Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
April, 2012
Definition
• acquiring of knowledge (James E. Mazur).
Knowledge: Information in the mind, e.g. facts, ideas, truths, principles, objects, images
Forms of learning
• Conditioning
– Classical conditioning
– Operant/operational/instrumental/functional
conditioning
• Cognitive learning
– Latent learning
– Observational learning
• Classical conditioning is a form of learning in
which people (or any organism) learns to
associate two stimuli that occur in sequence.
• Classical conditioning occurs when a person
forms a mental association between two
stimuli, so that encountering one stimulus
means the person thinks of the other.
stimulus Behaviour/action
3. Shaping is a reinforcement technique that is used to
teach animals or people behaviours that they have
never performed before.
•
• In this method, the teacher begins by reinforcing a
response the learner can perform easily, and then
gradually requires more and more difficult responses.
• For example, to teach a rat to press a lever that is over
its head, the trainer can first reward any upward head
movement, then an upward movement of at least one
inch, then two inches, and so on, until the rat reaches
the lever.
4. extinction is the elimination of a learned
behavior by discontinuing the reinforcer of
that behavior.
A behaviour learned is not always permanent.
If a rate has learned to press a lever because it receives food for doing so, its
lever-pressing will decrease and eventually disappear if food is no longer
delivered.
5. Generalization and discrimination occur in
operant conditioning in much the same way that
they do in classical conditioning.
• In generalization, people perform a behaviour
learned in one situation in other, similar
situations.
• For example, a man who is rewarded with
laughter when he tells certain jokes at a bar may
tell the same jokes at restaurants, parties, or
wedding receptions.
a. Attention,
b. Retention,
c. Reproduction, and
d. Motivation
a. Attention
• First, the learner must pay attention to the
crucial details of the model’s behavior.
• A young girl watching her mother bake a cake
will not be able to imitate this behavior
successfully unless she pays attention to many
important details—ingredients, quantities,
oven temperature, baking time, and so on.
b. Retention
• Retention—the learner must be able to retain
all of this information in memory until it is
time to use it.
• If the person forgets important details, he or
she will not be able to successfully imitate the
behavior.