Group 2030580 24 John Jairo Valencia R.

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI

Curso: Teoria electromagnetica y Ondas
Unity II
Step 3- Waves in open and enclosure mediums
John Jairo Valencia Rojas Cod: 94326428
Group: 2030580_24
Tutor: Wilmer Hernán Gutiérrez
OPEN AND DISTANCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - UNAD
Palmira (Valle)
April of
Unity II
1. Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be used in

transmission systems.
Law of reflection: a wave that affects the separation

surface between two media is reflected (partially), that is,
new waves are generated that move away from said
surface. The incident ray and the normal to the surface
determine the plane of incidence.
Both lines form the so-called angle of incidence. The
reflected ray is also contained in that plane and forms the
same angle with the normal as the incident ray:
Incidence angle = Reflection angle
Law of refraction: when a wave hits the separation surface between two media, part of the
energy is reflected and part enters the second medium. The transmitted ray is contained in
the plane of incidence, but changes direction (refracted ray) forming an angle with the normal
to the surface, given by Snell's Law:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟏 = 𝒏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟐
The reflection and refraction of waves has a great importance in communications. Sometimes
these phenomena are favorable, as in the transmission of information through fiber optic, due
to the reflection of light in this medium. On other occasions they are harmful, as in the
transmission of information through copper, where we must install end-of-line resistors to
minimize reflection of the signal at the end of the line, due to the change of medium. (Paz
Parr, 2013, pág. 286)
2. Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical applications where it
could be used.
It is a formula used to calculate the angle of refraction of the light when crossing the surface
of separation between two means of propagation of light (or any electromagnetic wave) with
a different refractive index.
The relationship between the sine of the angle of incidence and the sine of the refractive angle
is equal to the ratio between the velocity of the wave in the first medium and the velocity of
the wave in the second medium, or it can be understood as the product of the refractive index
of the first medium by the sine of the angle of incidence is equal to the product of the
refractive index of the second medium by the sine of the refractive angle, that is,: (Paz Parr,
2013, pág. 284)
Unity II
𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2
𝑛1 refractive index of the first medium
𝜃1 incidence angle
𝑛2 refractive index of the second medium
𝜃2 refraction angle
The critical angle: or limit angle is also the minimum angle of incidence at which the total
internal reflection occurs. The angle of incidence is measured with respect to the normal
separation of the media. The critical angle is given by:
𝑛2
𝜃𝑐 = sin−1 ( )
𝑛1
where 𝑛1 y 𝑛2 are the refractive indices of the media with 𝑛1 < 𝑛2 . This equation is a
simple application of Snell's law where the angle of refraction is 90 °
Unity II
3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.

Lenses The curvature of the surface of a lens produces a refraction that varies with the
angle of curvature.
Concave lenses make the image smaller Convex lenses make the image larger
The curved surface of a concave lens causes the light rays to diverge, shrinking the images
Unity II
The curved surface of a concave lens causes the light rays to converge, amplifying the
images (Cetto, 1987)
4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and the
phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. HE represented by the letter
n. Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in vacuum, the
refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater than or equal to 1
.
5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several beans?

Explain.
6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

When a beam of light impinges with the Brewster angle, the component of the polarization
parallel to the plane of incidence is canceled out in the reflected one. For this reason, the
beam we see reflected has a linear polarization, just in the direction perpendicular to the plane
of incidence, regardless of the type of polarization of the incident beam. It should be noted
that, in the particular case of incising with a linearly polarized beam in the direction parallel
to the plane of incidence, the reflected one is canceled at the Brewster angle. In this case, a
total transmission of the beam between both means is produced.
In general, the Brewster angle between two media depends on their electromagnetic
characteristics (electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability). In the case where the
Unity II
magnetic permeabilities of both media do not vary (the most frecuente), the Brewster angle
can be calculated from the refractive indices of both media:
In about A.D. 150, Claudius Ptolemy gave the following measured

values for the angle of incidence 𝜽𝟏 and the angle of refraction 𝜽𝟐
for a light beam passing from air to water:
Assuming these data are consistent with the law of refraction, use
them to find the index of refraction of water. These data are
interesting as perhaps the oldest recorded physical
measurements.
Solution
𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2
𝑛1 sin 𝜃1
= 𝑛2
sin 𝜃2
𝑛1 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1 𝑤𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝜽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎° 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟖°
(1) sin(10)
= 𝑛2
sin(8)
Unity II
(1) sin(10) 0.173

𝑛2 = = = 1.24
sin(8) 0.139
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒
𝜽𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎° 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓°𝟑𝟎′
(1) sin(20)
= 𝑛2
sin(15.30)
(1) sin(20) 0.342
𝑛2 = = = 1.30
sin(15.30) 0.263
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎
𝜽𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎° 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐°𝟑𝟎′
(1) sin(30)
= 𝑛2
sin(22.30)
(1) sin(30) 0.5
𝑛2 = = = 1.32
sin(22.30) 0.38
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐
𝜽𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎° 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟐𝟗°
(1) sin(40)
= 𝑛2
sin(29)
(1) sin(40) 0.642
𝑛2 = = = 1.32
sin(29) 0.485
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐
𝜽𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎° 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓°
Unity II
(1) sin(50)
= 𝑛2
sin(35)
(1) sin(50) 0.766
𝑛2 = = = 1.34
sin(35) 0.573
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒
𝜽𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎° 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎°𝟑𝟎′
(1) sin(60)
= 𝑛2
sin(40.30)
(1) sin(60) 0.866

𝑛2 = = = 1.34
sin(40.30) 0.646
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒
𝜽𝟏 = 𝟕𝟎° 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓°𝟑𝟎′
(1) sin(70)
= 𝑛2
sin(45.30)
(1) sin(70) 0.939

𝑛2 = = = 1.32
sin(45.30) 0.711
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐
𝜽𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎° 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎°
Unity II
(1) sin(80)
= 𝑛2
sin(50)
(1) sin(80) 0.984

𝑛2 = = = 1.28
sin(50) 0.766
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖
Through the experimental exercise it can be verified that although there was no theoretical
basis to describe the phenomenon, it can be verified by Snell's law, the validity of the
experimental data- It is to highlight the excellent agreement between the result obtained in
this experience and the tabulated value of the refractive index of water: 1.33.
Unity II
Referencias
Cetto, A. M. (1987). La luz en la naturaleza y en el laboratorio. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura
Económica.
Paz Parr, A. (2013). Electromagnetismo para Ingenieria Elecgtronica. Cali: Editorial Javeriano.

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Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías-ECBTI

Step 3- Waves in open and enclosure mediums

John Jairo Valencia Rojas Cod: 94326428

Tutor: Wilmer Hernán Gutiérrez

OPEN AND DISTANCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - UNAD

1. Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be used in

Law of reflection: a wave that affects the separation

3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.

4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?

5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several beans?

6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

In about A.D. 150, Claudius Ptolemy gave the following measured

(1) sin(10) 0.173

(1) sin(60) 0.866

(1) sin(70) 0.939

(1) sin(80) 0.984

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