Baie ConpresionTetnauns 18 ‘ocourring symbols are now at the beginning ofthe table, since they have the high- est counter values. Symbols with the highest frequency count are thus always encoded with the shomtest code words, + Another adaptive compression technique is Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM), a gener alization of DPCM. For simplicity, this is often called DPCM. Here, difference values are encoded using only a small number of bits. With DPCM, either coarse transitions would be coed comectly (the DPCM encoded bits are used represent bits with a higher significance), or fine transitions are coded exactly (if the bits are used to represent bits with less significance). In the first case, the resolution of low audio signals would not be sullicient, and in the second case a los of high frequencies would occur. ADPCM adapts to the significance of the data stream. The coder divides the DPCM sample valves by an appropriate coefficient and the decoder multiplies the compressed data by the same coefficient, thus changing the step size of the signal. The coder of the DPCM-encoded signal adjusts the value ofthe coeficient. A signal with a large postion of high frequencies will result in frequent, very high DPCM values, The coder will select a high value forthe coefficient. The result is 3 very rough quantization of the DPCM signal in passages with steep edges. Low- Frequency portions of such passages are hardly considered at all In the case of a signal with steady, relaively low DPCM values, that is, with a small portion of high frequencies, the coder will choose a small coeflicent. This ensures good resolution forthe dominant, low Frequency portion of the signa, If hiigh frequencies suddenly occur in such a passage, a signal distortion in the form ‘fa slope overload occurs, The greatest possible change that can be represented by an ADPCM value using the available numberof bits and the current step si: not enough to represent the new DPCM value. The jump in the PCM signal will be faded, Changes in the adaptively set coefficient can be explicitly inserted in the com= pressed data by the encoder. Alternatively, the decoder can calculate the coef cients itself from an ADPCM-coded data stream. This predictor is rated so as to ‘minimize errors in the data stream, Note that the definition of an error and the associated predictor rating depends on the medium and is ideally trivial ‘An audio signal with frequently changing portions of extreme low or high fre: ‘quencies is generally not suited for ADPCM coding, For telephone applications, the ITU has standardized a version of the ADPCM technique using 32 Kis that is based on four bits per difference value and a sampling frequency of kHz,