Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Intake – the air inlet valve open allowing the vacuum caused by the descending piston to draw in a
fresh charge of air for the cycle. Most modern 4 strokes will have the inlet air supplied under presser
by a supercharger, normally a turbocharger.
Compression – the piston compressing the air sealed in the cylinder against a closed exhaust valve &
inlet causing high compression temperature above the self ignition temperature of the fuel.
Intake and exhaust– Air is forced into the cylinder through the scavenge ports at a pressure of about
1-2 bar, the exhaust valve then opens allowing all the gases to be released from the cylinder in
uniflow. As the piston moves up the scavenge ports are covered and the exhaust valve closes.
Compression – the piston compressing the air sealed in the cylinder closed the exhaust valve causing
high compression temperature.
Power – just after TDC fuel is injected at enormous pressure causing auto ignition and the power
stroke.
6. a) Make 4 simple sketches to illustrate the sequence of events fro a diesel engine operating on
the 4 stroke cycle.
b) With reference to (a), describe the sequence of events for a diesel engine operating on a 4
stroke cycle.
a)
P – the indicated mean pressure
L – the cylinder stroke length
A – area of piston
N – the number of power strokes per second.
8. Describe the function of each of the following components of a diesel engine:
a) Clocks
b) Bedplate
c) Tie rods
d) Entablature
e) Holding down bolts
Air Compressors
1. With reference to main starting air compressors:
a) State 3 maintenance procedures that maintain their efficiency.
b) Describe the procedure for the manual starting of a compressor.
c) State how deterioration in the efficiency would be effected.
d) State 4 causes for deterioration in efficiency.
e) Describe a test for establishing performances.
a) Regular replacement of the air suction filter.
Regular lubrication of motor bearings.
Using only OEM parts for replacement works.
b) Ensure there is sufficient oil within the sump.
Ensure that the cooling water is open.
Ensure stage drains and discharge values are open.
Press start button.
Once up to speed close all stage drains and de-loading value.
b) To relieve pressure build up in the event of an air tube leak or cylinder liner cracked within
the air compressor.
A visco-therm consists of a capillary tube inside of which a gear pump is fitted which rotates at very
slow rpm. There is an outside casing provided for the capillary tube. When the oil passes through
the casing, some part of the oil pass through the gear pump and its capillary, and some part of the
oil passes over the capillary tube. Hence a flow difference occurs inside the casing. The oil inside the
tube maintains a laminar flow and outside the tube maintains a turbulent flow. The pressure
difference between outside and inside of the tube is measured which is directly proportional to the
viscosity of the oil. Hence oil viscosity is maintained. The viscosity controllers act as the controller of
the 3 way valve from which steam is passed into the heater or bypassed from the heater as per the
position of the control valve.
Turbo-Charger
1. With reference to main engine turbochargers:
a) Explain their function.
b) State two advantage of fitting them.
3.
a) State two reasons for fitting an exhaust gas turbocharger to an engine.
b) Describe the effect of dirty or restricted:
(i) Air filters;
(ii) Exhaust gas turbine.
c) Outline how the exhaust gas turbine is cleaned.
a) Fewer mechanical losses than mechanically driven superchargers.
Recovery of energy from exhaust gas reducing waste.
b)
i) Loss of engine power, reduced combustion efficiency.
ii) Excessive turbine vibration, potential for sparks within uptake.
c) A measured quantity of solid cleaning media specified by the manufacturer is admitted via a
fixed vessel at full load speed.
4. With respect to main propulsion engine, state the immediate action to be taken as an EOOW in
the event of the following, stating one reason for each. (Any 4 could be asked)
a) Turbocharger repeatedly surging;
b) Excessive vibration from turbocharger at full sea speed;
c) Air start manifold/branch pipe overheating local to one unit;
d) Low scavenge air temperature alarm;
e) Engine misfires “fuel rail pressure low” alarm activates booster pump pressure high.
f) Excessive vibration of air start branch pipe to one cylinder during manoeuvring.
g) High Main Bearing Temperatures.
a) Contact the bridge and chief engineer; request the engine load be reduced. One unit is
producing more power and other is producing less. Due to this the air consumption required
by both the turbochargers differs, which leads to surging.
b) Contact the bridge and chief engineer, request the engine load to be reduced as much as
possible until vibration stops. Caused by propeller being crashed into water in rough
weather.
c) Contact the bridge and chief engineer, request the engine to be slowed or stopped, shut off
fuel to the effected unit observe unit down running procedures.
d) Reduce the cooling water flow rate/increase the temperature of the cooling water to
prevent water moisture condensing on the liner and washing off the lubricating oil. This
prevents scuffing and corrosion caused by the removal of lubrication oil.
e) Inform the bridge and C/E, request the engine speed t be reduced. Change to the second
fuel filters in the booster pump. Check water in F.O. service tank, and ensure all valves are in
line to the M/E fuel rail. This is caused by blocked booster filters.
f) Inform the bridge and C/E, shut off fuel to the affected unit until manoeuvring is complete
then try and source the problem.
g) Contact the bridge and chief engineer, ask the engine loading to be reduced or stopped.
Check lubrication oil flows, pressures and temperature
Crankcase Explosion
1.
a) State the name of equipment used to give a warning of the presence of conditions that
could lead to an explosion in the crankcase of a diesel engine.
b) Sketch and describe the device used to relieve any excess pressure that might develop as a
result of a crankcase explosion in a diesel engine.
a) Oil-mist detector
b) A strong spring seals the valve during normal conditions, however in the event of an excess
of pressure cause by an explosion then overcomes the spring force for a brief period to allow
the pressure to escape before reclosing. Flame gauzes fitted to stop flames expelling from
the open valve, a guide also fitted to safely allow the force downwards to the deck plates.
2. As EOOW explain the procedure to be followed in the event of a crankcase oil mist alarm on a
bridge controlled constant speed main propulsion engine fitted with a controllable pitch
propeller. (16)
• Inform the Chief Engineer and Bridge, request the engine to be stopped
• Stop any auxiliary blowers, ER fans, open all indicator cocks, engage turning gear and
maintain lubrication
• Evacuate the engine-room for at least half an hour whilst the engine is being turned No
attempt must be made to enter the crankcase during this time.
• If the engine is not able to be stopped the engine-room must be evacuated and sealed, with
emergency generator started and fire hoses set up outside ER space
• Space may only be entered if no explosion has occurred and after about 1hr of engine
turning great care should still be taken
• The engine may only be re-started once a full check of the crankcase has been carried out
and feel over of all bearing shells
Scavenge Space
1. With reference to large slow speed diesel engines,
a) State four possible factors leading to a scavenge fire.
b) State four indications of a scavenge fire.
a) Poor Maintenance
Badly worn or failed piston rings
Blocked stuffing box drain
Over injection of fuel oil
b) High scavenge temperature in one or more units
Turbocharger surging
Increased scavenge pressure
Paint discolouration
2. a) State FOUR important factors which contribute to the initiation of a scavenge fire.
b) State the duties of the Engineer Officer of the Watch on discovering a scavenge fire.
a) Damaged or worn piston rings
Leaking fuel injector
Over lubrication of cylinder
Lack of regular maintenance and scavenge space cleaning
b) Inform the bridge and chief engineer and request the engine to be slowed down Isolate the
fuel supply to the effect unit
Open the indicator cock
Administer steam or other fixed installed fire suppression system
3. a) Describe the actions to be taken by the Engineer Officer of the Watch on discovering a
scavenge fire.
b) State two dangers of allowing a scavenge fire to exist.
1. Close off cocks ‘S’ and ‘W’ and open drain ‘D’. Make sure
both water and steam cocks are holding.
2. Open cock ‘W’ and blow through. Make sure that water is
coming out and cock ‘W’ is clear. Close water cock.
3. Open cock ‘S’ and blow through. Make sure that steam is
coming out and cock ‘S’ is clear. Close steam cock.
4. Close drain ‘D’.
5. Open water cock ‘W’ and check water level rises in the
glass.
6. Open steam cock ‘S’ for showing boiler water level.
7.
a) Explain the sequence of events that occur on pressing the start button of an automatically
controlled oil fired package steam boiler.
EOOW Responsibility
1. Describe the procedures to be observed when taking over the responsibility for the engine room
on a ship that is operating under UMS conditions.
Inform the bridge that you are now in command of the engine-room.
Activate the dead-man alarm system and carry out a through engine-room walk around.
Check and drain off sludge from settling and service tanks, check all fuel treatment plant.
Check the condition of running plant, heat, pressures vibration.
Check the sump levels of main engine, the flow of oil to turbochargers and main bearings as-
well-as intermediate shaft lubrication.
Check the auxiliary plant, the aux engines for correct sump levels pressures, the boiler for water
level and steam pressure.
Check the steering gear for correct operation, temperatures and sufficient hydraulic oil reserve.
Check all bilges and structural condition of machinery spaces, rectify any leaks if possible.
Upon return to the ECR record and log all findings, reset the dead-man alarm system.
2. State, with reasons, eight areas or items that should be checked by the duty engineer before
taking over the watch.
Engine Room Logs
Alarm Record
Planned Maintenance Schedule
Chiefs Standing Orders
Physical condition of outgoing watch keeper is he/she well
Fuel oil storage tanks, level, temperature drain of water
Lubrication sump levels and temperature
Structural condition
Fresh water supply, tank level and ensure enough being produced.
3. Outline a safe procedure for final daily watch-keeping checks of an engine room which is
designated UMS.
With the dead man alarm system activated a full tour of the engine-room and machinery spaces
must be conducted.
All sump levels must be checked for correct level.
All running plant must be checked for safe and correct condition.
Fuel service tanks should be topped off.
Bilges and bilge wells should be inspected.
All watertight doors closed.
All standby plant, fire pumps and emergency generator must be placed in Auto, Remote or
Standby controls for immediate activation.
All header tanks hydraulic, lubricating oil and water should be topped off.
4. Describe the procedure for taking over an engine room watch.
Arrive at the watch 20 minutes prior to starting time.
Heat Exchanger/FWG/STP
A plate heat exchanger consists of a series of thin corrugated metal plates between which a number
of channels are formed, with the primary and secondary fluids flowing through alternate channels.
Heat transfer takes place from the primary fluid steam to the secondary process fluid in adjacent
channels across the plate. A corrugated pattern of ridges increases the rigidity of the plates and
provides greater support against differential pressures. This pattern also creates turbulent flow in
the channels, improving heat transfer efficiency, which tends to make the plate heat exchanger
more compact than a traditional shell and tube heat exchanger. The promotion of turbulent flow
also eliminates the presence of stagnant areas and thus reduces fouling. The plates will usually be
coated on the primary side, in order to promote the drop wise condensation of steam.
3. With reference to a low-pressure fresh water evaporator:
a) Explain why the water at the evaporator outlet is unsuitable for drinking; (8)
b) State the treatment that may be used to make the water potable. (8)
5. State FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of plate type heat exchangers.
Advantages:
Larger surface area for heat exchange.
Smaller and more compact than a shell or tube type.
Allows turbulent flow.
Usually made of titanium which is strong, has hard wearing and has good thermal conductivity.
Disadvantages:
Expensive to manufacture and repair.
Large surface area means lower pressure.
Not enough head pressure on low pressure systems to push liquid through all plates.
Use special gaskets which can only be used at low temperatures and cannot be used with steam.
Steering Gear
1. Describe the procedure for testing the ship’s steering gear and associated equipment prior to
departure from port.
Inform bridge and C/E you’re going to test the SG.
Start additional Generator for manoeuvring power supply.
Check oil levels.
Check SG for oil leaks.
Check SG system alarm.
Check SG rudder carrier bearing is well lubricated.
4. Describe the procedure for testing a steering gear within 12 hours of sailing.
Inform bridge and C/E you’re going to test the SG.
Start additional Generator for manoeuvring power supply.
Check oil levels.
Check SG for oil leaks.
Check SG system alarm.
Check SG rudder carrier bearing is well lubricated.
Check hunting gear/lever are in good condition.
Check communication between SG and bridge is OK.
Test movement of SG from bridge 35°P to 30°S and then time to ensure within 28 seconds.
Test emergency steering from 15°P to 15°S within 60 seconds.
Oil filter checked.
SG floor must be clean and tidy.
Handrail secured.
Refrigeration
1. With reference to a refrigeration system:
a) Describe how air is removed from a system. (8)
b) Describe how and where refrigerant gas is added to a system. (8)
a) Pump the system down until the condenser is full.
Using an approved service vessel and pump, the refrigerant may be extracted.
Re-charge with fresh refrigerant.
Fill out the log book for the system recording type of gas and quantities.
b) Attach the filling line to the suction side of the compressor tightly.
Invert the refrigerant canister and start the compressor.
Observe the condenser sight-glass for the correct level.
Log how much and type of gas added.
Pumps
1. List eight reasons why a bilge pump may not be able to remove water from an engine room
bilge.
Strainer or filter fouled.
Pump damaged or obstructed.
Insufficient level within bilge to maintain suction.
Pipeline damaged inducting air.
Pump Discharge Valve Closed.
Fluid too viscous for the pump to handle.
Other bilge suction valve open or damaged on the line.
Electrical supply isolated.
Empty bilges.
2. With reference to of a gear pump suitable for use with fuel or lubricating oil:
a) Sketch a cross-section indicating flow of fluid (8)
b) Explain the operating principle. (8)
a)
Control System
1. Describe, with the aid of a sketch, a typical single element temperature control for a large
lubricating oil system.
The 3-way valve senses the temperature going to the M/E, it then adjusts the flow through
the cooler to achieve the required temperature.
2. Sketch and describe a method of remotely monitoring the contents of a fuel oil tank.
Pressure head is measured by a displacement diaphragm, altering resistance, which is measured and
displayed as a tank level reading.
3. With reference to a control system,
OWS
1. Draw a cross-sectional diagram of an oily-water separator system suitable for oil discharges of
less than 15ppm. Indicate on the diagram the flow of fluid through the separator and label all
major component parts.
2. With reference to the disposal of bilge water from the machinery spaces:
a) Explain when it is not permissible to discharge the bilge water overboard, even via an oily
water separator; (8)
b) State the maximum permissible oil content of the overboard discharge. (2)
c) Identify the documentation to be completed and state by whom, following such an
operation. (6)
a) When the vessel is alongside, anchored or at rest.
If the bilge water originates from cargo pump rooms.
If less than 12 miles off-shore.
If in a special area and no automated stop and logging controls are fitted.
This is to comply with MARPOL: Annex 1.
b) 15ppm.
c) Engine Room Log by watch-keeper and chief engineer.
4. With reference to the prevention of pollution at sea regulation, explain each of the following:
a) Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP); (8)
b) Oil Record Book. (8)
a) An approved code of practice, for the instruction of ships crew, officers and master of the
methods to prevent the escape of oil and minimise the damaging effects caused by an
escape of oil within the marine environment.
The safe and effective collection and recovery of escaped oil.
The procedures and practices to be followed to contain and prevent the spread of an oil
spill.
The procedures and bodies that should be informed including the details which should be
given them relating to the disaster.
b) A document that may be used in the court of law, for the accurate record keeping of oil and
oil products on board ship including bilge water discharges.
To be filled out after every fuel transfer operation including bunkering, the disposal of waste
oil to a shore facility.
8.
a) State the entries necessary in the Oil Record Book when discharging bilge water at sea.
b) State FOUR precautions taken prior to taking bunkers.
a) The location of discharge when started and then when stopped.
Quantity of bilge water discharged.
Time of discharge.
Identity of tank(s).
Ships speed during discharge.
Method of discharge, e.g. through approved OWS.
b) Receiving tanks have sufficient space for bunkered oil.
SOPEP equipment is at the ready.
No smoking sign is at bunker station.
Scuppers are closed.
9. State, with reasons, four principle requirements for maintaining records on board ships.
Ensuring Legal Compliance with Flag, Class and maritime legislations.
Developing trend, in order to spot unsafe change.
Ensuring that all practices carried out follow approved methods.
Record building for reference of company and ships staff.
10. Outline the function of each of the following:
a) International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
b) International Safety Management Code (ISM)
c) Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
d) Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW)
a) To develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory frame work for shipping
internationally.
b) Setting minimum standards throughout shipping flag-states in order to ensure safety at sea,
to prevent human injury or loss of life and avoid damage to the environment and ships
c) Setting the requirement of flag-states to ensure that all vessels meet the minimum safe
standards; within construction, equipment and operation
d) Setting an internationally harmonised minimum standard of safety training for all officers,
crew and watch keeping persons of commercial ships
11.
a) List the three types of “notice” issued by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) to
disseminate information to ship owners and seafarers and define the importance and
relevance of each one.
b) Describe the function of the Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels (Healthy & Safety at
Work) Regulations.
Batteries
1.
a) Name one publication dealing with the storage of ship’s batteries. (2)
b) List SEVEN precautions that should be taken when working in an area where batteries are
stored. (14)
a) Code of Safe Working Practices.
b) Adequate positive pressure ventilation must be present.
No smoking, spark, hot works, naked lights or non-approved electrical tools.
All PPE must be worn especially when handling acids.
Care should be taken of exposed battery terminals; electrical burns are likely.
Metal tools should never be used within the battery space; all metal jewellery should be
removed.
Battery cell caps should be securely fastened.
Do not mix battery acid in non-approved containers.
2. With reference to secondary cell batteries:
a) slate the two types;(4)
Generators
1. Describe the procedure for running up and paralleling an alternator onto the switchboard. (16)
Ensure that no persons are working on the machine, all covers and guards are in place.
Ensure sufficient lubrication oil level within the sump.
Ensure that starting and control air is on, fuel supply is available and the cooling system is
operational.
Start the lube oil priming pump, check the engine for leaks and that the pressure has risen.
Open all indicator cocks, with the fuel supply closed turn the engine on turning gear ensuring all
cylinders purge now close indicator cocks.
Disengage turning gear, open fuel supply and start the engine. Ensure the priming pump has
stopped and check the machine for leakage.
Set the frequency of the incoming machine to that just higher of the bus bar; ensure the correct
voltage and phase rotation is correct.
Bring the machine into synchronism and close the circuit breaker, using the governor controls
reduce the outgoing machine and increase the incoming machine. Ensuring that voltage and
frequency remain constant whilst balancing out the load.
2. Describe the conditions that must be satisfied before paralleling an A.C. generator with the main
electrical switchboard. For each condition described explain how it is achieved. (16)
Voltages of both incoming and running generators must be the same. This is achieved by
observing the voltmeter and any adjustments required are made through AVR.
Frequencies of both incoming and running generators must be the same. This is achieved by
observing the frequency meter, any adjustments required are made through governor control
provided on the main switchboard.
Voltages of both incoming and running generators must be in phase. This is achieved by
observing the synchroscope, any adjustments required are made through governor control
provided on the main switchboard.
Motors
1. With reference to electrical motors:
a) List FOUR maintenance actions that are necessary for good operation. (8)
b) Describe how to test for electrical faults within in an electrical motor. (8)
a) Make sure motor is tightly secured and is free from vibration.
Ensure regular insulation resistance readings are taken and values obtained recorded.
Make sure that the motor shaft is turning freely.
Make sure the bearings are greased regularly but not overly.
Make sure motor body is kept clean; free from dust and moisture residues.
Make sure motor is dissipating heat correctly and it is well ventilated.
Make sure motor’s electrical connections are tightly secured and correct labels are secured.
Regularly check the state of motor windings for integrity.
b) Insulation Resistance Test: This test is carried with the aid of an appropriately rated IR Tester
(Megger). Before applying any electrical test, appropriate safety paperwork such as Risk
Assessment and Permit to Work is completed; this will ensure that the motor is isolated and
it is safe for the test to be carried out. To prove the basic operation of the tester, short the
two probes together and press the ‘test’ button. The display should read 0Ω. For an IR test
on a three phase machine, measure and log the phase-to-phase insulation resistance values.
Three readings should be measured as U-V, V-W, W-U. Measure and log the phase to earth
insulation resistance values. Three readings should be measured as U-E, V-E, W-E. Continuity
Test: Appropriately rated multimeter set to ‘continuity’ is used, interconnections are
removed so we have both the ends of each winding. Test probes are applied, in turn, to each
end such as U1 and U2 and checking the multimeter to give continuity indication.
Balance Test: This test is carried out with the aid of an appropriately rated multimeter.
Resistance readings for each winding are obtained. A good motor will show that each
winding resistance is similar to other windings.
2.
a) Describe how you would overhaul an electric motor that has been flooded with sea water.
(8)
b) Explain how to check the insulation resistance of the motor, stating the minimum acceptable
value. (8)
a) The motor should be removed from its fixings and dismantled into rotor and stator. Both the
rotor and stator should then be bathed in fresh water to clean off the salts and other
matter. They should then be allowed to dry before re-varnishing the stator. Once the varnish
has dried, electrical tests should be carried out; a megger test, balance and continuity test. If
all tests produce acceptable results the motor can be reassembled with new bearings and
commissioned for service.
U1 V1 W1
U2 V2 W2
Earth
Motor’s Terminal Block
3. With reference to the testing and maintenance of large electric motors:
a) State the minimum satisfactory value of insulation resistance. (2)
b) State the instrument AND the voltage to be used for the insulation resistance test. (4)
c) State the regular maintenance that is necessary for good electric motor operation. (10)
a) 1MΩ.
b) A megger & 500V DC for a 440V AC motor.
c) Make sure motor is tightly secured and is free from vibration.
Ensure regular insulation resistance readings are taken and values obtained recorded.
Make sure that the motor shaft is turning freely.
Make sure the bearings are greased regularly but not overly.
Make sure motor body is kept clean; free from dust and moisture residues.
Make sure motor is dissipating heat correctly and it is well ventilated.
Make sure motor’s electrical connections are tightly secured and correct labels are secured.
Regularly check the state of motor windings for integrity.
4. With reference to small 3 phase electrical motor, driving a transfer pump that is not used on a
regular basis, failing to rotate when the start button is pressed:
a) Outline the procedure to determine the possible cause (8)
b) Explain the procedure to remove the motor should it be faulty and require changing (8)
a) There may be two general reasons for non-starting of the motor; mechanical and electrical.
Mechanically, bearings may have become seized, or the gears may have been seized, in both
the cases motor will overheat rapidly producing unusual noise as it is trying to rotate the
pump. Ensure that the power supply is switched on and also is available at the motor
terminals. This can tested with the aid of an appropriately rated potential indicator. If the
power supply is proved to be available at the terminal block then this is indicating that the
fault is inside the motor. Inside the motor, few electrical tests are carried out such as
continuity test to see if the phase windings are continuous (electrically) and are not
damaged. Once continuity of the windings has been proved, then other tests such as megger
should be carried out.
b) Prior to work being carried out, motor and its attached pump is safely isolated both
mechanically and electrically as per ship’s SMS requirements. Electrical isolation will involve
Ship Construction
1. Explain the meaning and purpose of EACH of the following ship terms:
a) Transverse watertight bulkhead. (4)
b) Bilge keel. (4)
c) Shear strake. (4)
d) Cofferdam. (4)
a) It is a bulkhead which stretches the full breadth and from bottom plates to the main upper
deck. It prevents spread of water and fire whilst also providing strength to the vessel which
stops racking.
b) A stiffened plate that is welded to the outside hull plating. Acts as passive stabilising device
which reduces the severity of ships rolling.
c) The top line of ships side plating running adjacent to the weather deck. The plate is required
to be of higher strength, either thicker plate or higher tensile material.
d) A tank used to segregate and resist cross contamination of different liquids, or the engine
room. A cofferdam would be found between a fuel storage tank and a ballast water tank, if
fuel tank were to form a crack internally, it would leak into the cofferdam instead of
contaminating the ballast water.
2. Describe, with the aid of a sketch, the structural features of the bow which impart structural
strength. (16)