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THREE ROOTS
Successful root canal treatment needs a thorough knowledge of both internal and
external anatomy of a tooth. Variations in root canal anatomy constitute an
impressive challenge to the successful completion of endodontic treatment.
Undetected extra roots and canals are a major reason for failed root canal
treatment. Three separate roots in a maxillary first premolar have a very low
incidence of 0.5-6%. Three rooted premolars are anatomically similar to molars
and are sometimes called "small molars or radiculous molars." This article
explains the diagnosis and endodontic management of a three rooted maxillary
premolar with separate canals in each root highlighting that statistics may indicate
a low incidence of abnormal variations in root canal morphology of a tooth, but
aberrant anatomy is a possibility in any tooth. Hence, modern diagnostics like
cone beam computed tomography, and endodontic operating microscope may
have to be used more for predictable endodontic treatment.
CASE REPORT
A 25-year-old male patient reported to the department with pain in his upper right
posterior region since 1-week. On clinical examination, a mesioproximal caries
lesion was detected on maxillary right first premolar (14), The premolar was
tender on percussion. An intraoral periapical radiograph revealed mesioproximal
radiolucency of the crown extending close to the pulp chamber of 14 [Figure 1].
Intraoral periapical (IOPA) X-ray also revealed a complex radicular anatomy with
two buccal roots and a separate palatal root for 14. Electric pulp testing also was
done, and 14 exhibited a delayed response. Maxillary right first premolar (14) was
diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis and after discussing with patient root canal
treatment of 14 was initiated.
Figure 1: Preoperative X-ray of maxillary 1st premolar showing two separate
buccal roots and one palatal root.
After rubber dam isolation of 14, access opening was done under local
anesthesia (2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 Adrenaline, Lignox, Indoco remedies
Ltd., India). Expecting two buccal canals, the access opening was made
mesiodistally wider than normal on the buccal aspect making the access opening
T-shaped. The palatal canal was first located, and dentinal map on the floor of
the pulp chamber was traced to locate two separate buccal canals. Working
length was determined with electronic apex locator (i-pex, NSK, Nakanishi,
Japan) and was confirmed with IOPA X-ray [Figure 2]. The three canals were
cleaned and shaped using k files till size 15. After this canals were instrumented
sequentially with ProTaper rotary files (Dentsply Tulsa Dental) till size F2. While
instrumenting canals were lubricated with Glyde (Dentsply Malliefer, Switzerland)
and irrigated with 3% sodium hypochlorite (Prime Dental products, India) and
0.9% normal saline (Baxter, India). The root canals were dried with paper points,
obturated using Gutta-percha with resin based sealer (AH Plus, Dentsply, Detrey,
Konstanz, Germany) and the postobturation radiograph is shown in [Figure 3].
The access cavity was then sealed with IRM (Dentsply Caulk, Milford, USA) and
restored with composite after 7 days. The patient was referred to the Department
of Prosthodontics for full coverage restoration.
Figure 2: Working length X-ray showing files in two buccal canals and one palatal
canal
Figure 3: Postobturation X-ray showing maxillary first premolar with two separate
buccal canals and one palatal canal
DISCUSSION
The access cavity for maxillary premolars is usually oval shaped in bucco-palatal
cross section. Chauhan and Singh have suggested a T-shaped access cavity for
a three rooted maxillary first premolar. This modification is for convenient access
to the buccal roots. Following this suggestion access cavity was made T-shaped
in this case.
Studies may be indicating a low incidence of three roots and root canals in a
maxillary premolar. Even then, a clinician doing root canal treatment should
always look for additional roots and canals in all cases. Use of modern diagnostic
tools like CBCT and use of operating microscopes may help a clinician to detect
and manage any variations in root canal morphology thereby, to increase the
success rate of endodontic treatment.
CONCLUSION
Variations in the number of roots and root canals may occur in any teeth. Any
clinician doing root canal treatment should be aware of this and should be on the
lookout for aberrant anatomy during each step of root canal treatment. This case
report also emphasizes the same.
Clinical significance
REPORTE DE UN CASO:
DISCUSIÓN
El tratamiento del conducto radicular del premolar maxilar puede ser muy difícil
debido a las variaciones en el número de raíces, el número de canales, las
diferencias en las configuraciones de la cavidad de la pulpa y la dificultad para
visualizar los ápices de la raíz mediante radiografías. [9] Un endodoncista debe
conocer todas las variaciones posibles en la anatomía del conducto radicular
para una endodoncia exitosa. Vertucci y Gegauff informaron que el 5% de los
primeros premolares maxilares tenían 3 canales. De este 0.5% existía como tres
canales en una sola raíz, 0.5% exhibía 2 canales en una raíz y un canal en una
segunda raíz, y 4% presentaba un canal cada uno en tres raíces separadas. [10]
Carns y Skidmore encontraron seis premolares de un total de 100 premolares
maxilares para demostrar 3 canales separados, todos los cuales estaban
presentes en raíces separadas. [11] Ozcan et al. en un estudio en población turca
se encontró que de 653 primer premolar examinado solo tres premolares (1.1%)
tenían tres raíces separadas y que 10 dientes (1.5%) tenían tres canales. [12]
No hay datos disponibles sobre la incidencia de 3 premolares con tres canales
en la población india.
Una radiografía preoperatoria precisa siempre debe estudiarse cuidadosamente
antes de comenzar un procedimiento de conducto radicular. La radiografía en
ángulo recto debe complementarse con rayos X en ángulo para que puedan
verse otras raíces o canales adicionales. Sin embargo, las radiografías
bidimensionales pueden no ser siempre adecuadas para evaluar variaciones
morfológicas en la anatomía de la raíz. Las herramientas de diagnóstico
avanzadas, como la tomografía computarizada con haz cónico (CBCT), pueden
brindar una imagen más precisa de la morfología del conducto radicular. [13] En
este caso, la radiografía preoperatoria mostró la presencia de dos raíces bucales
y una raíz palatina con canales separados en cada raíz. Por lo tanto, las
herramientas de diagnóstico avanzadas y costosas como CBCT no se
emplearon en este caso. De acuerdo con Sieraski et al. se deben esperar tres
raíces en un premolar cuando el ancho mesio-distal de la imagen de la raíz media
es igual o mayor que la imagen de la corona. [14]
Los estudios pueden estar indicando una baja incidencia de tres raíces y
conductos radiculares en un premolar maxilar. Incluso entonces, un médico que
realice un tratamiento de conducto radicular siempre debe buscar raíces y
canales adicionales en todos los casos. El uso de herramientas de diagnóstico
modernas como el CBCT y el uso de microscopios operativos puede ayudar al
clínico a detectar y manejar cualquier variación en la morfología del conducto
radicular con el fin de aumentar la tasa de éxito del tratamiento endodóntico.
CONCLUSIÓN
Significación clínica
INTRODUCTION
Dens invaginatus (DI) is associated with complex internal anatomy. This article
represents a maxillary lateral incisor with 5 root canals including DI. The
treatment was planned and performed using cone-beam computed tomographic
(CBCT) imaging.
Methods: After clinical and radiographic evaluations, tooth #7 was diagnosed
with DI and pulp necrosis with symptomatic apical periodontitis. Periapical
radiographs of the tooth showed 2 roots and complex internal anatomy. CBCT
evaluation revealed tooth #7 had 5 separate canals (4 root canals and 1 DI canal
extending through the root to the periodontal ligament), communication between
DI and the root canal system, and severe and multiple curvatures of the palatal
canals. Root canal treatment was completed in 2 visits. Modified access openings
were required to safely treat the dilacerated palatal canals.
Results: At the 6-month re-evaluation, the patient reported he had remained
asymptomatic and his tooth had remained functional since the treatment was
completed. Clinical examination showed tooth #7 had no sensitivity to percussion
or palpation, probe depths within normal limits (#3 mm), and no mobility.
Radiographic assessment of the tooth showed significant osseous healing of the
preoperative lesion.
Conclusions: Three-dimensional imaging is a valuable tool for endodontic
management of teeth with complex internal anatomy. Three-dimensional imaging
is recommended for evaluating and treatment planning cases with DI
CASE REPORT
A 16-year-old male was referred with a history of repeated swelling in the area of
tooth #7. The reason for referral, as stated by his general dentist, was complex
root canal anatomy. The medical history of the patient was noncontributory.
Clinical evaluations revealed that tooth #7 was mildly sensitive to percussion and
palpation. There was no intraoral or extraoral swelling at the time of evaluation.
The periodontal condition of tooth #7 was within normal limits (probing #3 mm
and normal mobility). Tooth #7 did not respond to cold tests using Endo Ice
(Hygenic, Akron, OH) or the electric pulp test (Analytic Technology, Redmond,
WA). Tooth #7 had a wide labiopalatal dimension with a prominent palatal cusp
on the cingulum and a pitlike invagination in its center (Fig. 1A). There were no
visible caries or previous restorations in this tooth. Radiographic evaluation of the
tooth showed 2 roots (mesial and distal), a possible presence of more than 1
canal in each root, and an enamel-walled space in the center of the tooth,
indicating DI (Fig. 2A). Also, there was a large lucency periapical to the DI. The
diagnosis for tooth #7 was DI type 3B and pulp necrosis with symptomatic apical
periodontitis.
Because the preoperative radiographs revealed complex anatomy, a CBCT scan
was taken (Kodak 9000 3D; Carestream Health, Trophy, France) (Fig. 3A–H). 3D
evaluation of tooth #7 showed a DI canal in the middle (Fig. 3F–H) and a complex
root canal system surrounding the DI in the crown. Coronal slices showed the
presence of 4 separate canals: mesial labial (ML), mesial palatal (MP) (Fig. 3C),
distal labial (DL), and distal palatal (DP) (Fig. 3D). The CBCT image also showed
abrupt palatal curvature of both mesial and distal roots (Fig. 3A–E).
The axial cross sections showed the presence of a possible communication
between DI and the root canal system (Fig. 3G).
After clinical and radiographic examination and diagnosis, root canal treatment
was planned for tooth #7. The patient’s legal guardian gave oral and written
informed consent. Complete local anesthesia was provided with 36 mg lidocaine
and 0.018 mg epinephrine (Novocol Pharmaceutical, Cambridge, Ontario,
Canada). After rubber dam isolation, the access cavities were prepared using a
331 carbide bur (SS White, Piscataway, NJ). Based on the CBCT findings, the
labial and palatal canals required specifically angled approaches. Separate
conservative access openings were made under magnification (Dental Operating
Microscope; Zeiss Proergo, Prescott’s, Inc, Monument, CO), which provided
straight-line access to each canal. Because the palatal canals exited at right
angles to the root trunk (Fig. 3C–E), a standard access into the palatal surface
would have created acute angles for the files to negotiate. At the first
appointment, the DI canal was accessed and treated (Fig. 1B) and then the labial
canals (Fig. 1C). At the second appointment, the palatal canals were accessed
and treated (Figs. 1D and 2B). The access to the DP canal was made directly
palatal and parallel to the DI and their openings converged. A separate opening
was prepared to access the MP canal (Fig. 1D). Root canal instrumentation was
performed using nickel-titanium hand files (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) to
master apical file size #25 in the MP and DP canals, #30 in the ML and DL, and
#50 in the DI. Root canals were irrigated with NaOCl 5.25% during and after
instrumentation. After completion of the root canal preparation in the DI, ML, and
DL in the first visit, all 3 canals were obturated by a combination of cold lateral
condensation and vertical compaction of gutta-percha and Roth’s 801 Elite sealer
(Roth International Ltd, Chicago, IL). The access cavities were temporarily
restored with Cavit (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN). The patient returned asymptomatic
7 days later. After local anesthesia and rubber dam isolation, the palatal canals
were accessed (as previously described), instrumented, and obturated (Figs. 1D
and 2B). The access openings were temporized with Cavit. The patient was
referred to his general dentist for permanent restoration. Two weeks later, the
patient’s guardian was contacted by phone and confirmed the patient’s tooth was
asymptomatic and the permanent restoration had been scheduled.
The patient returned asymptomatic at the 6-month re-evaluation. Tooth #7 was
functional and had no sensitivity to percussion or palpation. The tooth had been
restored permanently with composite resin. The probe depths were within normal
limits (#3 mm). The re-evaluation radiograph showed significant osseous healing
of the prior periapical lesion (Fig. 2C).
Figure 1. (A) A clinical view of the crown of tooth #7. Please note the wide
labiopalatal dimension of the crown and the presence of a palatal cusp with an
invagination in its center. (B) Access opening to the DI canal. (C) Initial entry to
the labial canals. (D) Access openings to the palatal canals (second
appointment). Access to the DP canal was made directly palatal to the DI
opening, causing the 2 openings to converge. Note the access openings to the
DI and labial canals are temporized with Cavit.
Figure 2. (A) A preoperative radiograph of tooth #7 showing DI, 2 roots (mesial
and distal), complex internal anatomy, and lucency periapical to the DI. (B) An
immediate postoperative radiograph of tooth #7 showing obturation of 5 canals
and the spaces between the DI and other canals, confirming the presence of
spatial connections (ie, isthmuses) between them. (C) Six-month re-evaluation.
The tooth is functional and asymptomatic. Note the significant osseous healing
of the lesion.
DISCUSSION
CBCT imaging gives the clinician the opportunity of visualizing the internal and
external anatomy of the tooth in 3 dimensions. Therefore, it increases the
probability of finding canals and avoiding procedural errors. The Kodak 9000 3D
has a resolution of 76 mm. As shown by Michetti et al(8), there is a strong
correlation between CBCT images taken with the Kodak 9000 3D and images of
histologic sections with a pixel.
size of 0.5 mm. These complementary images are beneficial to clinicians and
their patients in cases with complex anatomy for diagnosis and planning the most
conservative and definitive treatment. There are several recent reports of using
CBCT imaging in the management and endodontic treatment of cases with DI.
Teixido et al (16) introduced a case of DI in a maxillary canine. They used CBCT
imaging as an aid to treat the DI-related infection while preserving the vitality of
the tooth. Kfir et al(17) published a report of a case with DI-related infection in a
vital maxillary lateral incisor with complex internal anatomy. They planned the
treatment based on CBCT images. A 3D plastic model of the tooth was prepared
with the same internal anatomy by using a 3D
Figure 3. A 3D view of tooth #7 from the (A) labial and (B) palatal views. Note
the complex palatal curvature of both the mesial and distal roots. (C) The curved
sagittal section of the mesial side of tooth #7 showing the mesiolabial, DI, and
mesiopalatal canals. (D) A curved sagittal view of the distal side of tooth #7
showing the distolabial, DI, and distopalatal canals. (E) A sagittal view of the distal
side of tooth #7 showing the location of the apical foramen of the distolabial canal
(arrow). (F) An axial view of the coronal third of the crown showing the labial pulp
horns and DI in the middle. (G) An axial view of the middle third of the crown
showing the root canal system surrounds the DI. The arrow shows the
communication between the DI and the root canal system. (H) An axial view of
the apical third of the crown showing the palatal pulp horns and the DI labial to
them.
printing technology. The model was used to train the clinician to access and treat
the DI without endangering the vitality of the pulp. VierPelisser et al (18) reported
a case of a vital maxillary lateral incisor with DI-related infection. CBCT evaluation
of the case led the clinicians to add a surgical phase to the treatment and not try
to preserve the pulp tissue. In the presented case, the CBCT images helped the
clinician recognize the presence of multiple separate canals within the root canal
system, possible communications between these canals, communications
between the root canal system and DI, and the presence of complex palatal
curvatures of the roots. As shown in this case, routine radiographs failed to show
all complex features of the root canal system and DI. The authors believe that 3D
imaging is a valuable diagnostic tool in treatment of cases with DI.
Other studies have shown that DI is associated with changes in the morphology
of the root canal system. De Smit and Demaut (19) examined an extracted tooth
with DI and previous root canal treatment. They observed that the root canal was
irregular in cross section, with wavelike constrictions and dilatations. There are
reports of multiple root canals being present in association with DI(20, 21).
Moreover, DI itself is an additional space that needs to be cleaned and sealed
during endodontic treatment. Also, there are reports of the presence of more than
1 DI in a tooth (22). Other reported complexities are complete obliteration of DI
(18), presence of DI with an open apical foramen in a mature tooth (17, 18), and
irregularity of the DI space (17). All these variations may require the clinician to
modify endodontic procedures when treating cases of DI. The presented case is
the first report of 5 root canal spaces (4 root canals and a DI canal) in a maxillary
lateral incisor.
As shown in several reports, defects in type 3 DI can act as a potential pathway
between the oral cavity and periodontal tissues. This is the most common
mechanism for developing peri-invagination periodontitis. Therefore, it is
common to find a tooth with DI-related infection and a vital pulp (16, 17). In these
cases, the primary treatment should be focused on treating the DI and saving the
vitality of the pulp. On the other hand, studies have shown that the presence of
DI is associated with a risk of developing pulp necrosis. DI is considered 1 of the
reasons for dental abscesses in children without any obvious caries or a history
of trauma (23). The presence of defects in the enamel lining of DI has been shown
in CBCT cross sections(13). If the DI becomes infected, then these defects are
considered as potential pathways for bacterial contamination of the pulp tissue.
Also, the structure of the dentin surrounding the DI has been described as
irregular with defects and communications toward the pulp (24). As stated by
Alani and Bishop (13), the risk of pulpal complications associated with DI is
probably related to the poor anatomic features that encourage bacterial
contamination. In the presented case, the axial CBCT cross sections revealed
defects in the enamel lining of the DI through which the DI and root canal system
communicated.
As shown by Nair (1), complexity of the internal anatomy is a reason for failure of
root canal treatment. It has been shown that root canal instruments and irrigation
solutions cannot remove the established bacterial biofilms from root canal
complexities, including inaccessible recesses and diverticula of instrumented
main canals, intercanal isthmuses, and accessory canals (25). A lack of
knowledge about the various complexities of internal dental anatomy can lead the
clinician to perform insufficient treatments. As shown in several studies, the use
of magnification (4, 26), CBCT imaging (7), or a combination of both (9) can help
the clinician understand the morphology better and perform root canal treatments
more effectively.
Endodontic instruments are not sufficient to clean and shape irregular spaces
such as isthmuses. Using instruments that can adapt to the internal anatomy can
be a potential solution for these situations The endodontic instruments are
designed to debride dentinal walls and are unable to remove the enamel.
Therefore, in cases of DI in which the walls of the invagination are partly or
entirely covered by enamel, routine root canal instrumentation of the DI might not
be as effective as it is in the root canal system. Thus, even when there is accurate
knowledge about the anatomy, there is a possibility of leaving unclean areas
because of a lack of appropriate instruments. There are reports of removing the
entire DI using ultrasonic devices under magnification (20, 28, 29). However, this
technique might remove excessive tooth structure and compromise the structural
integrity and long-term prognosis. Also, this technique is not applicable to many
cases with DI because of the variations in size of the DI and the complexity of the
anatomy. In the presented case, access openings were designed to allow safe
and effective treatment of the complex root canal system and to preserve tooth
structure.
TRATAMIENTO ENDODÓNTICO DE UN INCISIVO LATERAL MAXILAR CON
4 CANALES DE RAÍZ Y UN TRACTO DENS INVAGINATUS
INTRODUCCIÓN:
Dens invaginatus (DI) se asocia con la anatomía interna compleja. Este artículo
representa un incisivo lateral maxilar con 5 canales radiculares, incluido DI. El
tratamiento fue planeado y realizado usando imagen tomografía computarizada
con haz de cono (CBCT).
MÉTODOS:
después de evaluaciones clínicas y radiográficas, diente # 7 fue diagnosticado
con DI y necrosis pulpar con periodontitis apical sintomática. Radiografías
periapicales del diente mostró 2 raíces y complejo interno anatomía. La
evaluación CBCT reveló que el diente # 7 tenía 5 Canales separados (4
conductos radiculares y 1 canal DI que se extiende a través de la raíz al
ligamento periodontal), comunicación entre DI y el sistema de conducto radicular,
y grave y múltiples curvaturas de los canales palatinos. Canal raíz el tratamiento
se completó en 2 visitas. Acceso modificado se requirieron aberturas para tratar
con seguridad el dilacerado canales palatinos
RESULTADOS:
CONCLUSIONES:
REPORTE DE UN CASO
Figura 2. (A) Una radiografía preoperatoria del diente # 7 que muestra DI, 2
raíces (mesial y distal), anatomía interna compleja y lucencia periapical a la DI.
(B) un radiografía postoperatoria inmediata del diente # 7 que muestra la
obturación de 5 canales y los espacios entre el DI y otros canales, lo que confirma
la presencia de espaciales conexiones (es decir, isthmuses) entre ellos. (C) Re-
evaluación de seis meses. El diente es funcional y asintomático. Tenga en cuenta
la importante curación ósea de la lesión.
DISCUSIÓN
Figura 3. Una vista 3D del diente # 7 desde (A) labial y (B) vistas palatinas.
Obsérvese la compleja curvatura palatina de las raíces mesial y distal. (C) El
curvado sección sagital del lado mesial del diente n. ° 7 que muestra los canales
mesiolabial, DI y mesiopalatal. (D) Una vista sagital curvada del lado distal del
diente # 7 que muestra los canales distolabial, DI y distopalatal. (E) Una vista
sagital del lado distal del diente n. ° 7 que muestra la ubicación del foramen apical
del conducto distolabial (flecha). (F) Una vista axial del tercio coronal de la corona
que muestra los cuernos de pulpa labial y DI en el medio. (G) Una vista axial del
tercio medio de la corona que muestra el sistema de conductos radiculares que
rodea el DI. La flecha muestra la comunicación entre el DI y el sistema de
conductos radiculares. (H) Una vista axial de el tercio apical de la corona que
muestra los cuernos de pulpa palatal y el DI labial hacia ellos.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26538958
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799535