John to sign the
Magna Carta.
§  The Magna Carta guaranteed:
1)  Protection of the law
2)  Habeas corpus – courts must provide legal proof for
why a person is being imprisoned
3)  Trial by jury
4)  King could not collect money from nobles without
approval.
WATCH and DISCUSS Jay-Z Making of Magna Carta Holy
Grail
 Representative Institutions
§  In 1264, English nobles removed King Henry III (3)
from the throne after he broke an agreement.
§  The English nobles replaced King Henry with a
group of people, called a parliament.
§  The parliament included nobility, church officials,
and representatives from cities and towns.
§  In 1265, Edward I (1) took back the throne, but
did not get rid of Parliament because he needed
its political support.
§  The parliament formed 2 houses, or groups, to
govern the country
1)  House of Commons
2)  House of Lords
§  The Parliament would collect taxes, introduce and
pass new laws, and later wars would be fought
over the question of Parliament’s authority.
WATCH Tour of English Parliament

 The Ottoman Empire
§  In the 1300s, Osman founded the Ottoman Empire in
Asia Minor, present-day Turkey.
§  The leader of the Ottoman Empire was the Sultan.
§  An imperial council called divan advised the sultan.
The sultan’s main advisor was the grand vizier.
§  Military leaders, religious leaders, and large estate
owners helped run the government of the Ottoman
Empire.
§  As Muslims, the Ottomans followed Islamic law.
Sultans passed laws that were not covered by Islamic
law.
§  In 1520, Suleyman I (1) became the sultan of the
Ottoman Empire.
§  Suleyman became known as “Suleyman the
Magnificent” and “The Lawgiver” because while he
ruled the Ottoman Empire produced great art,
architecture, literature, and laws.
WATCH Discovery Education Suleyman
 The Ottoman Empire (Part 2)
§  The Ottoman Empire included Syria, Arabia,
Palestine, and Egypt.
§  The Ottoman controlled the cities of Mecca and
Medina, the holiest cities of Islam.
§  In 1453, the Ottomans conquered
Constantinople and ended the Byzantine
Empire. The name of Constantinople was
changed to Istanbul.
§  By 1525, Suleyman was attacking Hungary and
Austria. In 1529, using janissaries and
gunpowder Suleyman’s armies almost reached
Vienna, Austria, but had to withdraw because
of a lack of supplies.
§  Hungary and Austria were controlled by a
powerful German family known as the
Hapsburgs, who were bitter enemies of France.
WATCH World War I Global Connections
 Christianity
Read pages R64-R65
Write down evidence from the reading
ü  Christianity is a monotheistic religion, believe in 1
God.
ü  Christianity is based on the life and teachings of
Jesus Christ.
ü  The holy book for Christians is the Bible (Old and
New Testaments).
ü  Christians believe Jesus was the Son of God, Jesus
died on the cross, and was resurrected.
ü  Christianity is the largest religion in the world with
nearly 2 billion followers.
ü  Christians gather in church for public worship.
Church service often include sermon, songs, and
prayers.
ü  Missionaries travel all over the world to spread the
religion, teach, and help others.
ü  The cross is a symbol for Christianity.
 Islam
Read pages R68-R69
Write down evidence from the reading
ü  Islam began to develop in 610 C.E.
ü  The angel Gabriel revealed the word of God to
Muhammad and revelations were later
written down in the Qur’an.
ü  Islam teaches that there is only one God,
called Allah in Arabic, and it is the same God
worshipped by Christians and Jews.
ü  The followers of Islam are called Muslims, and
ritual duties known as the Five Pillars of Islam
(faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage).
ü  Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the
world with more than 1 billion followers.
ü  Muslim worship at mosques and pray towards
Mecca.
 Judaism
Read pages R70-R71
Write down evidence from the reading
ü  Followers of Judaism are called Jews.
ü  Jews believe in 1 God, and is the probably the oldest
monotheistic religion.
ü  The first five books of the Hebrew Bible is called the
Torah.
ü  God chose a Hebrew shepherd named Abraham to be the
“father” of the Hebrew people.
ü  The land God promised the Jews is called Israel.
ü  Judaism one of the smallest of the world’s major religions,
with more than 14 million Jews.
ü  Judaism has influenced the development of Christianity
and Islam.
ü  Jews celebrate a holiday called Hanukkah for 8 days.
ü  During the Middle Ages Jews were forced to live in areas
called ghettos.
ü  Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt, and during
the journey received the Ten Commandments from God.
ü  A symbol of Judaism is the Star of David.

Find and Label the
Capitals of Europe

a)  Reykjavik, Iceland

b)  Oslo, Norway
c)  Stockholm, Sweden
d)  Helsinki, Finland
e)  Copenhagen, Denmark
f)  London, United
Kingdom
g)  Dublin, Ireland
h)  Amsterdam,
Netherlands
i)  Brussels, Belgium
j)  Berlin, Germany
k)  Warsaw, Poland
l)  Prague, Czech Republic
m)  Moscow, Russia
n)  Bucharest, Romania
o)  Budapest, Hungary
p)  Vienna, Austria
q)  Bern, Switzerland
r)  Rome, Italy
s)  Athens, Greece
t)  Ankara, Turkey
u)  Paris, France
v)  Madrid, Spain
w)  Lisbon, Portugal