Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
COLU
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BR
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Geological Fieldwork 1997
GE
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GICAL SUR
KEYWORDL?Fluidity, petrography,coke quality, coke or petrographyto predict coke properties. They suggest
textures. that the two most important coal propertiesarc rank and
ash chemisby becausethey correlatestrongly with coke
strcngtb after reaction (CSR), which they considerto be
INTRODUCTION the most importantcoke quality parameter.
Intenseefforts are underway in countries lie Japan
This paper is intend.4 to provide the readerwith an to reducethe costs of raw materials. For example, the
understandingof GieselerPlastomctcrmeasurementsof use of pulverized coal injection (PCI) allows use of
coal fluidity and how they are influenced by other coal weak or soft coking coals in the coke blend to reducethe
properties.It usesdata from westernCanadiancoals and overall cost of the blend. This means that there is
consequentlyis also a review of the fluidity of western increasedemphasison quality control es it pertains to
Canadiancoals(WCC). The paperintroducessomenew the coal leaving the mines and the coke made in the coke
data but it also makes extensive use of data that are ovens. Contracts include reference to an increasing
available in scatteredand less accessiblearticles. One number of quality parameters,which are increasingly
of the most important sources for data on Canadian more rigorously defmed.
coking coals is the Canadian Carbonization Research One can measure the quality of coke by its
Association, which has advancedthe understandingof performancein the blast furnace. This is too late for the
the quality characteristicsof WCC to the greatbenefit of coke oven operator to respond to changes in coke
the companiesmarketingmetallurgical coal overseas. quality. It is better to test coke before it gets to the blest
In simply terms there are three types of coal furnace. ‘Ihis requiresmaking test coke and establishing
differentiated by rank (maturity): thermal (low-rank tests that duplicate conditions in the blest furnace. The
steaming coal), bituminous (middle-rank metallurgical data are reasonablyexpensive to obtain but provide a
coal) and smokeless coal (anthracite rank). The good prediction of the performanceof coke in the blest
bituminous coals, which cover the rank from high- furnace. The leastcostly methodis to predict the quality
volatile to low-volatile bituminous,are so called because of coke by using data from tests on coal. Fluidity is one
bihunen can be obtained from them. In fact, the coke of the testsusedto predict the quality of the coke end the
making process involves the destructive distillation of blending potential of coalsusedto chargecoke ovens.
bitumen derived t?om coal es it is heatedin a coke oven.
The coal goes through a plastic phasein the coke oven COAL RHEOLOGY
as bitumen is distilled out of the coal. As the
temperaturecontinues to rise the bitumen is destroyed
andthe coal is fmally annealedinto coke at temperatures Many of the performance characteristics of coke,
of over IOOOT. The formation of a plastic or sticky that are measuredby tests on cold rather then hot coke,
phase is critical to the formation of quality coke. One are heavily influenced by the coal rank end rheology
measureof coal’s ability to make quality coke is fluidity (i.e. dealing with flow end deformation) of the parent
is fluidity, a test which measures the rheological coals. Consequentlythe three tests,describedin the next
properties.test, which measuresrheologicalproperties. paragraph,that measure the rheological properties of
The fluidity of bituminouscoal samplesis important coal, are frequently usedto predict coke properties. The
in predicting coke quality but oflen its importanceas one coke property most oflen determinedis the resistanceof
technical parameter for predicting coke quality is cold coke to abrasion end impact. This property is
overshadowedby its importanceas a bargainingchip in measuredby tumbling sized coke in a drum under fuced
the high-stakesgameof coal sales. A recentpaper(Coin conditions and then measuring the amount of material
end Broome, 1997) de-emphasizesthe importance of remaining on a screen. There are two frequently used
fluidity and suggest that its usefub~essfor predicting variationsof the test. In America the
coke quality is extremely limited. They point out many
problemswith the various modelsthat usecoal rheology
>I>
more widely used. In this test a sample is slowly
heated and measurements made of its fluidity
(viscosity) at elevatedtemperatures.
The most extensiveinvestigation of the rheological
properties of western Canadian coals is by Price and
Gransden (1987). It indicates that dilatation is the
least accurate way of predicting cold coke strengths
followed by fluidity and then FSI. This means that as
long as a samplehas good FSI there is a good chanceit
will make acceptable coke. If the dilatation is low,
fluidity and F’S1measurementsshouldbe made to see if
they contradict the initial prediction of poor coke
quality.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MAXIMUM
FLUIDITY AND FLUID TEMPERATURE
RANGE MEASUREMENTS USING A
GIESELER PLASTOMETER
Fluidity is measuredusing the GieselerPlastometer
@pure 2), which documentsthe changingfluidity of a
coal samplein air as it is heatedat a constantrate of 2O
to 3Wminute through its softening and melting
IW temperature.The sampleis 5 grams of coal crushedand
screened to pass 35 mesh (0.5 mm) and loosely
compacted. The heating rate is similar to that
10 employedin commercial coke ovens. The temperature
range extends from about 35OT to 550°C. The
maximum fluidity is recordedas are the temperaturesat
which the coal reachesmaximu fluidity, fust starts to
1 soften, and ftily solidifies. The difference between
the last two temperaturesis the fluid temperaturerange
(FIR). The flnidity is measuredusing a paddle, under
0.1 : constanttorque. The paddle is inserted in the sample
400 420 440 460 480 500 and as it softens the paddle starts to rotate, rotating
temperature%? faster as the samplebecomesmore fluid. Eventually at
0 7 14,inutes 20 27 34 high temperatures the coal sample hardens and the
paddle stops rotating. The speed of rotation is
Figure2: An exampleof a log fluidity ddpmYWSUS measuredin dial divisions per minute (ddpm). There
temperatureplot for dataobtainedfrom a Gieseler are 100divisions per revolution, consequentlya fluidity
Plastometer.
of 100ddpm correspondsto a speedof 1 revolution per
Stability Factor (ASTM test) is measured while in minute of the paddle. Most instruments can not record
Japanthe JIS din 30/15 drmn test is performed. Results a rotation of more than 280 revolutions per minute,
for the two tests are comparedin Figure 1; it is useful to therefore, fluidities above 28 000 can not be measured
be able to convert from the Japaneseindex to the and measurements over 10 000 probably are not
ASTM index. Many diagrams exist relating cold coke reproducible.
tests to various coal properties. Becausethe two tests Measurementsof maximum fluidity (MF) and F’TR
involve slightly different proceduresthere is no exact are used to predict the behaviour of the plastic phase
relationship between the tests as indicated by the data during coking. The property of “fluidity” measuredby a
scatterin Figure 1. spinning paddle is not completely analogous to the
The three tests that measurerheological properties propertiesof softening, sticking, smearing and binding,
are FSI, dilatation and fluidity. The FSI test is the that in looseterms describewhat is happeningin a coke
oldest and most universal, though its usefulness is oven. Based on the heating rate of about 3Wminute
limited becausethere are only 20 possible increments coal is plastic for about 10 to 30 minutes (bottom scale
to the range of FSI values. In some countries FSI is in Figure 2) in the plastometeror in the coke oven. If
referred to as CSN (crucible swelling number). In the maximum fhddity is 300 ddpm, which is above
Europe the dilatometer test, in which a small pencil of average for most British Columbian coals, then the
coal powder is heated through a contraction and paddle is turning once in 20 seconds. Consideringthese
expansion phase, is preferred as a measure of coal conditions one can envisagea transitmy phasein which
rheology. In North America the GieselerPlastometeris the reactive macetals become soft, sticky and swell as
10000
0.96% In general fltidity is controlled by the relative
proportions of plastic components(vitrinite+liptinites)
and inert components(htertinite + mineral grains). The
plasticity does not survive at higher temperatures
1000 because the plastic bitumen looses hydrogen and
solidifies into &on grahx that cement the sample.
100
The instrument is therefore providing information on a
numberof processes.
l Generationof a plastic/fluid componentthat is
IO mobile enoughto move through the mixture of
plastic and solid fragments and coat them so
that the combination is plastic.
1 l The temperaturerange over which the sample
2” 40 60 8” I”0 remainsplastic.
- l The maximum fluidity or minimum viscosity
Figure3: (a)Relationshipof maximumfluidity to rankat obtained.
constanttotalreactivescontent.Dataareplottedfor sample
suitescontaining80% and60%total reactivesandfor ranks In the coke-makingprocessthe coal must provide a
fmm 0.96%to 1.35%.(b) Variationof fluid temperature phase that also eventually acts as a cement. A
rangewith total reactivescontentfor coalsof differentrank; hydrogen-rich material might provide very high
(c)Variationof maximumfluidity with total reactives fluidity, but after the hydrogen evolves at high
contentfor coalsof differentrank;Datafrom Canadiancoals; temperaturesthere is not enoughcarbon cementto stick
opensquareandstarRmax=O.96%, diamond1.054%,cross
1.33%dash1.35%.Thesolid squareis for a singlelow- the inert grains together. For example a mixture of the
volatilebituminouscoal. hydrogen-rich hydmtions tar and anthracite, will not
make coke. There is therefore an optimum amount of
vesicles form. This phaseforms a front, which moves fluidity requiredby a coal blend to make good cbke.
slowly inwards towards the centre of the coke oven, Coin and Broome (1997) suggest a slightly
leaving behind it semicoke heated to temperatures different model for coke formation, in which vibinites
greater than the solidification temperatureof the coal. swell and become sticky as the charge is heated. The
The process is not one in which large volumes of coal swelling is causedby the development of pores. The
becomefluid for long durationsduring coke making. vitrinite grains eventually partially enclose the inert
The MF is an empirical and approximate measure fragments and stick the heterogeneoussolid together.
of the minimum viscosity of the sample achieved at a This model obviously emphasizesdilatation behaviour
Grain size
medium-volatile seam. Generally the bright lithotypes The grain sizes of both the maceral components
had fluidities 2 orders of magnitude higher than the within the solid coal and the fragments of coal can
whole coal samples. Coke breezeis addedto some coal potentially influence fluidity. No data were located on
blends to increase the inert content of the blend and the relative significance of maceral sizes. Macerals
becauseit is available as a waste product from the coke such as telliite and telocollinite usually occur as large
ovens. Their data illustrate that fluidity is decreased masses where as desmocollinite and detrovitrinite
and the FTR shrinks symmetrically about the maximum usually occor in small masses. Similarly within the
fluid temperatureas the amountof inerts increases. inert macerals, micrinite and inertodetrinite form
Fluidity is dependenton rank, which is measured smaller fragmentswithin the solid coal than macrinite,
by vitrinite reflectance. But for any coal, vitrinite fusinite and semifbsinite. A high proportion of
reflectance measurementsproduce a range of values. inertodetite and low proportion of fusinite plus
Some grains have higher than averagereflectance and semifosinite in the inertinite component of a coal
others lower. This range of values is composedof the significantly increasesthe surface area of inert material
V types also used to calculate the stability index that must be cemented. Changing proportions of
(Schapim and Gray, 1964). Probably each V type has macerals can effectively change the relative
its own characteristicfluidity with low V types having homogeneity of the coal blend without even
high MF, large FTR and low T,., temperaturesand considering particle size. The size of the maceral
high V types having low MF, small FIR and high T,., fragments compared to the size of coal fragments
temperatures. It is the mix of V types and the amount --
of inert material in a sample that control its fluidity.
The fluidity characteristics of a particular V type 1
vitrinite may be the same irrespective of whether it is
from the upperpart of a histogram from a low-rank coal
or from the lower part of a histogram from a high-rank
coal.
The fluid temperature range (FTR) decreasesas
rank increases (Figore 3b) and in general has similar
relationships to rank and petrography as maximum
fluidity. At a rank of medium-volatile, FIR is sensitive
to changesin total reactive content whereas at lower
ranks it is relatively insensitive. If coke quality is
related to FTR, then the coking properties of WCC
coals of medium-volatile rank may be susceptible to
small changesin petrographyor ashcontents.
Petrographic composition can vary within a seam ? :a: 2 ; ; q 4
and there are a number of papers that document s 2 4j 2 2 z
s
increased inertinite in the upper parts of seams
(Lambersonand Bustin, 1997;Ryan, 1997). It can also Figure5: Variationof inerts/reactives
ratio for different
specificfractions. Datafrom Bustin(1982).
be influenced by washing as illustrated by Bustin
% eninite additions
I” Hydrogen chemistry
Hydrogen is concentratedin the reactive macerals,
1 especially the liptinites, and is less abundantin higher
2 3 4 5 6 7 rank coals. Since these are coals with poorer rheology
for making coke, it could theoretically provide a good
Figure7: Relationshipof hydrogencontentto maximum indication of the ,fluidity of a coal. Fluidity is very
fluidity for Canadian coals of different ranks.
sensitive to small changes in hydrogen content in
probably plays an important part in aiding or inhibiting medium-volatile coals but much less sensitive to
the ability of the reactive maceralsto coat and cement changesin high-volatile coals (Figure 7). In generalthe
inert fragments. Possibly the most important factor is hydrogen content of coals can not be used to predict
the number of coal particles that are composed of a fluidity or coke properties. Hydrogen can effect
combination of reactive and inert maceral components. fluidity, if it is available to be donated to solvent
These coal particles will have much less difficulty species(Clemensand Matheson, 1991). The processis
sticking together than coal fragments composed of a similar to what happenswhen hydrogen is introduced to
single maceral. Crushing to a fmer size increasesthe help liquefy coals.
numberof monomaceralcoal fragments. The relationship of fluidity to the generalchemistry
It is also possible that the fme fragment size speeds and molecular structure of coal is complex.. In simple
the distillation process, shrinks the FTR and gives the terms as rank increasescoal molecules become larger
reactive components less time to coat the inert and take on the form of interlocking hexagonal plates
fragments. Decreasein grain size lowers fltidity and (aromatic structures), which inhibit the formation of
the effect is particularly pronouncedin the caseof dull fluidity in the coal.
coals (Lowry, 1963). There have been a number of
studiesby the CCRA in which vitrinite-rich coal from Ash
the fme circuits of wash plants has been added to the
clean single coal product in an attempt to improve coke Ash contents are reported as weight percents but
quality. The results were generally not as good as fluidity is probably more dependent on the relative
predicted by petrography, indicating, that for a single volume of inerts in the sample. An ash content of 10%
coal, fme size may have a negative effect on coal by weight is equivalent to about 6% by volume. Price
rheology, in particular fluidity and coke strength. and Gransden (1987) studied the effect of ash on a
However finer size does not lower FSI values, possibly number of rheological and coking properties of WCC.
They washed three coals (Rmax 0.91%, 1.32%, and
Muscovite
Pyrite
Otthoclase
Apatite
Gypsum
Calcite
1000
4
COAL BLENDS AND THE ADDITIVE $10
s"
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDITY F
3
A number of experimentsaimed at calculating the El
fluidity of coal blends indicate that fluid properties are 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7
not additive. It is not possible to derive an average
fluidity by calculating the weighted average of log Figure10:(a) Effect of oxidation/agingon fluidity, stability
factorandcokestrengthafterreactionfor up to 200days.
fluidity values of a number of samples. In fact this (b) fluidity dataplottedinto anMOF diagram.Datafrom
process nearly always predicts average fluidities that Priceetol. (1992).
are too low. This can be explained by the fact that
fluidity is proportional to VM (daf), which has a non the linear log MF versus total-reactives relationship
linear relationship to reflectance. Averaging ranks seenin medium-volatile coals. 11should be noted that
producesan intermediaterank that is higher than would exinite-rich coals often have high contents of inherent
be calculated from the averageVM (da@value for the ash and organic sulphur. Additions of exinite-rich
mixture. cannel coal have been found to decrease coke oven
The 50/X) mix of lithotypes (opensquare,Figure 4) pressure~and coke strength(Stell, lYX6).
produced a noticeably greater fluidity than predicted A similar blending experiment was conducted by
(solid square), based on averaging the log fluidity Fawcett and Dawson (1990: Figures I la bi b). They
valuesof sampleswith identical rank. blendedhigh and low-volatile coals and were unable to
One blending experiment looked at the effect of accurately predict MF by weighted log averages.
mixing a sample containing 84% exinite (cannel or However the errors when comparing log MF values are
needle coal from the Elk Formation in south-eastern less significant. Plotting the results on an MOF
British Columbia) with a medium-volatile coal diagramillustrates that 2 componentblends do not plot
containing 0.2% exinite. Addition of small amountsof on chords joining the plotted positions of the
cannel coal produced m@r changesin MF that could componentcoals.
not be predictedby adding the log Iv!3 values of the two Generally very little attention is given to the MF
coals (Figure 6 and 11~). In fact this process temperaturerelative to the start and final temperatures.
consistently predicted MF values that were too low. If it is not mid way between these two temperatures
Additions of cannel coal in amountsof lessthan 1% can then the fluidity cmve is asymmetric. There is some
increase fluidity significantly. Consequently varying indication that blending produces asymmetric log MF
amounts of exinite in high-volatile coals may destroy ver.xu temperatureplots. It is apparentin Figure 6 that
allowing the last gas to escapeupwards (commercial anisotmpic grains described as domains; usually with
oven). As the temperature increasestowards 1100°C length to width fa,ctors greater than 2 (Photo 1).
hydrogengas is evolved, the chargeusually shrinks and Vitrinites from medium-volatile coals form a lot of
true coke forms. medium-sized, an&tropic mosaic grains (Photo 2).
The various rheology tests attempt to provide Vitiite from high-volatile coals fomls fine anisotropic
information about different stagesin the coke forming mosaic grains and isotropic areas indicating high
processas indicated in Table 2, which is adaptedfrom fluidity (Photo 3). Gransdenel nl. (IYYl) studied the
Lowry (1963). As the coal is transformed into coke it relative proportions of textares in cokes made from
initially expands and then contracts. The amount of coalsof different ranks (Figare 12).
expansion is very important in terms of coke oven At any rank there is a distribution of reflectance
pressureand the amount of contraction is important in values of the vitrhdte. These are the V types that are
terms of easeof pushing (removinp coke from oven). fundamental to predicting stability index using
The balanceof expansionand conhxtion dependson: petrographic data. Generally there appears to be a
l porosity of the charge. reasonable correlation between vitrinite V type and
. porosity of the coke. coke texture it generates. For example V types of I to
weight of volatile matter lost. 9 will produce a lot of isotropic. very fme or fine’
>so basedon the chemistry of the ash there may mosaic texture whereas V types of 10 to 15 produce
be a tendencyof the coke to stick to the brick liniig of medium mosaic and domain textures. As the rank of a
the ovens. coal increases the V type distribution shifts to the
The expansion or contraction of a coke charge higher numbers and the proportions of coke texture
varies with rank. When a high-volatile coal is coked types changesaccordingly.
there is an increasein pomsity as the plastic layer forms The volatile content of the reactive macerals can
vesicles, but this is more than offset by the substantial decreaseby 30% from high-volatile rank to low-volatile
loss of volatile matter. The charge will generally not rank reactives which results in 30% less carbon cement
generatea lot of pressure. The plastic componentsin left after loss of the volatile component. Strong cokes
higher rank coals loose lessvolatile matter so that there require a balance between medium and fine mosaics,
is a tendency to generatemore oven pressure and to domain struCture and inert material. The inert
contract less. in the final stagesof coking. mace&, fusinite and inert semifusiite, remain
Reactive macerals in the coal swell, soften and isotropic and undergo little change in shape. Mineral
melt during coking and the 1 ss viscous components matter contained in cells in the semifusinite will have
flow around the inert fragment eventually solidifying minimal effect on fluidity or coke textures, but may
into a mosaic of anisotmpic ci on grains that cement cause fracturing of the inert carbon grains at higher
the inert particles together. These grains can have a temperatures. Mineral matter that is disseminated in
numberof shapesthat generally indicate the amount of desmocollinite may inhibit fluidity and formation of
plastic flow that took place. A classification for coke medium mosaic stmctares. In fact Cameron and
textures is suggestedby Gransdenet al. (1991; Table Botham (1964) found that the accuracy of predicted
3). Vitiite from high-rank coal (Rmmax>2%) does stability indexes is improved by considering
not melt and forms large anisotmpic grains with little desmocollinite to be a semi inert maceral. Mineral
change in shape from the original coal fragment. matter or inertinite fragments that are large can
Vihinites from low-volatile coals form large highly severelyweakenthe coke.
The fluidities of Western Canadian coals (WCC) content of the vitrinite sub macemls. Possibly
are generally less than that of eastern USA coals of desmocollinite containsless hydrogen that telocollllte.
similar rank. Part of the reasonmay be becauseWCC Mastalerz and Bustin (1993) measured the hydrogen
generallyhave lessvitrinite. It hasalso been suggested content of individual macenl grains and found no
that vitite from the USA coals has more hydrogen statistically significant difference (telocolliite 2.64%
than vihinite fmm WCC of similar rank (Price and H and desmocollllte 2.63% H). If there is a variation
Gransden,1987). This would explain the lower fluidity in the fluidity of the sub macerals, then probably
of WCC because there is a moderate correlation of telocollinite and tellinite arc more fluid than
fluidity to hydrogen content for medium-volatile coals. desmocollinite. Reflectance is measured on
The averagehydrogen content of vihinite from WCC at telocollinite, which may have similar hydmgen contents
Rmax = 1.22% is approximately 5.05% and that of in both coals. If WCCs have more desmocolliite, then
Appalachian coals is 5.25%. This is somewhat the overall hydrogen content of WCCs may be lower
surprising because usually vitrinite reflectance than that of Appalachian coals. Unfortunately most of
correspondswith the hydrogencontentof vitrinite. One the literature that provides petrography and rheology
possibility is that there are variations in hydrogen data does not differentiate the vitrinite sub mace&.
1000
100
10
Vhl (d&)X
1
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
Id
IO, I
10
470 043
0 38
- RmaX% .45 0 43
1
VM (daf)%
20 22 24 26 26 30 32 34 36
,000 10
8
100
7
6
10
5
I
1
3
0.9 1.1 1.3
,-.
Figure 16: (a) MOF diagram with posted stability factor 2
values for a number of WCCs and one easternUSA coal VM(daf)% ;
(solid symbol) with stability factor values are posted next to 1
the data.. (b) Window of (a) showing data for a number of 22 24 26 26 30 32 34 36
single seam samples of similar rank. (c) data for blend
samplescomposed of seamsof different ranks. The data are Figure 17: (a) VM (daf) versus FSI diagram with posted
for single coals but not necessarily product coals. ‘Ihe A stability factor values for a number of Canadiancoals. @)
following a stabi!ity factor values indicates an averagevalue Window of (a) showing extra data indicating some agreement
fbr overlapping data points. betweenposted stability factor values and iso-stability factor
-’ contour lines. (c) Data for blend samplescomposed of seams
of different ranks.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
50 60 70 80 90 1W
1000
medium-volatile Thanks are extendedto the CanadianCarbonization
. AA ResearchAssociation for permitting use of someof their
data ou Western Canadii coals. The paper benefited
considerablyf?om,aueditorial review by Dave Lefebure.
REFERENCES
Bustin, RM. (1982): The Effect of Shearing on the
Quality of some Coals in the Southeastem
CanadianCordillera; Canadianpstihrte of Mining
and Metallurgy Bulletin, Volume 75, pages76-83.
Bustin, R.M., Ross, J.V. and Moffat, I. (1986): Vitite
Anisotroscopy under Differential Stressand High
Confmiug Pressureand Temperature:Preliminary
Observations; International Journal of Coal
Geology,Volume 17,pages343-351.
Cameron,A.R. and Babu, S.K. (1968): Petrology of the
No. 10 (Balmer) Coal Seamin Natal Area of the
14 I
Femie Basin, British Columbia; Geological
40 50 60 70 80 90
Surveyof Cana& Paper68-35, pagesl-25.
Figure 18: Fluidity Y~VSUStotal reactives for Canadian and Cameron, A.R. and Botham, J.C. (1964): Petrography
Australian coals of different ranks. l=Appalachian
Z=WCC. 3=Australian. 4=Eastem Canedian coals. and Carbonization Characteristics of some
WesternCanadianCoals; Coal Science,Robert F.
interaction between the reactive particles from the Gould, Editor, American Chemical Society
different componentcoals. Publications,pages564-576.
As with petrography and other measures of Clemens, A.H. and Matheson, T.W. (1991): Further
rheology, fluidity is used to predict coke quality, iu Studiesof Giesel~ Fluidity Development in New
particular cold coke strength as measured by ASTM
ZealandCoals;Fuel, pages193-197.
stability factor or the JIS DI 30/15 index. Coke quality
is strongly dependent on coal rank and somewhat Coin, C.D.A. and Broome, A.J. (1997): Coke Quality
dependenton petrographiccomposition. It also depends Prediction from Pilot ScaleOvens and Plant Data;
on coal size consist and coke battery operational 11th. International Conferenceon Coal Research,
parameters.No single measure of coal rheology will Conference proceedings Calgary, September 9,
consistentlyand accuratelypredict coke quality. pages325-332.
If a single measureof rheology suggeststhat a coal Fawcett, D.A. and Dawsou, RF. (1990): Unique
will make poor coke, thii should not be taken at face Blending Properties of Smoky River Coal,
value. Other measuresof rheology should be checked Ironmaking Proceedings, Iron and Steel
for consistency. Low FSI is probably the best current Society/American Instihlte of Mining,
coal-derived indicator of poor coking potential for a Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Volume
single coal. In fact the FSI versus VM (daf) diagram, 49, pages227-234.
can be much more useful than the MOF diagram in
Gransden,J.F., Jorgensen,J.G., Manery, N. Price, J.T.
provklmg a rough estimate of coke quality. It has the
addedadvantagethat it is much cheaper. and Ramey, N.J. (1991): Applications of
Microscopy to Coke Making International