Automatic Headphones controlling system for Metro

trains
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitte

Name Roll No
Name Roll No
Name Roll No
Name Roll No

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Babu Banarasi Das Engineering College

SUBMITTED TO: …………………………
Contents
Enrollment no: .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Objective ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction: ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Block diagram:............................................................................................................................................... 7
Driver unit: .................................................................................................................................................... 7
WORKING: ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
Liturature survey ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Hardware used: ............................................................................................................................................. 9
4x4 Keypad .................................................................................................................................................. 11
Linear Power Supplies ................................................................................................................................. 12
Wifi reciver .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Software used: ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Layout.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Applications: ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Advantages:................................................................................................................................................. 16
Disadvantage;.............................................................................................................................................. 17
Future scope: .............................................................................................................................................. 17
References:.................................................................................................................................................. 17
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project synopsis entitled “Automatic

Headphones controlling system for Metro trains” submitted is our
original work and the report has not formed the basis for the award of
any degree, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title.

Signature:

Name:

Enrollment no:

Date:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical report entitled “Automatic

Headphones controlling system for Metro trains” is the bonafide work
carried out by students of BBD NIIT, LUCKNOW during the year 2016 in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
B. Tech. The report has not formed the basis for the award previously
of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar
title.

Signature of the guide:

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude and heart full thanks

to all those who are helping me in complete this project.

I want to thank to Mr. Shashikant , who has always encouraged

and help me in making this project. In addition to this, I am grateful to
other faculties too who made me in right direction and gave me their
precious time and expert guidance whenever necessary through which I
could achieve this extent.

At last but not the least I am feeling glad to say about my family
whose wishes are always with me, without which it was not possible for
me to reach this extent.

I hope my work is praised and my efforts render fruitful result.

THAK YOU

Signature:

Name:
 Enrollment no:

Objective
The objective of this project to make a system that automatically control the head
phone and pause the songs during the time of announcement in the metro trains.

Introduction:

In metro trains generally peapels miss the announcements because they were
listning the songs on there mobile phones. So there is a need of a system which can
automatically pause the song at the time of announcement. In this project we are
making a system which will control the head phone of a passenger when there will
be any anauncement. It will also send a text message on the phone using wifi.

Block diagram:

Driver unit:
 Keypad Microcontroller Wi-Fi
Atmega16 Transmitter

Audio
Playback
module

WORKING:
 At the driver side there will be akeypad of 8Keys. Each key will pass a
unique code to microcontroller.
 Microcontroller will read the code and send a signal to passenger’s mobile
phone using Wi-Fi link.
 Passenger’s mobile phone will have software running at backend. When this
software will receive the signal it will pause the song running in mobile
phone.
 Now at the driver side after sending the signal to mobile phone
microcontroller will activate the audioplayback module.
 Audioplayback module will then announce the message.
 When message will end then microcontroller will again send a message to
passenger’s mobile phone and software running on phone will play the song.
Liturature survey

Headphones (or head-phones in the early days of telephony and radio) are a pair
of small loudspeaker drivers that are designed to be worn on or around the head
over a user's ears. They are electroacoustic transducers, which convert an
electrical signal to a corresponding sound in the user's ear. Headphones are
designed to allow a single user to listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to
a loudspeaker, which emits sound into the open air, for anyone nearby to hear.
Most of the peoples use to head phones while traveling they want to pass their
their time easily but one problem is that they cannot able to the hear the sound in
the open air like announcements .so it’s necessary to make system which can
solve our problem that is why we made this project.

Hardware used:
 Power supply
 Microcontroller Atmega16
 Audio playback module
 Speaker 3Ohm
 Wi-fi transmitter
 Keypad

 Atmega16 Microcontroller:

 Features
 High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
 Advanced RISC Architecture
 131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
 Fully Static Operation
 Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
 On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
 Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
 16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
 Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
 In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
 True Read-While-Write Operation
 512 Bytes EEPROM
 Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 1K Byte Internal SRAM
 Programming Lock for Software Security
 JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
 Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
 Extensive On-chip Debug Support
 Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG
Interface
 Peripheral Features
 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
 One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture
 Mode
 Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
 Four PWM Channels
 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
 8 Single-ended Channels
 7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
 2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
 Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
 Programmable Serial USART
 Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
 Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
 On-chip Analog Comparator
 Special Microcontroller Features
 Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
 Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
 External and Internal Interrupt Sources
 Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,
Standbyand Extended Standby
  I/O and Packages
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF
 Operating Voltages
 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L
 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
 Speed Grades
 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L
 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
 Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L
 Active: 1.1 mA
 Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
 Power-down Mode: < 1 μA

4x4 Keypad

Four microcontroller’s pins should be defined as outputs, and other four pins
should be defined as inputs. In order the keypad to work properly, pull-down
resistors should be placed on the microcontroller’s input pins, thus defining logic
state when no button is pressed. Then, the output pins are set to logic one (1) and
input pins’ logic state is read. By pressing any button, a logic one (1) will appear
on some input pin. By combining zeros and ones on the output pins, it is
determined which button is pressed?
A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which usually bear digits,
symbols and usually a complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly contains
numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad. Keypads are found on many
alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices such as calculators, push-button
telephones, combination locks, and digital door locks, which require mainly
numeric input.

Linear Power Supplies

In the last installment of the Power Supply Tutorial, we found that the most basic
power supply was of a simple unregulated design. We also found that for all but
the least demanding applications, the unregulated design is not able to maintain
the output voltage close enough to the prescribed set point as the line voltage
and load current changes. Thus, regulation methods have been developed to
maintain the output voltage or current at a constant set point. The first type of
regulated design was the linear regulator power supply.

The term “linear power supply” is typically thought of as a type of AC/DC system,
providing a regulated output. The linear regulator is actually the part of the linear
regulator power supply that performs the regulation.

Linear Regulator Theory

Linear regulators employ a pass element serving as a variable resistor which forms
a voltage divider with the load.

The pass element functioning as a variable resistor can be semiconductor devices

such as a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), power metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor (MOSFET), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), or an electron
tube such as a triode, tetrode, or pentode. Electron tubes would be used in highly
specialized applications where there are no semiconductor devices suitable.

Power Output Capability

A linear regulator can be designed to regulate power outputs as small as a watt or

less. Linear regulators used alone in this fashion are performing DC/DC
conversion. Linear power supplies can be designed to provide AC/DC conversion
up to tens of kilowatts or even more. In this case the linear regulator is coupled
with additional circuitry providing rectification and filtering.

Noise and Ripple

Perhaps the most significant merit of linear power supplies is the cleanliness of
the output voltage and the relative lack of electromagnetic emissions. The typical
peak to peak output voltage ripple for a linear supply might be 1000x or 60dB less
than the output DC level. So for a 5V output supply the typical peak to peak ripple
voltage might be 5mV. A switching supply typically sees about a 100x or 40dB
reduction. It is possible with careful design to achieve a 10,000x or 80dB
reduction in a linear regulated power supply.

Transient Response

The response of linear power supplies to line and load transients is better their
switching counterparts because the linear supply does not have a switching
frequency to limit the bandwidth. In linear supplies, the regulation bandwidth is
typically limited by parasitic device elements.

Weight and Size

The weight and size of the linear power supply is the major disadvantage. AC/DC
conversion is done at low frequencies and therefore the transformer must be
large to keep the core from saturating. This factor, along with efficiency to be
discussed next, is the main reason why linear power supplies have limited use
today. For example, a 500W linear power supply might weigh about 50 pounds
and occupy a desktop. Whereas a 500W switching supply might weight less than
10 pounds and sit on a small part of the desktop.

Efficiency

Linear regulators are typically thought of a being extremely inefficient – but that
is not always the case and they can sometimes be more efficient that a switching
power supply!

On a first order basis, the efficiency of a linear regulator is very simple to

determine. The efficiency is simply the output voltage divided by the input
voltage. If determined effort is made to keep the difference between the pass
element input voltage and the output voltage as small as possible, the efficiency
can be very good. This type of linear regulator is called a “low-dropout regulator”.
For other cases where the operating point is not conducive to maintaining a low
dropout, the linear regulator efficiency can suffer greatly.

As an example, if the input voltage in the figure above is 13.6 volts, and the
regulator maintains an output voltage of 12 volts, for a voltage drop of 1.6 volts,
the efficiency of the linear regulator is 12V/13.6V = 88.2%. The efficiency in this
case is very good by most standards.

As another example, if the input voltage is 5 volts and the output voltage is 3.3
volts, for a voltage drop of 1.7 volts, the efficiency is 3.3V/5V = 66%. The
efficiency in this case is not very good by most standards.

As a last example, if the input voltage is 5 volts and the output voltage is 1.8 volts,
for a pass element voltage drop of 3.2 volts, the efficiency is 1.8V/5V = 36%. This
efficiency in this case is very poor.

Summary

In this article we found that linear power supplies excel in producing outputs with
very low noise and ripple, low electromagnetic emissions, and have excellent
transient response. However, they are by nature large and heavy when compared
to switching power supplies. Linear power supplies would be the type of choice
when outputs with low ripple and noise content are of paramount concern, and
where larger size and substantially greater weight can be tolerated.

Wifi reciver
The Wi-Fi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP or IP protocol stack
that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. The capable of
either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from
another application processor. Each module comes pre-programmed with an AT
command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino
device and get about as much Wi-Fi-ability as a Wi-Fi Shield offers (and that's just
out of the box)! The module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge and
ever growing, community. This module has a powerful enough on-board
processing and storage capability that allows it to be integrated with the sensors
and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal
development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-
chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end
module, is designed to occupy minimal pieceB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD
for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existence interfaces, it contains a self-
calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating conditions and requires no
external RF parts.

Software used:
AVR studio for programming ATmega16

DIP Trace for making PCB

Eclipse for making Android software.

Layout

Applications:
Metro trains

Stations

Hospitals

Advantages:
It will alert the passengers for their stations.
Disadvantage;
 The electronic device may misbehave due internal circuitry or unexpected
problem.
 The SMD component of this device are sensitive to EDS.
 The device is not water resistant keep away from moisture.

Future scope:
It can be modified to give the message only to concern person not to all
passengers.

It should automatically turn on the Wi-Fi in hospitals.

References:
[1] Prasanna Shete, Aditya Kurude, Mayur Bhole and Tushar Khose, “Android Based Spectrum Analyzer,”
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology [IJARCET],
Volume 4, Issue 3, pp. 303-305, March 2015.

[2] Sreenivasan. R, Jayarani. E, “ Wireless Oscilloscope using Android App for Mobile,” International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 2, pp. 26-
30, February 2015