List of functional locally improvised apparatus (supported with pictures

and manuals of operation)

Apparatus Improvised
Leaching Apparatus Beaker, filter paper, timer
Adsorption Apparatus Burette, timer, beaker, weighing scale, graduated cylinder
Oswald viscometer Metal sphere, graduated cylinder, timer
Surface Tension Capillary tube, ruler
pycnometer Beaker, digital weighing scale, graduted cylinder
Boiling point Apparatus Beaker, thermometer, hot plate
1. Design of impeller-agitated extractor for peanut oil leaching using ethanol

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Mortar and Pestle Used to prepare the raw materials by crushing and
grinding them into a fine paste or powder.
Drying oven Devices used to remove moisture from objects without
cooking them.
Beaker A common container in most labs that is used for mixing,
stirring, and heating chemicals.
Erlenmeyer Flask Similar in function to beakers, but they are conical in
shape, with a cylindrical neck and a wide, flat base that is
ideal for heating and analyzing solutions.
Filter Paper Used to separate fine substances from liquids or air.
Distillation Set-Up Used to separate slightly volatile water-insoluble
substances from nonvolatile materials.

B. Procedure/Operation:

I. Sample Preparation
Peanuts were manually shelled to separate the kernels. The peanuts were oven-dried
for 72 hours at 100oC to remove its moisture. After cooling, the peanuts were crushed
using mortar and pestle and was screened using a standard sieve. The screened crushed
peanuts were stored in a clean dry place.

II. Leaching Process

Twenty-five grams of the sample was weighed and placed in a beaker. Five samples
with different weight ranging from twenty-three to twenty-four grams was put in a beaker.
Eighty to one hundred twenty milliliters of solvent were placed in each beaker and covered
with seal to prevent the alcohol from evaporating for several minutes. After, the samples
were filtered and stored in a dry place. One milliliter of the extract was used to determine
the density and was repeated until the final density was determined.
III. Distillation Process
Five milliliters of distilled water was added with five milliliters of the bottom product
in the extractor. The extractor was turned upside-down then stood up for 1 minute. After
one minute the extractor was drained into an Erlenmeyer flask. The density of the sample
was measured then the process was repeated until the density remained constant.
C. Pictures

Oven-Dried Peanuts

Sample Filtration
Density Testing
2. Design of Fixed Bed Adsorber Using Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell

A. Apparatus:

Apparatus Function
Digital Balance A very sensitive instrument used for weighing substances
to the milligram (0.001 g) level.
Graduated Cylinder Used for measuring volumes (amounts) of liquids.
Beakers It is used for mixing, stirring, and heating chemicals.
Burette Used for the dispensing of variable amount of a
chemical solution and measuring that amount at the same
time.
Measuring tape A flexible ruler and used to measure distance.
Stirring Rod Used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory
purposes.
Filter Paper Used to separate fine substances from liquids or air.
Funnel It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into
containers with a small opening.

B. Procedure/Operation:
I. Preparation of Reference Solutions
1. Prepare 0, 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6g, 0.8 g and 1 g of dye in 200 mL water. Use
distilled water as the solvent
2. Determine the density of the individual solution at room temperature.
3. Plot the concentration as a function of density.
4. Determine the best equation that represents the experimental data.

II. Adsorption Isotherm Determination

1. Load 5 gram of activated carbon into 5 beakers (250 mL)
2. Pour 200 mL of 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g, 1 g dye in each beaker, respectively.
3. Stir the solution every 1 minute.
4. Measure the density of each set-up every 2 minutes. Note: Return the
withdrawn liquid after measuring the density.
5. Repeat step 3 and 4 until the density of the liquid remains constant with
respect to time.
6. Correlate the measured density to concentration using the equation obtained
from step I.4.
7. Determine the amount adsorbed per unit amount of adsorbent (n)
8. Plot n as a function of the equilibrium moisture content.
9. Determine the best isotherm that represents the adsorption process.

III. Design of Fixed-bed Adsorption

1. Load a predetermined amount of activated carbon in the burette until it
reaches a compacted height of 10 cm.
2. Record the weight of the activated carbon
3. Set-up the burette in the iron stand
4. Fill the graduated cylinder with 1g dye solution. Note: Stock adequate amount
of solution.
5. Set the stopcock of the burette quarterly open. Start the timer.
6. Determine the average volumetric flow rate.
7. Collect a measurable volume of the effluent every ten minutes from the outlet
of the burette. Note: Don’t get the samples from the bulk of the effluent.
8. Determine the density of the effluent.
9. Repeat 7 and 8 until the density of the effluent remains constant.
10. Correlate the densities in terms of concentrations
11. Plot the breakthrough curve ( C/CO vs. time )
12. Compute for the height of used bed ( HB) and height of unused bed (HUB).
 Note: Repeat the entire experiment ( III.1 to III.12) for a compacted height of 5
cm, stopcock half open and loading concentration of 0.1g and and 0.6 g w/w dye
solution.
3. Design of Fixed Bed Adsorber Using Activated Carbon from Peanut Shell

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Beaker It is used for mixing, stirring, and heating chemicals.
Erlenmeyer Flask Similar in function to beakers, but they are conical in
shape, with a cylindrical neck and a wide, flat base that is
ideal for heating and analyzing solutions.
Graduated Cylinder Used to measure the volume of a liquid.
Stirring Rod Used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory
purposes.
Pipette Used to transfer small amounts of liquids.
Burette Used for the dispensing of variable amount of a
chemical solution and measuring that amount at the same
time
Weighing Balance Designed to measure the mass of the substance.
Iron Stand and Used as a support to other apparatus.
clamp
Mortar and Pestle Used to prepare the raw materials by crushing and
grinding them into a fine paste or powder.
Aluminum Tray Serves as a container to the sample.
Funnel It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into
containers with a small opening.
Filter Paper Used to separate fine substances from liquids or air.
Grinder Used for grinding the samples into small particles.
Muffle Furnace Used for burning the sample with the used of electricity as
a heat source.
Oven Devices used to remove moisture from objects without
cooking them.

B. Procedure/Operation:
I. Preparation of Reference Solutions
1. Prepare 0, 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6g, 0.8 g and 1 g of dye in 200 mL water. Use
distilled water as the solvent
2. Determine the density of the individual solution at room temperature.
3. Plot the concentration as a function of density.
4. Determine the best equation that represents the experimental data.

II. Adsorption Isotherm Determination

1. Load 5 gram of activated carbon into 5 beakers (250 mL)
2. Pour 200 mL of 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g, 1 g dye in each beaker, respectively.
3. Stir the solution every 1 minute.
4. Measure the density of each set-up every 2 minutes. Note: Return the
withdrawn liquid after measuring the density.
5. Repeat step 3 and 4 until the density of the liquid remains constant with
respect to time.
6. Correlate the measured density to concentration using the equation obtained
from step I.4.
7. Determine the amount adsorbed per unit amount of adsorbent (n)
8. Plot n as a function of the equilibrium moisture content.
9. Determine the best isotherm that represents the adsorption process.
 III. Design of Fixed-bed Adsorption
1. Load a predetermined amount of activated carbon in the burette until it
reaches a compacted height of 10 cm.
2. Record the weight of the activated carbon
3. Set-up the burette in the iron stand
4. Fill the graduated cylinder with 1g dye solution. Note: Stock adequate amount
of solution.
5. Set the stopcock of the burette quarterly open. Start the timer.
6. Determine the average volumetric flow rate.
7. Collect a measurable volume of the effluent every ten minutes from the outlet
of the burette. Note: Don’t get the samples from the bulk of the effluent.
8. Determine the density of the effluent.
9. Repeat 7 and 8 until the density of the effluent remains constant.
10. Correlate the densities in terms of concentrations
11. Plot the breakthrough curve ( C/CO vs. time )
12. Compute for the height of used bed ( HB) and height of unused bed (HUB).

Note: Repeat the entire experiment ( III.1 to III.12) for a compacted height of 5
cm, stopcock half open and loading concentration of 0.1g and and 0.6 g w/w dye
solution.

C. Pictures:
A. Activated Carbon Preparation Experimental Procedures
Peanut Shells
Washing and Drying
Furnace (500 ᵒC in 2 hours)

Crushing
Activation using Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)

pH Neutralization
Oven Drying

Crushing/Grinding

Sieving
 B. Adsorption Experimental Procedures

i. Isotherm Determination

Preparation of Dye Solution

Mixing the Dye Solution with Activated Carbon

Settling and Weighing 1 ml of the Solution

Dye Solution Preparation

ii. Fixed Bed Determination

Compact Bed Activated Carbon Set-Up

Compact Bed
Adsorption of the
dye solution
Weighing the Effluent

Saturation Point
4. Design of a fixed Bed Adsorber using Activated Carbon from Rice Husk

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Mortar and Pestle Used to prepare the raw materials by crushing and
grinding them into a fine paste or powder.
Drying oven Devices used to remove moisture from objects without
cooking them.
Beaker A common container in most labs that is used for mixing,
stirring, and heating chemicals.
Erlenmeyer Flask Similar in function to beakers, but they are conical in
shape, with a cylindrical neck and a wide, flat base that is
ideal for heating and analyzing solutions.
Filter Paper Used to separate fine substances from liquids or air.
Distillation Set-Up Used to separate slightly volatile water-insoluble
substances from nonvolatile materials.

B. Procedure/Operation:
I. Preparation of Reference Solutions
1. Prepare 0, 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6g, 0.8 g and 1 g of dye in 200 mL water. Use
distilled water as the solvent
2. Determine the density of the individual solution at room temperature.
3. Plot the concentration as a function of density.
4. Determine the best equation that represents the experimental data.

II. Adsorption Isotherm Determination

1. Load 5 gram of activated carbon into 5 beakers (250 mL)
2. Pour 200 mL of 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g, 1 g dye in each beaker, respectively.
3. Stir the solution every 1 minute.
4. Measure the density of each set-up every 2 minutes. Note: Return the
withdrawn liquid after measuring the density.
5. Repeat step 3 and 4 until the density of the liquid remains constant with
respect to time.
6. Correlate the measured density to concentration using the equation obtained
from step I.4.
7. Determine the amount adsorbed per unit amount of adsorbent (n)
8. Plot n as a function of the equilibrium moisture content.
9. Determine the best isotherm that represents the adsorption process.

III. Design of Fixed-bed Adsorption

1. Load a predetermined amount of activated carbon in the burette until it
reaches a compacted height of 10 cm.
2. Record the weight of the activated carbon
3. Set-up the burette in the iron stand
4. Fill the graduated cylinder with 1g dye solution. Note: Stock adequate amount
of solution.
5. Set the stopcock of the burette quarterly open. Start the timer.
6. Determine the average volumetric flow rate.
7. Collect a measurable volume of the effluent every ten minutes from the outlet
of the burette. Note: Don’t get the samples from the bulk of the effluent.
8. Determine the density of the effluent.
9. Repeat 7 and 8 until the density of the effluent remains constant.
10. Correlate the densities in terms of concentrations
11. Plot the breakthrough curve ( C/CO vs. time )
12. Compute for the height of used bed ( HB) and height of unused bed (HUB).
 Note: Repeat the entire experiment ( III.1 to III.12) for a compacted height of 5
cm, stopcock half open and loading concentration of 0.1g and and 0.6 g w/w dye
solution.
C. Pictures

Rice
Husk
Washing of rice husk

Checking
the pH
Preparation of Dye in 200 ml Water

Putting the rice husk in the Furnace

Setting the temperature of the Furnace

Activated
Carbon
Obtained Sieving
of Activated Carbon
Weighing 5 g of Activated Carbon Pouring 200ml of
0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and 1 g

Adsorption quarterly open Final solution

5. Oswald Viscometer

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Graduated Cylinder Used to measure the volume of a liquid.
Stopwatch A watch that can be started and stopped very
quickly and that is used for measuring the
amount of time that is taken tom do something,
Spherical balls Vernier A measuring device that consists of a main scale
Caliper with affixed jaw and a sliding jaw with an
attached Vernier
Beaker A common container in most labs that is used for
mixing, stirring, and heating chemicals.
Hotplate/Heater
Digital Balance A very sensitive instrument used for weighing
substances to the milligram (0.001 g) level.
Ruler A straight piece of plastic, wood, or metal that has
marks on it to show units of length and that is
used to measure things

B. Procedure/Operations

I. Sample Preparation for Objective 1

a. Heat enough volume of tap water (depending on the container) to the
desired temperature.
b. Determine the density of the liquid

II. Sample Preparation for Objective 2

a. Prepare the required sugar solutions
b. Determine the density of the solution

III. Sphere Property Determination

a. Determine the diameter of the sphere using the caliper
b. Measure the density of the cylinder
IV. Experimental Procedure
a. Pour 500 mL of the sample into the graduated cylinder
b. Measure height
c. Divide the height into 4 equal sections. Mark these as H1, H2, H3,
H4
d. Place the sphere at the meniscus
 e. Simultaneously drop the sphere and start thee timer. Note: Three
students should do the timing simultaneously.
f. Record how long it takes the sphere to reach the said heights
g. Repeat the same procedure for the other samples. Note: Perform
3 replicates per sample
V. Experimental Procedure
a. Pour 500 mL of the sample into the graduated cylinder
b. Measure height
c. Divide the height into 4 equal sections. Mark these as H1, H2, H3,
H4
d. Place the sphere at the meniscus
e. Simultaneously drop the sphere and start thee timer. Note: Three
students should do the timing simultaneously.
f. Record how long it takes the sphere to reach the said heights
g. Repeat the same procedure for the other samples. Note: Perform
3 replicates per sample

VI. Determination of Viscosity

a. Compute the velocity of the sphere for the different heights
b. Plot velocity as a function of height/time
c. Determine the velocity at which the graph remains horizontal.
Use that as the particle’s terminal velocity.
d. Assume strokes’ law region
e. Substitute the value of Cd into equation 6.
f. Substitute the formula for the Reynold’s number.
g. Solve for the viscosity
h. After computing for the viscosity, solve for the Reynold’s number.
If the result is less than 0.1, the strokes’ law assumption is valid,
and the computed viscosity is the true viscosity.
i. If the computed Reynold’s number is greater than 0.1, assume
intermediate region repeat step 5 to 8.

VII. Pictures

Weighing a solvent of
Weighing sugar
mass 212.5 grams
solution
Weighing a solution Sugar solution being
transferred to a cylinder
for the falling sphere
method experiment
 6. Surface Tension Determination

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Capillary Tube To determine the surface tension
Vernier A measuring device that consists of a main scale with
Caliper affixed jaw and a sliding jaw with an attached vernier
Beaker A common container in most labs that is used for mixing,
stirring, and heating chemicals.
Thermometer An instrument used for measuring temperature

B. Procedure/Operations

I. Sample Preparation
a. Heat enough volume of tap water to the desired temperature in a
beaker.
b. Prepare the required sugar solutions in a beaker.
II. Position the capillary tube into the surface of and allow it to pass
through.
III. Measure the rise in height of the medium using a Vernier caliper.
IV. Do at least three trials for each temperature and concentration.
V. Determination of surface tension for each temperature and
concentration using the formula:
𝜌𝑔𝑟ℎ
𝛾=
2
Where:
𝛾 = surface tension
𝜌 = density of the fluid
𝑔 = acceleration of gravity
𝑟 = radius of the capillary tube
ℎ = capillary rise

VI. Pictures

Figure 7.1. Measuring capillary tube.

Figure 7.3. Performing the

“Capillary-rise” method.

Figure 7.2. Boiling tap water.

7. Determination Boiling Point Elevation

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Beakers A common container in most labs that is used for mixing,
stirring, and heating chemicals.
Heater/Hot A small portable device with a metal plate used for cooking or
plate heating food.
Stirring rod Used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory purposes.
Thermometer An instrument used for measuring temperature

B. Procedure/Operations

1. Prepare salt and sugar solutions of 15%, 30%, 45% wt% concentration in a
beaker.
2. Place the beaker on a hot plate, and turn on the heat. When the solution boils,
remove it from the hot plate.
3. Measure its temperature using a thermometer.
4. Do at least three trials for each concentration

C. Pictures

Figure 7.1. Weighing of salt for the Figure 7.2. Weighed sugar to be used
solution. for the solution.

Figure 7.3. Constant stirring of the Figure 7.4. Measuring the temperature
solution under applied heat until boiling. of the boiling solution.
8. Density

A. Apparatus

Apparatus Function
Analytical Balance Measures small amount of substance
Thermometer An instrument used for measuring temperature
Beakers A common container in most labs that is used for mixing,
stirring, and heating chemicals.

B. Procedure/Operations

I. Sugar Solution and Salt Solution

1. Using percent by weight concentration, determine the amount of solute
(Sugar/ Salt) and solvent (Water) for different concentrations: 50%, 40% 30%
20%, 10% and 0%
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
%𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

Concentration Solute Solvent

50% 5 5 grams
grams
40% 5 7.5 grams
grams
30% 5 11.67
grams grams
20% 5 20 grams
grams
10% 5 45 grams
grams
0% 0 50 grams

2. In different beakers, weigh corresponding solute and solvent.

3. Add the required amount of solute into their corresponding amount of solvent
and stir the solution thoroughly using a stirring rod until the solute dissolves.
4. Measure the volume of the solution using graduated cylinder and its mass by
weighing it on the analytical balance.
5. Compute for its density. Repeat the same steps twice for it is required to have
3 trials for precision and accuracy.
6. For experiment at different temperatures (40° C and 60° C), heat the solvent
to the desired temperature and repeat the same procedure.

II. Ethyl Alcohol Solution

1. Using percent by volume concentration, determine the amount of solute
(Ethyl Alcohol) and solvent (Water) for different concentrations: 50%, 40%
30% 20%, 10% and 0%
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
%𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
 Concentration Solute Solvent
45% 1.5 mL 1.8 mL
30% 1.5 mL 3.5 mL
15% 1.5mL 8.5 mL
0% 0 5 mL

2. Using graduated cylinders, measure corresponding solute and solvent.

3. Add the required amount of solute into their corresponding amount of solvent
and stir the solution thoroughly using a stirring rod until the solute dissolves.
4. Measure the volume of the solution using graduated cylinder and its mass by
weighing it on the analytical balance.
5. Compute for its density. Repeat the same steps twice for it is required to have
3 trials for precision and accuracy.
6. For experiment at different temperatures (40° C and 60° C), heat the solvent
to the desired temperature and repeat the same procedure.

C. Pictures
 For Sugar and Salt Solutions

Measuring of Solute and Solvent to be us

Measurement of Solutions of desired concentration

 For Ethyl Alcohol Solution

Preparing the solution and determination of volume and mass