Solution of Problems on Semiconductors & Superconductors

1. σ = e ( pµ p + nµ n ) = 1.6 × 10 −19 (8 × 10 20 × 0.05 + 5 × 1019 × 0.09) = 7.12 ohm–1 m–1

1 pµ p − nµ n 8 × 10 20 × (0.05) − 5 × 1019 × (0.09)
2 2 2 2
RH = = = 0.005
e ( pµ p + nµ n ) 2 1.6 × 10 −19 (8 × 10 20 × 0.05 + 5 × 1019 × 0.09) 2
1 pµ p − nµ n pµ p µn
2 2

2. R H = =0 ⇒ pµ p2 = nµ n2 ⇒ =
e ( pµ p + nµ n ) 2 nµ n µp
Current density due to electrons alone, J n = e nµ n E
Total current density, J = e ( pµ p + nµ n ) E
Je nµ n 1 1 µp
∴ Fraction of current carried by electrons, f = = = = =
J pµ p + nµ n pµ p µn µ p + µn
1+ 1+
nµ n µp
− E g / 2 kT
3. σ = A e
− E g / 2 k ( 20 + 273)
σ (20°C ) e 2
∴ = −E = (given)
σ (0°C ) e g / 2 k ( 0 + 273)
0.7
Eg ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 × 1.38 × 10 −23 273 × 293 ⎛ 2 ⎞
⇒ ⎜ − ⎟ = ln ⎜ ⎟ which gives E g = −19
× × ln ⎜ ⎟ eV = 0.724 eV
2 k ⎝ 273 293 ⎠ ⎝ 0.7 ⎠ 1.6 × 10 20 ⎝ 0.7 ⎠

4. Intrinsic concentration of charge carriers,

⎛ 2π k T ⎞
3/ 2

ni = 2 ⎜ ⎟ me m h
* * 3/ 4
( − E / 2 kT
e g )
⎝ h ⎠
2

3/ 2
⎡ 2 × 3.142 × 1.38 × 10 − 23 × 300 ⎤
= 2× ⎢ −31
(
⎥ × 0.07 × 9.1 × 10 × 0.4 × 9.1 × 10
− 31 3 / 4
)
× e −0.7×1.6×10 / (2×1.38×10 ×300 )
−19 − 23

⎣⎢ (
6.625 × 10 −34 2
⎦⎥ )
18 3
= 2.3 x 10 /m
Eg 3 ⎛ m * ⎞ 0.7 3 1.38 × 10 −23 × 300 ⎛ 0 .4 ⎞
Ef = + k T ln ⎜⎜ h* ⎟⎟ = + × −19
× ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.384 eV above the Valence Band
2 4 ⎝ me ⎠ 2 4 1.6 × 10 ⎝ 0.07 ⎠

5. Density of Ge atoms = 4.41 × 10 28 /m3

Density of As atoms = 0.1 % of density of Ge atoms = 4.41 × 10 25 /m3
Intrinsic carrier density, ni = 2.37 x 1019 /m3
Electron density, ne = density of donor (As) atoms as all of these are ionized
= 4.41 × 10 25 /m3

n e n h = ni ⇒ n h =
2 ni2
=
2.37 × 1019
2
( )
= 1.27 × 1013 /m3
ne 4.41 × 10 25

1 1 1
Resistivity of intrinsic Ge, ρ i = = = = 0.47 ohm-m
σ i ni e ( µ e + µ h ) 2.37 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 −19 × (0.38 + 0.18)
19

Resistivity of doped Ge,

1 1 1
ρ ex = = = = 3.73 × 10 − 7 ohm-m
σ ex e ( ne µ e + n h µ h ) 1.6 × 10 × ( 4.41 × 10 × 0.38 + 1.27 × 10 × 0.18)
−19 25 13
6. Critical field varies parabolically with temperature
⎧⎪ ⎛ T ⎞ 2 ⎫⎪ d Bc 2T 2
Bc = Bc0 ⎨1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎬ ⇒ = − 2 B c0 = − Bc for T = Tc
⎪⎩ ⎝ Tc ⎠ ⎪⎭ dT Tc Tc 0

Tc d Bc
∴ Bc0 = − =−
7
(− 25) = 87.5 mT
2 dT T =Tc
2
⎧⎪ ⎛ 6 ⎞ 2 ⎫⎪
Critical field at 6 K , Bc = Bc0 ⎨1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ = 23.21 mT
⎪⎩ ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎪⎭
2
Tc ⎛ d Bc ⎞
∆C el (at T = Tc ) = ⎜
µ o ⎜⎝ d T
⎟⎟ =
7
(
× 25 × 10 −3 )
2
= 3481.52 J kmol −1 K −1
⎠ 4π × 10 −7

7. Critical field at any temperature T,

⎡ 2
⎤
H c = H c0 ⎢1 − ⎛⎜ T ⎞⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ c⎠ ⎦
T

⎡ 2
⎤
∴1.4 × 105 = H c0 ⎢1 − ⎛⎜14 ⎞⎟ ⎥ LL(1)
⎣ ⎝ Tc ⎠
⎦
⎡ 2
⎤
and 4.2 × 105 = H c0 ⎢1 − ⎛⎜13 ⎞⎟ ⎥ LL(2)
⎣ ⎝
Tc ⎠
⎦
2
1 − ⎛⎜13 ⎞⎟
Dividing (2) by (1) : 3= ⎝ Tc ⎠ ⇒ Tc2 = 209.5 ⇒ Tc = 14.47 K
2
1 − ⎛⎜14 ⎞⎟
⎝ Tc ⎠
1.4 × 105
Then from (1), H c0 = = 21.9 × 105 A / m
1 − 14
14.47
2
( )
H c (4.2 K ) = 21.9 × 105 × ⎡1 − 4.2
⎢⎣
2
(
⎤ = 20.05 × 105 A / m
14.47 ⎥⎦
)
8. Each lead atom contributes 1 free electron,
∴No. of free electrons per unit volume = No. of atoms per unit volume
= Avogadro’s no. x density /Atomic weight
6.023 × 10 × 11.3 × 10
26 3
OR n = = 3.28 × 10 28 /m3
207.19
London penetration depth at 0 K,
1/ 2
⎛ m ⎞ 9.1 × 10 −31
λo = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ = = 0.293 × 10 −7 m = 29.3 nm
⎝ µo n e 4π × 10 × 3.28 × 10 × (1.6 × 10 )
2 −7 28 −19 2
⎠
London penetration depth at any other temperature,
λo
λT =
4
1 − ⎛⎜ T ⎞⎟
⎝ Tc ⎠
 29.3
∴ Penetration depth at 3.61 K, λ3.61 = = 30.3 nm
(
1 − 3.61
7.22
)
4

30.3 − 29.3
Percentage increase in λ = × 100 = 3.4%
29.3

9. Energy gap, 2 ∆ = 3.4 × 10 −4 eV; Fermi velocity, v F = 2.02 × 10 6 m/s

h v F 1.05 × 10 −34 × 2.02 × 10 6
Intrinsic coherence length, ξ = = −4 −19
= 3.9 × 10 −6 m = 3.9 µm
2∆ 3.4 × 10 × 1.6 × 10

10. The solenoid is at the temperature of liquid He, i.e., 4.2 K

⎡ ⎛ T ⎞2 ⎤
Critical field at this temperature, H c = H co ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢
⎣
(
= 1.56 × 10 5 × ⎡1 − 4.2 ) 2
⎤ = 1.255 × 10 5 A/m
⎥⎦
⎣ ⎝ c⎠ ⎦
T 9 . 5
Each turn of wire in the solenoid is under the effect of the field produced by the solenoid,
∴Transverse applied filed, H = 6 x 104 A/m
From Silsbee’s rule for such a situation, I c = 2 π r ( H c − 2 H )
Ic 20
Minimum diameter of wire = 2 r = = = 1.15 × 10 −3 m = 1.15 mm
π ( H c − 2 H ) 3.142 × (1.255 × 10 − 2 × 6 × 10 )
5 4