-: General information about blood bank

.forward grouping :-detecting ABO grouping by using the cells ( RBCs ) of the patient
.reverse grouping :-detecting ABO grouping using the serum of the patient

the color of anti-sera A == blue -

the color of anti-sera B == yellow -
the color of anti-sera D == gray -

. antigen : substance capable of inducing specific immune response*

. blood group antigen are attached to cell membrane *
. antibody AB (immunoglobulin ) :are the protein that synthesized by B-lymphocyte *
: class of antibody *
.IgG-1
.IgM -2
.IgA -3
.IgD -4
.IgE -5

: ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM*

. the most blood group system-
. essential for the prevent of hemolytic transfusion reaction -

GROUP Antigen (AG) Antibody (AB)

A A B
B B A
AB AB ------
O ------- AB

RECIPTION ABO COMPATIIBLE DONOR BLOOD

GROUP
A A–O
B B–O
AB AB – A –B –O
O O

. universal donor : O *
. recipient donor : AB *

. Rhesus group : contain six antigen are : C- D – E –c –d – e*

. antigen D : is most antigen in this group-
the presence or absence of D-antigen determine if Rh positive or Rh negative-
. fisher– race terminology is used to describe Rh antigen -
.if D antigen found Rh is positive ( 85%) -
.if D antigen not found Rh is negative (15%) -
. Du antigen is weak type of D antigen -
: other blood group system*
kell blood group system : kell antibody are IgG , they can cause hemolytic disease -1
. for newborn
duffy blood group system :duffy antibody are IgG , they can cause hemolytic -2
. disease for newborn . and detect malaria parasites
kidd blood group system :kidd antibody are IgG , they can cause hemolytic -3
. disease for newborn

. HLA antigen are controlled by the Chromosome 6 *

Anti I :- it is react with all red cell except cord cells *

. Anti i :- it is react with cord cell*
That mean we can differentiate between anti I & anti i by :- cord cells -

-: Antiglobulin test ( AHG )*

. antibody are gamma globulin -
. most incomplete antibodies are IGg -
. AHG serum contain Anti-IGg and Anti C3-
. AHG serum used by most lab for pre-transfusion IAT Anti-IGg -
. when doing DAT to detect in vivo sensitization with IGg or C3-
-Anti-human Immunoglubin :-
1. coombs test .
2. anti-Ab = anti-antibody .
3. anti-IgG .

direct and indirect antiglobulin test (coomb's test ) *

Binding of IgM to red cell is usually cause agglutination and IgG bind to red cell is
. not cause agglutination
IgG can be detect by antiglobulin test (coomb's test )-

the direct antiglobulin test (DAT): test is positive when the patient red cell have *
. sensitized in body
:application of DAT-
. hemolytic disease of newborn -1
autoimmunohemolytic anemia -2
drug induced hemolytic anemia -3
. transfusion reaction -4

. Indirect antiglobulin test ( IAT) :- sensitized the antibody in the patient serum*
. the RBCs are wash several times to remove unbonded proteins ( IGg )-
-: Application of IAT-
. Cross matching -1
. Antibody Screening -2
. Phenotyping -3

-: cross matching *
-: Types of cross matching
Major cross matching :- to determine compatibility between Donor red cells and -1
patient serum ( plasma )

Minor cross matching :- to determine compatibility between Donor serum and -2

. patient red cells

-: common causes of false positive in both IAT and DAT *

Cold agglutination -1
. Rouleaux -2
. Reagent contamination -3
. Antibody low incidence antigen -4
. human errors -5
-: common causes of false negative in both IAT and DAT *
failure to add antiglobulin reagent . (( Anti Sera )) -1
. Add wrong antiglobulin reagent (( Anti Sera )) -2

-: Hemolytic disease of newborn ( HDN ) *

. can develop when Rh negative mother and Rh positive Fetus during pregnancy -
mother Rh negative administrate Rh immunoglobulin ( RhIG ) to prevent Hemolytic -
. disease in newborn

: selection of blood donor in KSA*

: blood donor must meet the following criteria-
. age :at least 17 years old-1
. weight : at least 50 kg -2
.HB :14-18g /dl -3
. three mounth from last donation -4
. blood pressure :120/70 -5
body temperature : 37 C -6
pulse rate : 70/min -7

: adverse donor reaction *

. syncope (fainting ) :the most common donor adverse reaction-1
. nausea and vomiting -2
. hematoma-3
 : serological test for blood donor*
HIV 1&2-1
HBV -2
HCV-3
. HTLV-4
. SYPHILLIS-5
. MALARIA -6

:HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses )*

the etiologic agent of AIDS-
: serological test of AIDS -
ELISA-1
. western blot (WB) is confirmatory test -2

HBV (hebatitis B)*

: serological test for HBV-
. ELIZA-1
: HCV (hebatitis C) *
Serological test
. ELIZA -1
.RIBA (confirmatory test )-2

: SYPHILIS*
is complex sexually transmitted disease-
: serological test-
. RPR (rapid plasma region )-1
.VDRL -2
HTLV (human T-cell lymphotropic virus )*
: Serological test
ELISA-1
. western blot (WB) is confirmatory test -2

: MALARIA *
. Diagnosis by THICK FILM-

: TRANSFUSION REACTION SCREENING OF BLOOD *

:transfusion screening test -
. patient blood group & antibody detection -1
. donor blood group -2
. screening of donor blood for infectious disease -3
. crossmatch -4
 : ANTICOAGULANT AND PRESERVATIVE*
: anticoagulant used for blood donor bags are-
Preservative temp expiration
citrate – phosphate –dextrose (CPD)-1 C 1-6 21
citrate – phosphate –dextrose- dextrose (CP2D) -2 C 1-6 21
citrate – phosphate –dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1) -3 C 1-6 35

. CPDA-1 is most common anticoagulant used in blood bank-

- the storage time of saline adenine glucose mannitol (SAGM) is: 42 days
. CITRATE :prevent coagulation-
. PHOSPHATE : act as buffer to decrease PH-
. DEXTROSE : used for ATP generation -
. ADENINE :substrate for the red cell to synthesize of ATP -

: STORAGE OF BLOOD COMPENENT*

Compenent blood EXPIRATION
Whole blood
RBC 1 years (-80C)
PLATELETS DAYS 5
Fresh frozen plasma FFP years (-18 C) 1
CRYOPRECIPTATE years (-18 C) 1

: RED CELL COMPENENT*

whole blood -1
: RBC ( packed red cell ) -2
RBC are unit of whole blood with most of the plasma removed-
RBC: is the compenent of choice symptomatic anemia also used for hemolytic -
. newborn exchange transfusion

.RBC can be store by frozen for years by adding :- Glycerol -

-: WBCs can be reduced in the whole blood bag by several methods -

.centrifugation . 2- saline washing . 3- freezing . 4- filtration -1
.Filtration is the best method choice today in blood bank-

: plasma components*
-:fresh frozen plasma FFP : used to treat associated with -1
. a- clotting factor deficiency
. b- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
.c- vit K deficiency

cryoprecipitate : is the cold –insoluble portion of plasma that precipitate when -2

. FFP is thawed between 1-6C
Cryoprecipitate transfusion used to control bleeding associated with fibrinogen
. deficiency or factor XIII deficiency
-:Cryoprecipitate also used for treat
. a- hemophilia A
b- von willebrand disease
platelets : platelets transfusion used to treat bleeding in patient with *
thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction
. platelets are extremely sensitive to temperature and pH changes -

*-: Store Temprature for blood components

Compnents Temperature
Whole blood C 1-6
Red blood cell ( RBC ) C 1-6
Fresh frozen plasma (( FFP) C 18 -
Platelets C 20-24
Granulocytes C 20-24