Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SUMMER REVIEW
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Disease caused by an infectious agent that are transmitted directly
or indirectly to a well person through an agency, vector or inanimate
object
CONTAGIOUS DISEASE
Disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Disease transmitted by direct inoculation through a break in the INFECTIOUS AGENT
skin Any microorganism capable of producing a disease
RESERVOIR
INFECTION Environment or object on which an organism can survive and
-Entry and multiplication of an infectious agent into the tissue of the multiply
host PORTAL OF EXIT
INFESTATION The venue or way in which the organism leaves the reservoir
- Lodgement and development of arthropods on the surface of the MODE OF TRANSMISSION
body The means by which the infectious agent passes from the portal of
exit from the reservoir to the susceptible host
ASEPSIS PORTAL OF ENTRY
- Absence of disease – producing microorganisms Permits the organism to gain entrance into the host
SEPSIS SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
- The presence of infection A person at risk for infection, whose defense mechanisms are
unable to withstand invasion of pathogens
MEDICAL ASEPSIS
-Practices designed to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens STAGES OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS
-Clean technique Incubation Period – acquisition of pathogen to the onset of signs
SURGICAL ASEPSIS and symptoms
-Practices that render and keep objects and areas free from Prodromal Period – patient feels “bad” but not yet experiencing
microorganisms actual symptoms of the disease
-Sterile technique Period of Illness – onset of typical or specific signs and symptoms
of a disease
CARRIER – an individual who harbors the organism and is capable Convalescent Period – signs and symptoms start to abate and
of transmitting it without showing manifestations of the disease client returns to normal health
CASE – a person who is infected and manifesting the signs and
symptoms of the disease MODE OF TRANSMISSION
CONTACT TRANSMISSION
Direct contact – involves immediate and direct transfer from
SUSPECT – a person whose medical history and signs and person-to-person (body surface-to-body surface)
symptoms suggest that such person is suffering from that particular Indirect contact – occurs when a susceptible host is exposed to a
disease contaminated object
CONTACT – any person who had been in close association with DROPLET TRANSMISSION
an infected person Occurs when the mucous membrane of the nose, mouth or
conjunctiva are exposed to secretions of an infected person within a
HOST distance of three feet
- A person, animal or plant which harbors and provides nourishment VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
for a parasite Transfer of microorganisms by way of vehicles or contaminated
RESERVOIR items that transmit pathogens
- Natural habitat for the growth, multiplication and reproduction of AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
microorganism Occurs when fine particles are suspended in the air for a long time
or when dust particles contain pathogens
ISOLATION VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
- The separation of persons with communicable diseases from other Transmitted by biologic vectors like rats, snails and mosquitoes
persons
QUARANTINE TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION
- The limitation of the freedom of movement of persons exposed to ACTIVE – antibodies produced by the body
communicable diseases NATURAL – antibodies are formed in the presence of active
infection in the body; lifelong
STERILIZATION – the process by which all microorganisms ARTIFICIAL – antigens are administered to stimulate antibody
including their spores are destroyed production
DISINFECTION – the process by which pathogens but not their PASSIVE – antibodies are produced by another source
spores are destroyed from inanimate objects NATURAL – transferred from mother to newborn through placenta
CLEANING – the physical removal of visible dirt and debris by or colostrum
washing contaminated surfaces ARTIFICIAL – immune serum (antibody) from an animal or human
is injected to a person
CONCURRENT
- Done immediately after the discharge of infectious materials / SEVEN CATEGORIES OF ISOLATION
secretions STRICT- prevent highly contagious or virulent infections
TERMINAL Example: chickenpox, herpes zoster
- Applied when the patient is no longer the source of infection CONTACT – spread primarily by close or direct contact
Example: scabies, herpes simplex
BACTERICIDAL RESPIRATORY – prevent transmission of infectious distances
- A chemical that kills microorganisms over short distances through the air
BACTERIOSTATIC Example: measles, mumps, meningitis
- An agent that prevents bacterial multiplication but does not kill TUBERCULOSIS – indicated for patients with positive smear or
microorganisms chest x-ray which strongly suggests tuberculosis
ENTERIC – prevent transmission through direct contact with feces
Example: poliomyelitis, typhoid fever
CHAIN OF INFECTION DRAINAGE – prevent transmission by direct or indirect contact
with purulent materials or discharge
CD-Bucud 1
Ex. Burns
UNIVERSAL – prevent transmission of blood and body-fluid borne
pathogens SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENINGOCOCCEMIA
Example: AIDS, Hepatitis B
Dexamethasone Ceftriaxone
Mannitol Penicillin
Anticonvulsants Chloramphenicol
Antipyretics
PREVENTION
CD-Bucud 2
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS PRODROMAL/INVASION PHASE
Fever
Anorexia
MAIN PROBLEM Sore throat
Pain and tingling at the site of bite
Acute infection of Acute viral disease Acute infectious Difficulty swallowing
the CNS – muscle of the CNS – by disease with systemic EXCITEMENT OR NEUROLOGICAL PHASE
spasm, paresis and saliva of infected neuromuscular Hydrophobia (laryngospasm)
paralysis animals effects Aerophobia (bronchospasm)
Delirium
ETIOLOGIC AGENT Rhabdovirus Clostridium tetani Maniacal behavior
Legio debilitans Bullet-shaped Anaerobic Drooling
TERMINAL OR PARALYTIC PHASE
Affinity to CNS Gram positive Patient becomes unconscious
Killed by sunlight, Drumstick Loss of urine and bowel control
UV light, formalin Progressive paralysis
appearance
Death
Resistant to
antibiotics POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
COMPLICATION
INCUBATION PERIOD
2-8 weeks Paralysis of RESPIRATORY
DEATH
respiratory muscles FAILURE
7-21 days Distance of bite to Adult: 3 days-3
brain weeks
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Extensiveness of the Neonate: 3-30 days
bite 1. Throat washings 1. Blood exam
1. Stool culture
2. Flourescent rabies
Resistance of the
2. CSF culture antibody (FRA)
host
MODE OF TRANSMISSION 3. Negri bodies
- Direct contact with ISOLATION PRECAUTION
infected feces
Bite of an infected Direct inoculation Enteric isolation Respiratory
- Direct contact with
respiratory secretions
animal through a broken isolation
skin
- Indirect with soiled
linens and articles
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
TREATMENT MODALITIES 1. Tetanus immune
1. Analgesics 1. Local globulin (TIG)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS R – isus sardonicus
treatment of 2. Tetanus antitoxin
1. Abortive type 1. Prodromal / 2. Morphine
O – pistothonus wound (TAT)
invasion 3. Moist heat
2. Pre-paralytic 2. Active 3. Penicillin G
phase T – rismus application
or meningetic immunization 4. Tetracycline
type 2. Excitement / C – onvulsions 4. Bed rest
Lyssavac 5. Diazepam
neurological
3. Paralytic type H – eadache 5. Rehabilitation 6. Phenobarbital
phase Imovax
7. Tracheostomy
3. Terminal / I – rritability Antirabies vax
8. NGT feeding
paralytic type 2. Passive
L – aryngeal
spasm immunization
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
POLIO
ABORTIVE TYPE NURSING MANAGEMENT
Does not invade the CNS 1. Enteric isolation 1. Adequate airway
Headache 1. Isolation
Sore throat 2. Proper disposal 2. Optimum 2. Quiet, semi-dark
Recovery within 72 hours and the disease passes by of secretions comfort environment
unnoticed
PRE-PARALYTIC OR MENINGETIC TYPE 3. Moist hot packs 3. Restful 3. Avoid sudden
Slight involvement of the CNS environment stimuli and light
Pain and spasm of muscles 4. Firm /
Transient paresis nonsagging bed 4. Emotional
(+) Pandy’s test (increased protein in the CSF) 5. Suitable body support
PARALYTIC TYPE
alignment 5. Concurrent
CNS involvement
Flaccid paralysis 6. Comfort and and terminal
Asymmetric safety disinfection
Affects lower extremities
Urine retention and constipation
(+) HOYNE’S SIGN (when in supine position, head will fall
back when shoulders are elevated)
RABIES
CD-Bucud 3
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS BIRD FLU SARS
TREATMENT MODALITIES
PREVENTION 1. Aseptic
1. If the dog is
1. Amantadine/Rimantadine 1. No definitive treatment
Salk vaccine healthy handling of for SARS
umbilical cord - Generic flu drugs
2. If the dog dies or
- Inactivated shows signs - H5N1 developed resistance 2. Antiviral drugs
polio vaccine suggestive of 2. Tetanus toxoid (normally used to treat
rabies immunization 2. Oseltamivir (TAMIFLU) AIDS)
- Intramuscular Zanamavir (RELENZA)
3. If dog is not 3. Antibiotic - RIBAVIRIN
Sabin vaccine available for prophylaxis - Primary treatment
observation - Within 2 days at onset of 3. Corticosteroids
- Oral polio - Penicillin symptoms
vaccine 4. Have domestic
dog 3 months to - Erythromycin - 150 mg BID x 2 days
- Per orem 1 year old
immunized - Tetracycline
CD-Bucud 4
1. A suspect case with radiographic evidence of infiltrates
consistent with pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome on Chest
DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS
x-ray. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
2.Tonsilopharyngeal
2. Paroxysmal DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS
3.Laryngeal
3. Convalescent TREATMENT MODALITIES
4.Wound or
1. Diphtheria anti-toxin 1. Erythromycin – drug of
cutaneous choice
- Requires skin testing
- Early administration 2. Ampicillin – if resistant
aimed at neutralizing the to erythromycin
NASAL DIPHTHERIA toxin present in the 3. Betamethasone
• Bloody discharge from the nose circulation before it is (corticosteroid) –
• Excoriated nares and upper lip absorbed by the tissues decrease severity and
TONSILOPHARYNGEAL DIPHTHERIA 2. Antibiotic therapy length of paroxysms
• Low grade fever
• Sore throat - Penicillin G 4. Albuterol
• Bull-neck appearance (bronchodilator)
- Erythromycin
• Pseudomembrane- Group of pale yellow membrane over
tonsils and at the back of the throat as an inflammatory
response to a powerful necrotizing toxins
LARYNGEAL DIPHTHERIA DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS
• Hoarseness
NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Croupy cough 1. Isolation: 4-6 weeks from
• Aphonia 1. Isolation: 14 days (until onset of illness
• Membrane lining thickens airway obstruction 2-3 cultures, 24 hours
• Suffocation, cyanosis or death apart) 2. Supportive measures
WOUND OR CUTANEOUS DIPHTHERIA (bedrest, avoid
• Yellow spots or sores in the skin
2. Bedrest for 2 weeks excitement, dust, smoke
3. Care for nose and and warm baths)
PERTUSSIS throat (gentle swabbing) 3. Safety (during
CATARRHAL STAGE
• Lasts for 1 to 2 weeks 4. Ice collar (decrease pain paroxysms, patient
• Most communicable stage of sore throat) should not be left alone)
• Begins with respiratory infection, sneezing, cough and 5. Diet (soft food, small 4. Suctioning (kept at
fever frequent feedings) bedside for emergency
• Cough becomes more frequent at night use)
PAROXYSMAL STAGE
• Lasts for 4 to 6 weeks
• Aura: sneezing, tickling, itching of throat
• Cough, explosive outburst ending in “whoop”
MUMPS
MAIN PROBLEM
• Mucus is thick, ends in vomiting
An acute contagious disease, with swelling of one or both of the
• Becomes cyanotic
parotid glands
• With profuse sweating, involuntary urination and
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
exhaustion
Filterable virus of paramyxovirus group
CONVALESCENT STAGE
INCUBATION PERIOD
• End of 4th-6th week
12-26 days
• Decrease in paroxysms MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Respiratory droplets
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY
6 days before and 9 days after onset of parotid swelling
CD-Bucud 5
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
AMOEBIASIS SHIGELLOSIS
PRODROMAL PHASE DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
F-ever (low grade)
H-eadache 1. Stool exam
M-alaise 2. Blood exam
PAROTITIS 3. Sigmoidoscopy
F-ace pain
E-arache TREATMENT MODALITIES
S-welling of the parotid glands
1. Metronidazole – drug 1. Cotrimoxazole – drug
COMPLICATIONS of choice of choice
• Orchitis – the most notorious complication of mumps
• Oophoritis – manifested by pain and tenderness of the 2. Tetracycline
abdomen
• CNS involvement – manifested by headache, stiff neck, 3. Chloramphenicol
delirium, double vision
• Deafness as a result of mumps
NURSING MANAGEMENT AMOEBIASIS SHIGELLOSIS
1. Prevent complications
Scrotum supported by suspensory NURSING MANAGEMENT
Use of sedatives to relieve pain 1.Enteric isolation
Treatment: oral dose of 300-400 mg cortisone followed by 100
mg every 6 hours 2. Boil water for
Nick in the membrane drinking
2. Diet
- Soft or liquid diet 3. Handwashing
- Sour foods or fruit juices are disliked
3. Respiratory isolation 4. Sexual activity
4. Comfort: ice collar or cold applications over the parotid glands may
relieve pain 5. Avoid eating
5. Fever: aspirin, tepid sponge bath uncooked leafy
6. Concurrent disinfection: all materials contaminated by these
secretions should be cleansed by boiling vegetables
7. Terminal disinfection: room should be aired for six to eight hours
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
CHOLERA TYPHOID FEVER
AMOEBIASIS SHIGELLOSIS MAIN PROBLEM
CD-Bucud 6
CHOLERA TYPHOID FEVER CHICKENPOX HERPES ZOSTER
TREATMENT MODALITIES • Rashes
1.Chloramphenicol – SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CD-Bucud 7
MEASLES GERMAN MEASLES MEASLES GERMAN MEASLES
MAIN PROBLEM TREATMENT MODALITIES
4 days before and 5 days after One week before and four days 1. Darkened room to relieve photophobia
the appearance of rashes after the appearance of rashes 2. Diet: should be liquid but nourishing
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 3. Warm saline solution for eyes to relieve
eye irritation
PRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE PRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE
Cough Fever 4. For fever: tepid sponge bath and anti-
pyretics
Coryza Headache
5. Skin care: during eruptive stage, soap is
Conjunctivitis Malaise omitted; bicarbonate of soda in water or
lotion to relieve itchiness
Fever (high-grade) Coryza
6. Prevent spread of infection: respiratory
Photophobia Conjunctivitis isolation
CD-Bucud 8
AIDS SYPHILIS AIDS SYPHILIS
INCUBATION PERIOD
AIDS SYPHILIS
AIDS SYPHILIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
1. Pneumocystis carinni
pneumonia
1.ELISA 1.Dark Field
Illumination test
2. Oral candidiasis 2. Western blot
3. Toxoplasmosis
3. RIPA 2. Flourescent
4. Acute/chronic diarrhea
Treponemal
5. Pulmonary tuberculosis
4. PCR Antibody
MALIGNANCIES
Absorption Test
1. Kaposi’s sarcoma
2. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 3. VDRL
AIDS SYPHILIS
1. PRIMARY SYPHILIS
AIDS SYPHILIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- CHANCRE: small, painless, TREATMENT MODALITIES
pimple-like ulceration on the 1. Penicillin G Benzathine
penis, labia majora, minora 1. Antivirals - Disease < 1 year: 2.4 M units
and lips once in two injection sites
- Shorten the clinical
- May erupt in the genitalia, - Disease > 1 year: 2.4 M units
anus, nipple, tonsils or eyelids course, prevent
in 2 injection sites x 3 doses
- Lymphadenopathy
complications, prevent
development of 2. Doxycycline – if allergic to
penicillin
latency, decrease
3. Tetracycline
transmission
- if allergic to penicillin
- Example: Zidovudine - Contraindicated for
(Retrovir) pregnant women
CD-Bucud 9
CHLAMYDIA GONORRHEA CANDIDIASIS HERPES SIMPLEX
CD-Bucud 10
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES DENGUE MALARIA
Trans-placentally
SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS
DENGUE MALARIA
MAIN PROBLEM
VECTOR A slowly progressive disease A zoonotic infectious disease
caused by a blood fluke
Aedes aegypti Anopheles flavirostris
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
(Aedes albopictus)
1. SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM Leptospira interrogans
White stripes on the back and Brown in color - Intestinal tract, endemic in the
legs (Tiger mosquito) Philippines
Urban-based Rural-based
SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS
DENGUE MALARIA
INCUBATION PERIOD
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS At least 2 months 7 to 19 days
FEVER FEVER
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
HEADACHE CHILLS
Ingestion
MALAISE PROFUSE SWEATING Skin penetration
RASH Contact with the skin
EPISODES OF
BLEEDING
CD-Bucud 11
SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS
2. Kato-Katz Technique
CD-Bucud 12