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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
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ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
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ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
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Objective
The objective of this project to make a system that automatically control the head
phone and pause the songs during the time of announcement in the metro trains.
Introduction:
In metro trains generally peapels miss the announcements because they were
listning the songs on there mobile phones. So there is a need of a system which can
automatically pause the song at the time of announcement. In this project we are
making a system which will control the head phone of a passenger when there will
be any anauncement. It will also send a text message on the phone using wifi.
Block diagram:
Driver unit:
Keypad Microcontroller Wi-Fi
Atmega16 Transmitter
Audio
Playback
module
WORKING:
At the driver side there will be akeypad of 8Keys. Each key will pass a
unique code to microcontroller.
Microcontroller will read the code and send a signal to passenger’s mobile
phone using Wi-Fi link.
Passenger’s mobile phone will have software running at backend. When this
software will receive the signal it will pause the song running in mobile
phone.
Now at the driver side after sending the signal to mobile phone
microcontroller will activate the audioplayback module.
Audioplayback module will then announce the message.
When message will end then microcontroller will again send a message to
passenger’s mobile phone and software running on phone will play the song.
Liturature survey
Headphones (or head-phones in the early days of telephony and radio) are a pair
of small loudspeaker drivers that are designed to be worn on or around the head
over a user's ears. They are electroacoustic transducers, which convert an
electrical signal to a corresponding sound in the user's ear. Headphones are
designed to allow a single user to listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to
a loudspeaker, which emits sound into the open air, for anyone nearby to hear.
Most of the peoples use to head phones while traveling they want to pass their
their time easily but one problem is that they cannot able to the hear the sound in
the open air like announcements .so it’s necessary to make system which can
solve our problem that is why we made this project.
Hardware used:
Power supply
Microcontroller Atmega16
Audio playback module
Speaker 3Ohm
Wi-fi transmitter
Keypad
Atmega16 Microcontroller:
Features
High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
512 Bytes EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
1K Byte Internal SRAM
Programming Lock for Software Security
JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
Extensive On-chip Debug Support
Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG
Interface
Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture
Mode
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Four PWM Channels
8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator
Special Microcontroller Features
Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,
Standbyand Extended Standby
I/O and Packages
32 Programmable I/O Lines
40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF
Operating Voltages
2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L
4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
Speed Grades
0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L
0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L
Active: 1.1 mA
Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
Power-down Mode: < 1 μA
4x4 Keypad
Four microcontroller’s pins should be defined as outputs, and other four pins
should be defined as inputs. In order the keypad to work properly, pull-down
resistors should be placed on the microcontroller’s input pins, thus defining logic
state when no button is pressed. Then, the output pins are set to logic one (1) and
input pins’ logic state is read. By pressing any button, a logic one (1) will appear
on some input pin. By combining zeros and ones on the output pins, it is
determined which button is pressed?
A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which usually bear digits,
symbols and usually a complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly contains
numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad. Keypads are found on many
alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices such as calculators, push-button
telephones, combination locks, and digital door locks, which require mainly
numeric input.
The term “linear power supply” is typically thought of as a type of AC/DC system,
providing a regulated output. The linear regulator is actually the part of the linear
regulator power supply that performs the regulation.
Linear regulators employ a pass element serving as a variable resistor which forms
a voltage divider with the load.
Perhaps the most significant merit of linear power supplies is the cleanliness of
the output voltage and the relative lack of electromagnetic emissions. The typical
peak to peak output voltage ripple for a linear supply might be 1000x or 60dB less
than the output DC level. So for a 5V output supply the typical peak to peak ripple
voltage might be 5mV. A switching supply typically sees about a 100x or 40dB
reduction. It is possible with careful design to achieve a 10,000x or 80dB
reduction in a linear regulated power supply.
Transient Response
The response of linear power supplies to line and load transients is better their
switching counterparts because the linear supply does not have a switching
frequency to limit the bandwidth. In linear supplies, the regulation bandwidth is
typically limited by parasitic device elements.
The weight and size of the linear power supply is the major disadvantage. AC/DC
conversion is done at low frequencies and therefore the transformer must be
large to keep the core from saturating. This factor, along with efficiency to be
discussed next, is the main reason why linear power supplies have limited use
today. For example, a 500W linear power supply might weigh about 50 pounds
and occupy a desktop. Whereas a 500W switching supply might weight less than
10 pounds and sit on a small part of the desktop.
Efficiency
Linear regulators are typically thought of a being extremely inefficient – but that
is not always the case and they can sometimes be more efficient that a switching
power supply!
As an example, if the input voltage in the figure above is 13.6 volts, and the
regulator maintains an output voltage of 12 volts, for a voltage drop of 1.6 volts,
the efficiency of the linear regulator is 12V/13.6V = 88.2%. The efficiency in this
case is very good by most standards.
As another example, if the input voltage is 5 volts and the output voltage is 3.3
volts, for a voltage drop of 1.7 volts, the efficiency is 3.3V/5V = 66%. The
efficiency in this case is not very good by most standards.
As a last example, if the input voltage is 5 volts and the output voltage is 1.8 volts,
for a pass element voltage drop of 3.2 volts, the efficiency is 1.8V/5V = 36%. This
efficiency in this case is very poor.
Summary
In this article we found that linear power supplies excel in producing outputs with
very low noise and ripple, low electromagnetic emissions, and have excellent
transient response. However, they are by nature large and heavy when compared
to switching power supplies. Linear power supplies would be the type of choice
when outputs with low ripple and noise content are of paramount concern, and
where larger size and substantially greater weight can be tolerated.
Wifi reciver
The Wi-Fi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP or IP protocol stack
that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. The capable of
either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from
another application processor. Each module comes pre-programmed with an AT
command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino
device and get about as much Wi-Fi-ability as a Wi-Fi Shield offers (and that's just
out of the box)! The module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge and
ever growing, community. This module has a powerful enough on-board
processing and storage capability that allows it to be integrated with the sensors
and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal
development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-
chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end
module, is designed to occupy minimal pieceB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD
for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existence interfaces, it contains a self-
calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating conditions and requires no
external RF parts.
Software used:
AVR studio for programming ATmega16
Applications:
Metro trains
Stations
Hospitals
Advantages:
It will alert the passengers for their stations.
Disadvantage;
The electronic device may misbehave due internal circuitry or unexpected
problem.
The SMD component of this device are sensitive to EDS.
The device is not water resistant keep away from moisture.
Future scope:
It can be modified to give the message only to concern person not to all
passengers.
References:
[1] Prasanna Shete, Aditya Kurude, Mayur Bhole and Tushar Khose, “Android Based Spectrum Analyzer,”
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology [IJARCET],
Volume 4, Issue 3, pp. 303-305, March 2015.
[2] Sreenivasan. R, Jayarani. E, “ Wireless Oscilloscope using Android App for Mobile,” International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 2, pp. 26-
30, February 2015