Republic of India

Bharat Ga?arajya
Horizontal tricolor flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and
green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with
24 spokes.
Flag
Three lions facing left, right, and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a
galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto: "???????
????".
State emblem
Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]
Anthem: "Jana Gana Mana" (Hindi)[2]
"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[3][2]
MENU0:00
National song
"Vande Mataram" (Sanskrit)
"I Bow to Thee, Mother"[a][1][2]
Image of a globe centred on India, with India highlighted.
Area controlled by India shown in dark green;
claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.
Capital New Delhi
28�36.8'N 77�12.5'E
Largest city Mumbai
18�58'30?N 72�49'33?E
Official languages
Hindi English[b][6]
Recognised regional languages
State level and
Eighth Schedule[7][show]
National language None[8][9][10]
Religion
79.8% Hinduism
14.2% Islam
2.3% Christianity
1.7% Sikhism
0.7% Buddhism
0.4% Jainism
0.9% others[c][11]
Demonym Indian
Government Federal parliamentary
constitutional socialist[12]
republic[1]
� President
Ram Nath Kovind
� Vice president
Venkaiah Naidu
� Prime minister
Narendra Modi
� Chief justice
Dipak Misra
� Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Sumitra Mahajan
Legislature Parliament of India
� Upper house
Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
� Lower house
Lok Sabha (House of the People)
Independence from the United Kingdom
� Dominion
15 August 1947
� Republic
26 January 1950
Area
� Total
3,287,263[5] km2 (1,269,219 sq mi)[d] (7th)
� Water (%)
9.6
Population
� 2016 estimate
1,324,171,354[13] (2nd)
� 2011 census
1,210,854,977[14][15] (2nd)
� Density
396.3/km2 (1,026.4/sq mi) (31st)
GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate
� Total
$10.339 trillion[16] (3rd)
� Per capita
$7,749[16] (116th)
GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate
� Total
$2.654 trillion[16] (7th)
� Per capita
$1,989[16] (133rd)
Gini (2013) 33.9[17]
medium � 79th
HDI (2015) Increase 0.624[18]
medium � 131st
Currency Indian rupee (?) (INR)
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
DST is not observed
Date format DD-MM-YYYY
Drives on the left
Calling code +91
ISO 3166 code IN
Internet TLD .in
India, officially the Republic of India (IAST: Bharat Ga?arajya),[e] is a country
in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous
country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the
world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the
southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with
Pakistan to the west;[f] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar and
Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka
and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with
Thailand and Indonesia.

The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd
millennium BCE � one of the world's earliest civilizations.[19][g] In the following
millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed.
Large-scale urbanization occurred on the Ganges in the first millennium BCE leading
to the Mahajanapadas, and Buddhism and Jainism arose. Early political
consolidations took place under the Maurya, Satavahana and Gupta empires; the later
peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as Southeast Asia. In the
medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, and Sikhism
emerged, all adding to the region's diverse culture. Much of the north fell to the
Delhi sultanate; the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The country
was unified in the 17th century by the Mughal Empire. In the 18th century, the
subcontinent came under the Maratha Empire and in the 19th under the British East
India Company, later shifting to British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged
in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for
nonviolent resistance and led to India's independence in 1947.