Hypothesis Test Statistic Critical Region P-Value CI

Variance Known
Independent Samples
Reject if:
Reject if μ0 not contained in:
   
 x  z 

Reject if P-Value < α

 , x z
n 

 2 n 2

Use z-Table to look up Reject if:

values*

Reject if:

Reject if: μ1- μ2 contained in:

Reject if P-Value < α

Reject if:

Reject if:

Variance Unknown
Independent Samples
Reject if: Reject if μ0 not contained in:
 s s 
 x  t , x  t 
 
n 

Reject if P-Value < α

2 n 2

for ν=n-1
Use Table II to look up Reject if:
values*
for ν=n-1
Reject if:

for ν=n-1
If
Reject if P-Value < α

μ1- μ2 contained in:

for ν=n1+ n2-2

Hypothesis Test Statistic Critical Region P-Value CI
If
μ1- μ2 contained in:
Reject if:

Reject if P-Value < α

or

Reject if:

Reject if:

Variance Unknown
Dependent Samples
Reject if: Reject if 0 not contained in:
 s s 
 d  t d , d  t d 
 n 


Reject if P-Value < α

2 n 2
Use Table II to look up
values*
d j  x1, j  x2, j for ν=n-1
Reject if:
1 n
d d j
n j 1 for ν=n-1

dj d
1 n Reject if:

2
sd2 
n  1 j 1 for ν=n-1
Tests on Variances
Reject if not contained in:
or
 Hypothesis Test Statistic Critical Region P-Value CI

contained in:

or

* Recall that zα or tα represent the value of z (or t) such the area in the tail to the right of zα or tα is α.

Finding P-Values:

 Z-Table: Find z0 using rows and columns of table. Determine area based on type of hypothesis test (left-, right-
or two-tailed). Remember for two-tailed tests you have multiply by a factor of 2 the probability in one of the
tails. Since the Z-table reports areas from the left, you may have to do 1 minus the area for it is a right-tailed
test.
 T-Table: Go to degree of freedom row closest the correct value of ν. Find the values of α that the test statistic t0
falls in between; so the we can write - . If , where is the level of significance, then
we reject the null hypothesis. The above discussion is for the one-tailed test, the two-tailed test requires us to
multiply the P-value bounds by 2, i.e. 2 - , and then check against the level of significance.
 F-Table: Typically better to use software.

Author: Dr. Adrian M. Peter (apeter@fit.edu)