Automated vehicle

parking system

Group members

Amdetsion Solomon

Mu-uz Tesfay

Mussie Tewelde

Fitsumbirhan H/meskel
0
Table of content Page no
1. Abstract 3

2. Chapter one: Introduction

1.1.Problem statement and justification 4

1.2.Objectives of the project 5
1.3.Methodology 5
1.4.Specification 6
2. Chapter two: design of automated rotary car parking
2.1.Design of cage 7
2.1.1. Design of circular frame 8
2.1.2. Design of rectangular frame 10
2.1.3. Design of circular bar 11
2.1.4. Design of bolts 12
2.1.5. Design of plate 14
2.1.6. Design of roller 16
2.2.Design of spur gear 18
2.3.Design of shaft for spur gear 21
2.4.Design of chain 24
2.5.Design of key 26
2.6.Design of shaft coupling 28
2.7.Design of triangular plate 31
2.8.Design of bolt 33
2.9.Design of small plate 33
2.10. Design of roller 34
2.11. Design of connecting bar 35
2.12. Design of support 36
2.13. Design of welding 37
2.14. Design of bearing 38
2.15. Design of body structure 39
3. Chapter three: conclusion and recommendation
3.1.Conclusion 40
3.2.Recommendation 41
3.3.References 42

1
  list of figure
Figure 1, Cage

Figure 2, Circular frame

Figure 3, Rectangular frame

Figure 4, circular bar

Figure 5, Bolts

Figure 6, Plate

Figure 7, Stress on plate

Figure 8, Deformation on plate

Figure 9, Roller

Figure 10, Spur gear

Figure 11, Key

Figure 12, Flange coupling

Figure 13, Triangular plate

Figure 14, Bolt

Figure 15, Small plate

Figure 16, Roller

Figure 17, Connecting bar

Figure 18, Support

Figure 19, Weld of the bar

Figure 20, Bearings

Figure 21, Body structure

2
 ABSTRACT
This project deals with design of automated rotary vehicle Parking System. This system has
been implemented to reduce the excess use of land space which is already very scarce in metro
cities. Different types of vehicle parking are applied worldwide namely Multi-level Automated
Car Parking, Automated Car Parking System, and Rotary Parking System. The present project
work is aimed to develop a scale down working model of a car parking system for parking cars
within a large parking area. The chain and sprocket mechanism is used for driving the parking
platform. This total prototype is powered by an A.C motor. When the car comes on the plate the
switch will be activated and the cage comes to carry the vehicle. When the switch will be
operated by the operator, sprockets starts to rotate and the new space will be adjusted for new
vehicle. Planners, developers, architects are finding out solutions to tackle this problem of
parking, so we took this opportunity to bring the technology of automated parking to where it is
needed in our country.

Automated car parking system is a concept which is used to park cars by stacking them in a
structure, where the structure is mounted on the ground which was previously used to park 2 cars
side by side, but now these structure parks 6-12 cars vertically depending on the height of the
structure.

3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Statement and Justification

Automated car parking system is a concept which is used to park cars by stacking them in a
structure, where the structure is mounted on the ground which was previously used to park 2 cars
side by side, but now these structure parks 6-12 cars vertically depending on the height of the
structure.

It is simple to operate with the driver parking and leaving the vehicle in the system at the
ground level. Once the driver leaves the incorporated safety zone the vehicle is automatically
parked by the system rotating to lift the parked car away from the bottom central position. This
leaves an empty parking space available at the ground level for the next car to be parked on. The
parked car is easily retrieved by pushing the button for the relevant position number the car is
parked on. This causes the required car to rotate down to ground level ready for the driver to
enter the safety zone and reverse the car out of the system. Except vertical car parking system all
other systems use a large ground area, vertical car parking system is developed to utilize
maximum vertical area in the available minimum ground area. It is quite successful when
installed in busy areas which are well established and are suffering with shortage of area for
parking. Although the construction of this system seems to be easy, it will be par from
understanding without the knowledge of materials, chains, sprockets, bearings, and machining
operations, kinematic and dynamic mechanisms

Imagine the time that automatic smart parking systems would save you. Every time you enter
your office building you have to find a parking space and spend time walking in and out of the
lot as well. Imagine how much time it is costing you. Even if you just spend 5 minutes a day to
park that translates to you spending more than a whole day just parking every year. If you
calculate the time you spend walking in and out of the parking lot, searching for space and such
it will be easily more than the above amount. A fully automated system mimics a futuristic
assembly line structure where the cars are moved to an empty platform. The platform under the
car moves to a designated spot and all the other platforms are arranged so that no cars are stuck.

4
Unique Characteristics

 The space for parking 3 cars can hold more than 9 cars.
 It adopts rotating for mechanism so as to minimize the vibration and noise.
 Flexible operation.
 No caretaker is needed, key pressing operation.
 High safety, complete inspecting device
 Stable and reliable

1.2 Objectives of the Project

The main objective of this project is to solve the problem of parking place.

 Change the traditional way of parking mechanism

 Create safe environment in more traffic areas
 Introduce new technology to the people
 Safe car parking
 Space and time utilization

1.3 Methodology

A series of methods were followed during the design of the project. The major ones are described
as follows

 Identifying part components which are needed for the machine

 Checking availability and manufacturability of those components
 Selecting materials for each component
 Analyzing each component strength wise
 Choosing method of joining for components
 Assembling orderly

5
1.4 SPECIFICATIONS
Brand name – Automobile car

Parking capacity – 5

Available car

- Length – 5200mm
- Width – 2100mm
- Height – 1700mm
- Weight – 2500Kg

Motor selection

AC induction motor, 400v

Power – 5.5 KW (7.5HP)

Speed – 3.5m/min

Features of the motor

 Easily maintained
 Light weight
 High performance
 Less noise levels

6
Chapter 2: Design of Automated Rotary Vehicle Parking System

2.1 Cage design

In our design, cage is used to park and hold the car while it rotates on the structure.

Fig1. Cage

Components of cage

1. Circular frame
2. Rectangular frame
3. Circular bar
4. Bolt and Nut
5. Plate
6. Roller

7
2.1.1 Design of circular frames

The circular frame is subjected to axial, bending and shear stress due to the load. So we are going
to calculate all of the stresses and find the appropriate diameter to make it safe. Because it carries
heavy and luxury automobile cars.

Material selection

We choose a material which has high strength, it is steel AISI 1045

Yield strength – 505 N/mm2

Ultimate stress- 585 N/mm2
We take factor of safety 4

Assumption

 Weight of the car is 3000 K g

 Length of the frame 1.75
 Length of the upper part 150mm

Analysis

Now assuming factor of safety 4, we will find the stress.

σ = σy/F.s = 505/4 Fig2. Circular frame

= 126.25 N/mm2

To find the load in each frame, as we mentioned before weight of the car is 3000 Kg

F = w*g = 3000*10

= 30000 N

Total load is 30 KN, so we have 4 frame mounted on the plate

Peach = 30KN/4 = 7.5 KN

Therefore, the load applied to each circular frame is 7.5KN.

8
To find the diameter of the circular frame, we use bending force which is applied to the small
upper part of the circular frame.

M = F*L = 7.5*103N*150mm

= 1125 KN.mm

Then by using stress formula of bending moment we find the diameter of the circular frame

σ = M*C/I where, C = d/2

126.25 = 1125*103*d/2 I = πd4/64

πd4 /64

d3 =1125*103*32
π*126.25
d = 45 mm.

We can also calculate the diameter of circular frame by using shear stress formula. Because the
frame is also subjected to shear load.

τ = F/A where, τ = shear strength of the material

63.125 = 7.5*103 τ = 0.5σy/4

πd /4
2
= 0.5*505/4
2
= 63.125 N/mm
d2 = 30*103/198.3

d = 12.29.

But the diameter we found from the shear force equation is not safe when we consider the load.
So, we pick the first diameter which is d = 45 mm.

Deformation on the circular frame

To check the deformation of the circular frame,

𝑃𝐿
𝛿= 𝐸𝐴

7.5∗103∗1750
= 190∗1590.4

𝛿 = 0.043 mm.

9
2.1.2 Design of Rectangular Frame

The rectangular frame is used to hold the frames from both sides. It is subjected to bending stress
due to the load.

Fig3. Rectangular frame

Material selection

We use the same material as the circular frame

Steel AISI 1045

Yield strength - 505 N/mm2
Ultimate stress – 585 N/mm2
Factor safety – 3

Assumption
 Length of the rectangular frame 2000 mm.
 We take equal dimension of base and height (b=h)
Analysis
As we mentioned before the rectangular frame subjected to bending stress. So, we calculate the
bending moment for the rectangular frame

M = F*L
= 15 KN *1000 mm h
= 15 * 106 N.mm

𝑀∗𝐶
σ= b
𝐼

𝑀∗𝑏/2 𝑏ℎ3 σy 505

σ= where, I= , b=h, σ= = = 168.3 N/mm2.
𝑏4/12 12 𝐹.𝑆 3

15∗106∗6(𝑁.𝑚𝑚) 𝑏4
b3= I=
168.3(𝑁.𝑚𝑚2) 12

b3=534759.35mm2=80mm.

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2.1.3 Design of circular bar

The circular bar is an additional component of the cage used to connect the rectangular frame
from both sides and is also used to mount the cage on to the structure.

It is subjected to bending stress due to the load on the cage ; that is the load of the automobile.

Fig4. Circular bar

Material selection – steel AISI 1045

Yield strength – 505 MPa

Ultimate stress – 585 MPa

Factor of safety – 3

The bar is subjected to bending force, so the bending moment can be calculated;

15 KN 15 KN Reaction forces:-

∑fy= 0

Ra-15KN-15KN+ Rb=0

Ra Rb Ra+Rb=30KN

MA=1.5KN.m+76.5KN.m+5.2m*Rb
:- Ra & Rb =15KN

 BMD 0< x < 0.1m

MB= -15kN(x)

1500 x=0, MB=0

X=0.1, MB=-1.5KN.m

 0.1< x < 5m

Mc-15KN (5m) +15kN (5.1m)

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 Mc=-1.5kN.m = -1500N.mm

5< x < 5.1m

MD-15kN (0.1m)-15kN (5.1m) +15kN (5.2m), MD=0

Mmax = Mc=MB=1500kN.mm

To find the diameter of the circular bar we use:-

𝑀∗𝐶
σ= where, C= d/2 , I= 𝜋d4/64
𝐼
σy 505
σ= = = 168.3 N/mm2
𝐹.𝑆 3

=1500∗103∗𝑑/2
𝜋𝑑4/64
4800∗103
d3= 168.03

d=65mm

2.1.4 Design of bolts

Bolts are a non-permanent joint which is used to connect one component from the other. In
our design we use the bolt to connect the circular frame to the plate.

Fig5. Bolts

Material selection

Steel property class 8.8 medium carbon Q&T

Proof strength, Sp = 600 MPa
Tensile strength, σt = 830 MPa
Yield strength, σy = 660 MPa

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At= 157 mm2
As= 144 mm2

Analysis

 M16 *2 bolts
 Length of the threaded part, Lt= 2d + 6

The bolt is subjected to shear force. So we are going calculate shear stress for the bolt.

𝐹
Shear stress, τ =
𝐴𝑠
= 7.5*103
144
= 52.5 N/mm2

Bearing stress on the small plate,

The larger plate is thinner than the small plate, and so the largest bearing is due to the
pressing of the bolt against the larger plate. The bearing area is Ab = td = 10*16=
160mm2.

Bearing stress, σb = 𝐴
𝐹
𝑏
=7.5*103
160
=46.87MPa

Design of Nut

Material selection

Phosphor Bronze

σyt = 126MPa

σ yc = 112MPa

τy = 105MPa

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Assumption

The bearing pressure is pb = 8MPa

Factor of safety = 2
Analysis

Dimension of the nut

 Wear of the nut

F = π/4 (do2 - dc2)* pb*n ……. n= number of thread

n = 4*15000/(π*(702 - 542))*8

1.203 But the minimum number of thread is 4, and for more safety let say,
n=6

The height of the nut will be

H = p*n

= 7.5*6 = 45mm

Checking of stress strength of nut

F = τπ dont t=p/2 = 16/2

𝜏 = F/π dont

= 15000/π*70*6*8

= 1.42MPa < τall = 52.5MPa

 Therefore the nut is quite safe

2.1.5 Design of plate

The other component of the cage is the plate on which vehicle is placed. The design of pallet is
done by referring following procedure.

Maximum weight of the vehicle (automobile car) = 2500Kg

Mass of plate = 468Kg
Thickness of the plate = 5mm

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Material selection
We select steel for better strength. Because the plate carries a heavy load and subjected to
bending stress.
Elasticity of modulus = 210GPa
Density of steel = 7.85Kg/m3

Reaction at the front wheel

W= 2 * weight of the vehicle + mass of plate
3 2
= 2 * 2500Kg + 468Kg
3 2
= 1900.67 Kg
= 18639.10 N

Wheel base = 3300 mm, Wheel track = 1100 mm

Distance between two rollers of pellet (Along length) =5300 mm
Distance from wheel of pallet wheel to nearest wheel of car (a) = 1000 mm.

Fig6. Plate
Maximum Stress in pallet = Wa÷Z = 18639.1 ×1000÷510387.21
= 36.5 N/ mm²
Deflection at Center (Max) = W * a * (3l2-4a2)
24EI
= 18639.1 * 1000 *[3(5300)2-4(1000)2]
24*210*109*23958.3
= 1.24*10-2
= 0.0124mm
Deflection at CAR Wheels = W*a2 * (3l-4a)
6EI
= 18639.1*106 * [3(5300)-4(1000)]
6*210*109*23958.3
= 7.347*10-3
= 0.007347mm
FEA analysis of plate by ANSYS workbench:-
The three dimensional model of pallet prepared in solid edge modeling software is imported in
ANSYS workbench and load is applied at the wheel resting portion and results are obtained.

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Stresses developed in pallet

Fig7. Stress on plate

Deformation in pallet

Fig8. Deformation in plate

2.1.6 Design of roller

The roller is equipment which helps the cage ride on the guide. As a result it prevents the cage
from swinging while the load is moving. The material for the roller must be wear resistant and
not affected by corrosion.
General characteristics of the rolling material is
 Wear resistance
 Tear resistance
 Not ductile
 High tensile and impact strength
 Stability at high temperature
 Machineable

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Assumption
Diameter of the roller, = 50mm

Material selection
- Alloy of cast iron
- Yield strength, = 60MPa
- Factor of safety, =3

Analysis
The stress on the roller can be calculate by the following formula
F = σt*A where A=πdrt
= σt *(πdrt)
𝐹
t= σt= σy/F.S
𝜋𝑑𝑟𝑡
30000
=𝜋∗20∗50 =60/3= 20N/mm2
=9.54 say
t= 15 mm

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2.2 Design of the spur gear

The axis of the two shafts is parallel and the speed the shafts is very small comparing with
helical gear we don’t need high efficiency so I select spur gear. It is also easily manufactured.

Fig10. Spur gear

Material selection
Steel AISI 1045
Yield strength, = 505MPa
Ultimate strength, = 585MPa
E = 210GPa

Given
P = 5.5 KW
NG = 100
Np = 50
Module, m = 8
N = 84 rpm
Φ = 200 full depth involute

Analysis
Pitch circle radius Rp=m*N/2
=8*
Clearance circle radius Rb = 0.94* Rp
Addendum circle radius Ra = Rp + m
Dedendum circle radius Rd = Rp – 1.25*m

The design tangential load (WT)

WT= P*Cs/v

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Where

Cs = Service factor

= 1.00
v = pitch line velocity

= πDN/60, we take the weaker gear (i.e. pinion gear)

= π*800*84/60*1000
= 3.518m/s

Therefore,
WT = 5.5*103*1.00/3.518
= 1.56KN
Applying Lewis equation to find the face width (b)
WT = σo*cv*b*m*y*π
Where
σo = allowable static stress
= σut /3 = 585/3
= 195MPa
cv = velocity factor
= 3/3+v = 3/3+3.518
= 4.185
y = Lewis form factor or tooth form factor
= 0.154 – 0.912/ Tp , for 200 full depth involute system
= 0.136
Therefore
WT = σo*cv*b*m*y*π
b = WT /σo*cv*m*y*π
= 1.56*1000/ (195*4.518*3*π*0.136)
= 4.14mm

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  Dynamic Load (WD)
W D = WT + WI
= WT + [21v (b.c + WT ) / (21v + √b.c + WT)]
Where
C = a deformation factor
= k.e/ (1/EP + 1/EG)
k = 0.111 for 200 full depth involute system
e = tooth error action, mm
= 0.051mm
Therefore
= k*e/ (1/EP + 1/EG)
= 0.111*0.051/ (1/195000 + 1/195000)
= 551.95
Here WT is calculated without cs
WT = p/v
= 5.5*1000/3.518
= 1.56KN

Finally,
WD=1.56*103+ [(21*3.518(4.14*551.95+1560)/ (21*3.518+√(4.14*551.95+1560)]
= 3.65KN

 Static Tooth Load (WS)

WS = σe*b*π*m*y
Where
σe = flexural endurance limit
= 1.75*BHN, only for steel
= 1.75*207 =362.25N/mm2

20
Therefore
WS = σe*b*π*m*y
= 362.25*4.14*π*8*0.136
= 5.13KN
For safety of bending failure or tooth breakage, WS > WD
5.13KN > 3.65KN
Therefore, The Gear is safe from bending failure.

 The Wear Tooth Load (WW)

WW = DP*b*Q*k
Where
Q = ratio factor
= 2TG/(TG + TP)
= 2*100/ (100+50) = 1.333
K = Load stress factor
= [(σes) 2*sinφ*(1/EP + 1/EG)]/1.4
= [(509.6)2]*sin200 *(2/195000)]/1.4
= 0.65N/mm2
Therefore
WW = DP*b*Q*k
= 400*4.14*1.333*0.65
= KN > 3.65KN
Therefore, Wear load is greater than dynamic load, so the gear is quite safe.

2.3 Design of Shaft for Spur Gear

Find the normal load (WN)

WN = WT /cosφ

= 1.56/cos20

21
 = 1.66KN

The weight of the gear is given by

WG = 0.00118TG*b*m2

= 0.00118*100*4.14*82

= 31.27N

The weight of the pinion is also given by

WP = 0.00118TP*b*m2

= 0.00118*50*4.14*82

= 15.63N

WG= TG*b*m2= 26.5KN

WR= (WN2+WG2+2 WN+ WGcosΦ)1/2

WR= 26.55KN

M= WR*l=26.55KN*150

=3982.5N.m

Te = √ (M2+T2) where, T= WT*DG/2

= √ (3982.52+6242) = 624N.m

Te = 4031.09N.m

Te= π/16 *τ *dp3 τ= 40MPa, dP = diameter of pinion shaft

dp3= 16*4031.09*1000
Π*40
dp = 80.06 say 100mm

Spur Gear Construction

Pinion
If the pitch circle diameter of the pinion less than (14.75m + 60)mm,
DP ≤ 14.75m + 60

22
 60mm ≤ 14.75*3 + 60
60mm ≤ 104.25mm
Therefore the pinion is made solid with uniform thickness equal to face width.
Gear
Using the pitch circle diameter of the gear DG and diameter of the shaft dG we know the
following terms
Number of arms = 6
Hub diameter = 1.8d =180mm
Length of the hub = 1.25d = 125mm
Thickness of rim, tR = m√(TG/n) = 22mm

t
Design of Arms for Spur Gear
Let WS is stalling load
WS = WT/CV
= 18.36KN/0.950
= 19.32KN
Now maximum bending moment on each arm
M = WS*DG/2n
= 19.32*900/2*6
= 1449KN.mm
The section modulus of arms for elliptical cross-section
Z = π(a1)2b1 ………….. a1 =2b1
Z = πb13 /8
By using the relationship,
σb = M/Z
= 8M/π b13
b1 = 3√8*1449*1000/π*90
= 34.48mm, say 35mm

23
Similarly,
a1 = 2b1
= 70mm

2.4 Design of chain

Material selection
Steel, AISI 1045
σy =505MPa
σut =585MPa
E =210 GPa
Given
P = 5.5Kw
N1 = 50rpm
N2 = 50rpm
X1 = 4000mm
X2 = 2500mm

Analysis
The velocity ratio, V.R will be
V.R = N1/N2
= 50/50 = 1
Reading from table, number of teeth on the smaller sprocket for roller chain will be, T1 = 31
Similarly, T1 = T2 = 31
Now let determine the design power
= P*KS = P*K1*K2*K3

24
Where

K1 = load factor

= 1, for constant load

K2 = lubrication factor

= 1.5, for periodic lubrication

K3 = rating factor

= 1, for 8 hours per day

Therefore

Design power = 5.5Kw*1*1.5*1

= 8.25Kw

Choosing the Type of Chain

In order to strength, less noise, simple construction and gives good service under sever condition
I select Bush Roller Chain. This chain also may be used a little lubrication.

Similarly from different types of Bush Roller chains by considering cost and less power I choose
the simplex chain.

Therefore by using the given power and rpm reading from table I select the chain number, i.e.

Chain number = 12B

Then by using the chain number 12B we can determine the following parameter of the chain.

Pitch of the chain, p = 38.1mm

Roller diameter, d1 = 25.4mm

Minimum width of roller, w or b1 =25.4mm

Breaking load, WB = 250KN

The pitch circle diameter and pitch line velocity of the smaller sprocket

D1 = pcosec (180/T1)

= 38.1*cosec (180/31) = 3.85m

25
 D2 = pcosec (180/T1)

= 38.1*cosec (180/248) = 0.48m

Pitch line velocity of the smaller sprocket

V1 = πD1N1/60 = π*0.48*50/60

= 0.493m/s

Load on the chain, W

W = rated power/pitch line velocity = 5500/0.493

= 30.42KN

Factor of safety = WD/W = 250/30.42

=8.22, this value is more than the value given in table which is 7,
so the chain is quite safe.

2.5 Design of key

The sunk keys are provided half in the keyway of the shaft and half in the keyway of the hub or
boss of the pulley.

Material selection
Steel, AISI 1045

σy =505 MPa

σut =585MPa

E =210 GPa
Assumption

Type of key is sunk key (i.e. w = t)

Factor of safety = 4

Given

Diameter of the shaft, d = 100mm

26
Analysis l
Dimension of the Key
t
W = t = d/4

= 100/4 w
= 25mm Fig11. Key

In order to find the length of the key, let see the two failure of the key

 The failure of key due to shearing

τ = 2T/L*w*d
Where

T = π/16 *d3*τ1

τ = shear strength of the key material

τ1 = shear strength of the shaft material

Therefore

L = πd2/8w

= π*1002/8*25

= 157.08mm

The failure of key due to crushing

σc = 4T/L*t*d …………… T = π/16 *d3*τ1

L = πd2 τ1/4 σct

= π*1002*45/4*90*25

= 157.08mm

Taking the larger of the two values, we have

L = 157.08mm, say 158mm

 Checking the shear strength of the key against the normal strength of the shaft

Strength of the shaft with key way

27
 = π/16 *d3*τ*e

Where

e = shaft strength factor

= 1 – 0.2(w/d) – 1.1(t/2d)

= 0.8125

Therefore

= π/16 *45*1003*0.8125

= 7179030N

Shear strength of the key

= L*w*τ*d/2

= 158*25*45*100/2

= 8887500N

Therefore

Shear strength of the key /Normal strength of the key

= 8887500/7179030
= 1.24
 Therefore the key is quite safe.

2.6 Design of shaft coupling

Shafts are usually available up to 7 meters length due to inconvenience in transport. In order to
have a greater length, it becomes necessary to join two or more pieces of the shaft by means of a
coupling.

Requirements of a Good Shaft Coupling

A good shaft coupling should have the following requirements:
1. It should be easy to connect or disconnect.
2. It should transmit the full power from one shaft to the other shaft without losses.
3. It should hold the shafts in perfect alignment.
4. It should reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another shaft.
5. It should have no projecting parts.
We choose flange coupling for our design. Because it helps to brings the shaft into line and to
maintain the alignment.

28
Design of flange coupling

Fig12. Flange coupling

1. Design for hub
The hub is designed by considering it as a hollow shaft, transmitting the same torque (T) as that
of a solid shaft.

Material selection
Cast iron,
Shear stress for shaft, bolt and key material = 40 MPa
Crushing stress for bolt and key = 80 MPa
Shear stress for cast iron = 8 MPa

Assumption
- Outer diameter of the hub is taken as 2d
- Length of the (L) is taken as 1.5d

Given
P = 5.5KW
d= 100mm

Analysis
The torque transmitted by the shaft is,
𝑃∗60
T = 2𝜋𝑁 =
= 5.5*103*60
2π*84
=625.25N.m
Since the service factor is 1.35. The Tmax=1.35*625.25=844.1N.m
The diameter of the shaft is already calculated from the gear design. But to check the torque on
the shaft
T = π/16* τ*d3 = 12566.4 N.mm
Therefore, the shaft diameter is quiet safe for the given power.
Then we are going to calculate the dimension of the hub,

29
Outer diameter of the hub D=2d=200
Length of the hub L=1.5d=150
Let us now check the induced shear stress for the hub material which is cast iron. Considering
the hub as a hollow shaft. We know that the maximum torque transmitted (Tmax).
Tmax=π/16* τ*[D4-d4]/D
844.08*1000=1472.6*1000* τc
τc= 0.57N/mm2
Since the induced shear stress for the hub material (i.e. cast iron) is less than the permissible
value of 8 MPa, therefore the design of hub is safe.

2. Design for key

Since the crushing stress for the key material is twice its shear stress, therefore a square key
may be used. From Table 13.1, we find that for a shaft of 100 mm diameter,
Width of key, w = 25 mm
Thickness of key, t = w = 25 mm
The length of key (l) is taken equal to the length of hub.
∴ l = L = 150 mm
Checking the induced stress for the key
Considering the key in shearing;
Tmax=l*w* τ*d/2
844.08*1000=150*25* τ*50
τk=4.5N/mm2=4.5MPa
Considering the key in crushing
Tmax=l*t/2* σck *d/2
σck=9N/mm2=9MPa

3. Design for flange

The thickness of flange (tf) is taken as 0.5 d.

∴ tf = 0.5 d = 0.5 × 100 = 50 mm
Let us now check the induced shearing stress in the flange by considering the flange at the
junction of the hub in shear.

30
Tmax=πD2/2* τc* tf
844.08*1000=π1002/2* τc *50
τc=1.07N/mm2
Since the induced shear stress in the flange is less than 8 MPa, therefore the design of flange is
safe.

4. Design for bolts

Let d1 = Nominal diameter of bolts.
Since the diameter of the shaft is 35 mm, therefore let us take the number of bolts,
n=6
Pitch circle diameter of bolts,
D1 = 3d = 6 × 100 = 600 mm

Tmax= π/4(d1)2* τb*n*D1/2

d1=3.86mm

Assuming coarse threads, the nearest standard size of bolt is M 8.

Other proportions of the flange are taken as follows:

Outer diameter of the flange,
D2 = 4 d = 4 × 100 = 400 mm
Thickness of the protective circumferential flange,
tp = 0.25 d = 0.25 × 100 = 25 mm

2.7 Design of triangular plate

In our design the triangular plate is mounted on the guide with the small plate. This triangular
plate is used to hold the whole cage from both side of the structure and move it while the system
is start working.

Assumption

- Width and thickness of the triangular plate have the following formula, b=3t.
- The maximum length of the triangular plate, L=550mm

Material selection

We select a material that has higher strength which is the hardest and strongest steel called
Martensile.

31
 Yield strength=1365MPa

Ultimate strength=1669MPa

Analysis

Take factor of safety=3

The force that act on each triangular plate is 15KN

Pcr=F*F.S

=15KN*3=45KN.

The compressive stress,

σc= σut/F.S

=1669/3

=556.3MPa.

Using rankness’s formula we are going to calculate the thickness of the triangular plate.

Pcr = σc*A
1+α (L/0.068t) 2
45*1000= 556.3*3t3
1+1/7500(550/0.068t) 2
t = 11.89mm say
t = 25mm.
 Therefore, the width of the triangular plate is b=3t=3*25=75mm.
Average stress,
σave=P/bt=15000/25*75
=8MPa.

Then calculate bearing stress on the triangular plate, A=td=25*40 =1000mm2

𝑃
σb = 𝐴
15000
= 1000

=15MPa.

32
2.8 Design of bolt
In our design we use different types of bolts. But now we are going to design the bolt for the
purpose of connecting the small plate and the triangular plate with the roller.
Material selection
Steel property class 8.8 medium carbon Q&T
Proof strength, Sp = 600 MPa
Tensile strength, σt = 830 MPa
Yield strength, σy = 660 MPa
As= 368 mm2

Analysis

 M30 *5 bolts
 Length of the threaded part, Lt= 2d + 6

The bolt is subjected to shear force. So we are going calculate shear stress for the bolt.

𝐹
Shear stress, τ =
𝐴𝑠
= 30*103
386
= 77.72N/mm2
Bearing stress on the small plate,
The larger plate is thinner than the small plate, and so the largest bearing is due to the
pressing of the bolt against the larger plate. The bearing area is Ab = td = 10*16=
160mm2.
Bearing stress, σb = 𝐴
𝐹
𝑏
=30*103
160
=187.5MPa

2.9 Design of small plate

The small plate is the other component which is mounted on the guide. And used to ride the load
on the guide by using roller.

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Assumption
- The length of small plate, L=475
- The thickness of the small plate, t=12
Material selection
Cast iron
Yield strength = 170MPa
Ultimate strength = 100MPa
E=120GPa

Analysis
To calculate the stress on the small plate,
𝑃
σ=
𝐴
30000
=
475∗75
=0.84MPa
To calculate the bearing stress on the small plate, we need to find the diameter of the bolt. But
we already calculate the diameter on the design of bolt.
Therefore, the bearing stress on the small plate, Ab=td=30*12=360mm2
𝑃
σ b=
𝐴
30000
= 360

=83.3MPa.

2.10 Design of the roller

Assumption
Diameter of the roller, = 80mm

Material selection
- Alloy of cast iron
- Yield strength, = 60MPa

34
 - Factor of safety, =3

Analysis
The stress on the roller can be calculate by the following formula
F = σt*A where A=πdrt
= σt *(πdrt)
𝐹
t= 𝜋𝑑𝑟𝑡 σt= σy/F.S
150000
=𝜋∗20∗80 =60/3= 20N/mm2
=29.8 say
t= 30 mm

2.11 Design of connecting bar

The connecting bar is used to connect the body structure. And it is subjected to tensile load.

Assumption
- The length of connecting rod, L=5600mm

Material selection
Steel AISI 1040
Yield strength = 353.4MPa
Ultimate strength = 519.8MPa
E = 200GPa

Analysis
As we mentioned before the bar is subjected to tensile load. So we are going to calculate the
diameter of the bar.

Take factor of safety = 3

𝑃
σ= where, σ= σy/F.S=353.4/3=117.8N/mm2
𝐴
50∗100
117.8 =
𝜋𝑑2/4
2
d = 540.43
d = 23.25mm say
d = 50mm.

35
2.12 Design of the support
In our design the whole load is carried by this support. And the support is subjected to axial load.
So the support must be strong enough to hold the load.

Assumption
- The length of the support is, L=2000mm.
- It is a hollow support.

Material selection
Steel AISI 316
Yield strength = 205MPa
Ultimate strength = 515MPa
E = 200GPa

Analysis
Take factor of safety, 2
We take the width and thickness, w=t =100mm for the support in order to have better strength
beside the material selection and to a long service life.
Therefore, to calculate the stress on support
Where, A=2284 mm2 and I=3.33*106 mm4

Fig18. Support
Since the column has one end fixed and one end free its effective length is
Le=2(2m) =4m
Pcr= π2EI
Le2
Pcr= π2 (200*109)(3.33*10-6)
42
Pcr=410.8 KN.

36
Allowable load and stress

Pall=Pcr/F.S
=410.8*1000/2
Pall=205.4KN.

Pall 205.4∗1000
σ= =
𝐴 2284
=89.9MPa.

2.13 Design of weld

For the connecting bar

e
Given

P = 50KN

e = 2000mm

d = 50mm

F.s = 3 t

Analysis
Fig19. Weld of the bar
The throat area for a circular fillet weld,
s
A =t*πd = 0.707sπd

= 0.707*s*50*π

= 111.1s

Direct shear stress, τ

τ = p/A

= 50*1000/111.1s = 450.1/s

We know the bending moment, M

M = p*e

= 50*1000*2 = 100KNm

37
Section modulus, Z

Z = π*0.707s*d2/4

= π*0.707*s*502/4 = 1388.2s

Bending stress, σb

σb = M/Z

= 100*1000/1388.2s

= 72036/s

We know the maximum shear stress, τmax

τmax = ½√(σb2 + 4τ2)

180 = ½√ (72036/s) 2 + (450.1/s) 2

s = 15.8mm, say 16mm

Similarly the throat thickness will be,

t = 0.707s

t = 11.3mm

2.14 Design of bearing

Selection of bearing for triangular plate

I select sliding contact bearing for the triangular plate. And the load is along the axis of the
circular bar from solid journal bearings I select the thrust bearing which is used to guide or
support the cage which is subjected to a load along the axis of the circular bar. It has also two
types. Among them I choose foot step or pivot bearing. In this case loaded shaft is in vertical and
the end of the shaft rests with in the bearing.

Fig20. Bearing

38
2.15 Design of body structure

Body is the other major component of the system. We have the body structure from both side
and it used to hold the system by a means of connecting rod. It’s hard to calculate all the forces
and stress on each part of the body by using hand calculation. So we are trying to solve it by
using software which is called ANSYS.

Fig21. Body structure

Material selection

Steel AISI 1045

Yield strength = 505MPa

Ultimate strength = 585MPa

E=

39
Chapter 3: conclusion and recommendation

Conclusion
Automated car parking system is a concept which is used to park cars by stacking them in a
structure. The structure is mounted on the ground which is fairly enough for parking 2 cars side
by side. But this system parks 6-18 cars, depending on the height of the structure.

This parking system is designed to solve the problem of parking place. So there is no traffic jam
during rush hours. It also utilizes time and space and it is better than the traditional parking
system in so many ways.

The parking system has its own features such as, it is easy to operate, least trouble, least noise
and vibration cheap running cost, and so on.

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 Recommendation
Finally, we designed this system just to begin the idea of the parking system in automatic way
which is reliable and easy to operate. So we recommend that we would like to improve our
design in the future by adding some features which is not added in the previous design and we
would like to apply it in our country.

41
 References
o A Textbook of Machine Design by R.S.KHURMI AND J.K.GUPTA
o Mechanical Engineering Design – Shigley
o Mechanics of Materials Beer & Johnston
o Internet

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