Measurements

Scalar quantities are quantities in which the magnitude is stated, but the direction is
either not applicable or not specified.

Vector quantities are quantities in which both the magnitude and the direction must
be stated.

Kinematics
Distance travelled by an object is the length of path taken.

Displacement is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of an object.

Speed is the distance moved per unit time.

Velocity (v) of an object is the rate of change of displacement with respect to time.

Acceleration of an object is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.

Forces and Turning effect of Force

Newton’s First Law states that an object will continue in its state of rest or uniform
motion in a straight line as long as there is no net force acting on the body.

Newton’s Second Law states that when a resultant force acts on an object of a
constant mass, the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force.

Newton’s Third Law states that if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B
will also exert an equal and opposite force on object A

The moment of a force (torque) is defined as the turning effect of the force about a
pivot and is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of
action of the force to the pivot.
The centre of mass of a body of matter is an imaginary point at which the entire mass
of the body seems to act.

The centre of gravity of a body of matter is an imaginary point at which the entire
weight of the body seems to act.

Mass, Weight and Density

Mass is defined as the amount of matter in an object

Weight is defined as the gravitational force acting on an object

Inertia is defined as the reluctance on an object to change its state of rest or motion,
due to its mass.

A Gravitational Field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to

gravitational attraction

Gravitational Field Strength is defined as the gravitational force acting per unit
mass .

Density (ρρ) is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume.

Terminal velocity is the highest velocity attainable by an object in free fall.

Pressure
Pressure is defined as the perpendicular force acting on unit area of a surface or the
force per unit area.

Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is
inversely proportional to the pressure applied to the gas.
Work, Energy and Power
The Principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created nor
destroyed but can be converted from one form to another and the total amount of
energy of a enclosed system remains constant.

Kinetic Energy, EkEk is the energy a body possesses by virtue of its motion.
Gravitational Potential Energy is defined as the amount of work done in order to
raise the body to the height h from a reference level.

Power is defined as the rate of work done OR;

Power is defined as the rate of energy converted with respect to time.

Thermal Physics
Melting is the process in which energy absorbed by a substance results in a change of
state from solid to liquid, without a change in temperature.

Solidification is the process in which energy taken away from a substance results in a
change of state from liquid to solid, without a change in temperature.

Boiling is the process in which the energy absorbed by a substance changes it from
liquid state to gaseous state, without a change in temperature.

Condensation is the process in which energy taken away from substance changes it
from gaseous state to liquid state, without a change in temperature.

Heat Capacity, C,of a body is defined as the amount of heat (Q) required to raise its
temperature (θ) by one degree, without going through a change of state.

Specific heat capacity, c, of a body is defined as the amount of heat (Q) required to
raise the temperature (θ) of a unit mass of it by one degree, without going through a
change in state.
Specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required
to change a unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid state, without any change
in the temperature.

Specific latent heat of vapourization of a substance is defined as the amount of heat

required to change unit mass of the substance from liquid state to gas state without a
temperature change.

Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy from one place to another without any
flow of the medium.

Convection is the transfer of thermal energy from one place to another by means of
convection currents in a fluid (gas or liquid), due to a difference in density

Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy from one place to another by means
of electromagnetic radiation, without the need of an intervening material medium.

Waves, Reflection and Refraction of light, Converging lens

Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest or central position, in either
directions.

Frequency (f) is defined as the number of complete waves produced per unit time.

Wavelength (λ) is the distance between corresponding points of two consecutive

waves.

Speed of the wave propagation is defined as the distance travelled by a wave per unit
time.

Period (T) is defined as the time taken to produce one complete wave.

First law of reflection states that the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to
the surface all lie in the same plane.
Second law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.

Refraction of light is the change in direction (bending of light rays) when it passes
from one optically transparent medium to another.

First law of refraction states that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to
the interface all lie in the same plane.

Second law of refraction states that for two given media, the ratio sini/sinr=constant
where I is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.

Electricity and D.C. Circuits

Electric Current is defined as the rate of flow of charges.

Electromotive Force (e.m.f) of a source is defined as the the work done by the source
in driving a unit charge around a complete circuit.

Potential difference across a component is defined as the work done to drive a unit
charge through the component.

Ohm’s law states that the current flowing through a metallic conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across it, provided that the physical conditions
remain constant.

Electromagnetic Force and Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic induction is the process in which an
electromotive force (emf) is induced in a closed circuit due to changes in the magnetic
field around the circuit.

Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced e.m.f. and hence the induced
current in a closed circuit is always such that it opposes the change in producing it.
Radioactivity and the nuclear atom
Isotopes are different atoms of an element which have the same number of protons,
but a different number of neutrons from each other.

Radioactive decay refers to the process in which α-particles and β-particles are
emitted by an unstable nuclei (contains too many neutrons or protons) of an element
in order to form a more stable nuclei of another element.

The half-life of a sample of a radioactive isotope is defined as the time taken for half
the original unstable radioactive nuclei to decay.