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EXPERIMENT NO. 5
FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE
OBJECTIVE:
EQUIPMENT:
Hydraulics Bench
Flow through an Orifice Apparatus
Stopwatch
Water inlet
Difuser
Manometer
Constant head
overflow
Orifice
Tapping
To volumetric tank
DERIVATION:
The ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter) is
Vi = √
V= Cv √
Cv is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and,
therefore Cv < 1
√
hence CV =
√
Qt = Acv
Ac =CcAo
where
Hence
Qt =CcAoCv √
Qt = CdAO √
PROCEDURE:
(EQUIPMENT SET-UP)
1. Position the apparatus across the channel on top of the hydraulic bench
and level it using adjustable feet and the spirit level on the base. Connect
the flexible inlet pipe to the hydraulic bench snap connector in the top
channel. Place the end of the overflow tube directly into the hydraulics
bench overflow (located in the side wall of the volumetric tank), and adjust
the inlet pipe to the approximate level of head required for the experiment.
2. Remove the orifice plate from the recess in the cylinder base; by releasing
the two screws (take care not to lose t e “O” – ring seal). Check the orifice
profile.
3. Replace the required orifice. The sharp-edged orifice (if used) should be
installed with the sharp edge uppermost.
4. Turn on the pup and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level
rises in the reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the
bench valve to give a water level of 2 to 3 mm above the overflow level,
with the end of the inlet tube fully submerged. This will ensure a constant
head and produce a steady flow through the orifice.
In the first part of the experiment, adjust the overflow pipe and inlet pipe
as described above, to obtain a constant head height.
To measure Cv, the Pitot tube is inserted into the emerging jet close to the
underside of the tank, and the values of the Pitot head h c and head ho on
the orifice are noted.
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE:
√
√
Percentage Difference:
| |
| |
ILLUSTRATION:
Water inlet
Difuser
Manometer
Constant head
overflow
Orifice
Tapping
Pitot tube
To sump tank
To volumetric tank
QUESTION AND ANSWER:
3. Comparing Cd values for the steady and the falling head tests, which value
is likely to be more reliable?
In this experiment the group initially assessed the diameters, orifice and
vena contranta, and the pressure heads of orifice and pitot head. This
data are significant in the computation of Coefficient of discharge, velocity
and contraction. To assess for the vena contrata which is defined as the
portion after the orifice wherein the streamlines are parallel and has
uniform velocity and pressure. The heads (orifice and Pitot) are indicated
in the manometer. It can be evaluated easily by taking the measures at
eye-level to prevent erroneous data.
The part that needs particular attention in this experiment is taking the
diameter of the vena contrata and the manometer reading. To get an
accurate result in getting the diameter of the vena contrata, it is
recommended that the one maneuvering the knob which controls the head
of the Pitot tube should pay particular attention on the movement of the
fine wire to get an accurate result. Another is the manometer must be read
at eye level.
APPLICATION:
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the flow through circular orifice by using computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) with various turbulence modeling. Effects of orifice diameter
ratios (d/D = 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8) on flow field characteristics is extensively
investigated. To study the influence of turbulence model on the predicted results,
the standard k-ε turbulence model was employed to compare with the Reynolds
Stress Model, RSM. From calculation results, it can be found that the calculated
solutions are in good agreement with experimental data [1] which the RSM leads
to perform better that those found that the standard k-ε turbulence model.
Moreover, influence of the orifice diameter ratio on physical flow is also reported.
INTRODUCTION: