TORQUE

Sidratul Nugraha (4216100001)

Herry Eka Prasetiyo (4216100007)
Alfandra Aulia Firmansyah (4216100004)
Daniel Imanuel Tangkau (4216100010)
Rheza Fakhrezi Pratam (4216100010)
Syafri Octa Ferdiansyah (4216100017)

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER

SURABAYA
2017
 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE……..................................................................................................i
1. Background ...........................................................................................1
2.How is Torque Calculated? ....................................................................2
3.How is Torque Measured? ......................................................................3
4. What role does torque play in rotational kinematics? ....................................4
5. What is Rotational Equilibrium? ....................................................................5
6. How does Torque Relate to Power and Energy? ............................................6
7. How We Can Increase or Decrease Torque? ........................................ .........7 .

8. Illustrations ........................................................................................... .........8

.

9. Example Questions? .......................................................................................9

 PREFACE

Our profound gratitude to God Almighty for who having given his blessings to the
writers in completing this English Paper Assignment entitled “Torque” The writers would like
also express their deep and sincere gratitude for those who have provided guidance to the end
1.Background
Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. Just as force is
what causes an object to accelerate in linear kinematics, torque is what causes an object to
acquire angular acceleration.

Torque is a vector quantity. The direction of the torque vector depends on the direction of the
force on the axis.

Anyone who has ever opened a door has an intuitive understanding of torque. When a person
opens a door, they push on the side of the door farthest from the hinges. Pushing on the
side closest to the hinges requires considerably more force. Although the work done is the same
in both cases (the larger force would be applied over a smaller distance) people generally prefer
to apply less force, hence the usual location of the door handle.
Torque can be either static or dynamic.

A static torque is one which does not produce an angular acceleration. Someone pushing on a
closed door is applying a static torque to the door because the door is not rotating about its
hinges, despite the force applied. Someone pedaling a bicycle at constant speed is also applying a
static torque because they are not accelerating.

The drive shaft in a racing car accelerating from the start line is carrying a dynamic
torque because it must be producing an angular acceleration of the wheels given that the car is
accelerating along the track.

The terminology used when describing torque can be confusing. Engineers sometimes use the
term moment, or moment of force interchangeably with torque. The radius at which the force acts
is sometimes called the moment arm.

2.How is torque calculated?

The magnitude of the torque vector τfor a torque produced by a given force F is

τ = F ⋅r
where r is the length of the moment arm and θ is the angle between the force vector and the
moment arm. In the case of the door shown in Figure 1, the force is at right angles (90o) to the
moment arm, so the sine term becomes 1 and

F ⋅r sin(θ)

The direction of the torque vector is found by convention using the right hand grip rule. If a hand
is curled around the axis of rotation with the fingerspointing in the direction of theforce, then the
torque vector points in the direction of the thumb as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2.
3.How is torque measured?

The SI unit for torque is the Newton-meter.

In imperial units, the Foot-pound is often used. This is confusing because colloquially the pound
is sometimes used as a unit of mass and sometimes force. What is meant here is pound-force, the
force due to earth gravity on a one-pound object. The magnitude of these units is often similar as

1 Nm ≃
1.74 ft⋅lbs.

Measuring a static torque in a non-rotating system is usually quite easy, and done by measuring a
force. Given the length of the moment arm, the torque can be found directly. Measuring torque in
a rotating system is considerably more difficult.One method works by measuring strain within
the metal of a drive shaft which is transmitting torque and sending this information wirelessly.

4.What role does torque play in rotational kinematics?

In rotational kinematics, torque takes the place of force in linear kinematics. There is a direct
equivalent to Newton’s 2ⁿᵈ law of motion
 (F = m×a),
τ = I×α

Here, α is the angular acceleration. I is the rotational inertia, a property of a rotating system
which depends on the mass distribution of the system. The larger I, the harder it is for an object
to acquire angular acceleration. We derive this expression in our article on rotational inertia.

5.What is rotational equilibrium?

The concept of rotational equilibrium is an equivalent to Newton’s 1ˢᵗ law for a rotational
system. An object which is not rotating remains not rotating unless acted on by an external
torque. Similarly, an object rotating at constant angular velocity remains rotating unless acted on
by an external torque.

The concept of rotational equilibrium is particularly useful in problems involving multiple

torques acting on a rotatable object. In this case it is the net torque which is important.

If the net torque on a rotatable object is zero then it will be in rotational equilibrium and not able
to acquire angular acceleration.
6.How does torque relate to power and energy?

There is considerable confusion between torque, power and energy. For example, the torque of
an engine is sometimes incorrectly described as its 'turning power'.

Torque and energy have the same dimensions (i.e. they can be written in the same fundamental
units), but they are not a measure of the same thing. They differ in that torque is a vector quantity
defined only for a rotatable system.

Power however, can be calculated from torque if the rotational speed is known. In fact, the
horsepower of an engine is not typically measured directly, but calculated from measured torque
and rotational speed. The relationship is:

P = Force⋅Distance/Time
= F⋅2πr/t
= 2πτω (ω in revolutions/sec)
= τω (ω in radian/sec)

Along with horsepower, the peak torque produced by a vehicle engine is an important and
commonly quoted specification. Practically speaking, peak torque is relevant for generally
describing how quickly a vehicle will accelerate and its ability to pull a load. Horsepower
(relative to weight) on the other hand is more relevant to the maximum speed of a vehicle.
It is important to recognize that while maximum torque and horsepower are useful general
specifications, they are of limited use when making calculations involving the overall motion of
a vehicle.
This is because in practice both vary as a function of rotational speed. The general relationship
can be non-linear and differs for different types of motor.
7.How can we increase or decrease torque?

It is often necessary to increase or decrease the torque produced by a motor to suit different
applications. Recall that the length of a lever can increase or decrease the force on an object at
the expense of the distance through which the lever must be pushed. Similarly, the torque
produced by a motor can be increased or decreased through the use of gearing. An increase in
torque comes with a proportional decrease in rotational speed. The meshing of two gear teeth can
be viewed as equivalent to the interaction of a pair of levers.

The use of adjustable gearing is necessary to obtain good performance in vehicles powered by
combustion engines. These engines produce maximum torque only for a narrow range of high
rotational speeds. Adjustable gearing allows sufficient torque to be delivered to the wheels at any
given rotational speed of the engine.

Bicycles require gearing because of the inability of humans to pedal with a cadance sufficient to
achieve a useful speed when driving a wheel directly (unless one is cycling a penny-farthing).

Adjustable gearing is not typically required in vehicles powered by steam engines or electric
motors. In both cases, high torque is available at low speeds and is relatively constant over a
wide range of speeds.
8. Pictures Illustrations
9. Example Questions.

1. A rod of mass 3 kg and a length of 40 cm, given a 2kg load on one end and the other end as a
support. If a force of 280N pointing up working at a distance of 5 cm from the support, then
calculate the torque.
Answer:

2. Question
2. Answer:
3. Answer:

3. Answer