Lect-8

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 Lect-8

In this lecture...

• Cycle components and component

performance
– Intake
– Compressor/fan
– Combustion chamber
– Turbine
– Nozzle

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Cycle components
• Jet engine cycle has several salient
components
– Air intake/diffuser: decelerates air and
delivers it to the compressor
– Fan: present in turbofan engines, drives the
bypass mass flow
– Compressor: compresses ingested air to
high pressure and temperature
– Combustion chamber: fuel is added here,
combustion results in high temperature and
pressure at turbine inlet

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Cycle components

– Turbine: Combustion products are expanded

through the turbine, generates shaft power
to drive the compressor
– Nozzle: Turbine exhaust is further expanded
through the nozzle, generates thrust
– Afterburner: used in afterburning turbojets,
function similar to combustion chamber

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Air intake performance

• Inlet losses arise due to wall friction and
shock waves (in a supersonic inlet).
• These result in a reduction in total
pressure.
• The flow is usually adiabatic as it flows
through the intake.
• Performance of intakes are characterised
using total pressure ratio and isentropic
efficiency.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Air intake performance

P0a
0a 02 P02
T P2 V22/2cp
02s 2
2s

V02/2cp
P1
1 Pa

Actual and ideal intake processes

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Air intake performance

• Isentropic efficiency, ηd, of the diffuser is

h02 s − ha T02 s − Ta
ηd = ≅
h0 a − ha T0 a − Ta
• This efficiency can be related to the total
pressure ratio (πd) and Mach number

 γ − 1 2  (γ −1) / γ
1 + M π d −1
ηd =  2 
[(γ − 1) / 2]M 2

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Air intake performance

• During cycle analysis, the value of

isentropic efficiency is often calculated
based on the Mach number.
• The isentropic efficiency drops drastically
as Mach number increases.
• This is because of the presence of shocks
and the resultant total pressure losses.
• There are empirical correlations available
for estimating the diffuser efficiency as a
function of Mach number.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Compressor/fan performance
• Compressors are to a high degree of
approximation, adiabatic.
• Compressor performance is evaluated using
the isentropic efficiency, ηc

Ideal work of compression for given pressure ratio

ηC =
Actual work of compression for given pressure ratio
wci h03 s − h02
= =
wc h03 − h02

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Compressor/fan performance

T
P03
T03 03
03s
T03s

P02
T02 02

Actual and ideal compression processes

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Compressor/fan performance

h03 s − h02 T03 s − T02

ηC = ≅
h03 − h02 T03 − T02
T03 s / T02 − 1 (P03 / P02 )
(γ −1) / γ
−1
= =
T03 / T02 − 1 τ C −1

=
(π C )(γ −1)/ γ − 1
τ C −1
• The isentropic efficiency is thus a function
of the total pressure ratio and the total
temperature ratio.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Compressor/fan performance
• Besides isentropic efficiency, there are
other efficiency definitions, stage
efficiency and polytropic efficiency that are
used in assessing the performance of
multistage compressors.
• Stage efficiency will be discussed in detail
during the lectures on compressors.
• The three efficiency terms can be related
to one another.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Compressor/fan performance
• The polytropic efficiency, ηpoly, is defined as
Ideal work of compression for a differential pressure change
η poly =
Actual work of compression for a differential pressure change
dwi dh0i dT0i
= = =
dw dh0 dT0
For an ideal compressor, the isentropic relation gives,
T0i = P0(iγ −1) / γ × constant. Therefore,
dT0i γ − 1 dP0i
=
T0 γ P0
dT0i dT0i / T0 γ − 1 dP0i / P0
η poly = = =
dT0 dT0 / T0 γ dT0 / T0
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Compressor/fan performance
Rewriting the above equation,
dT0 γ − 1 dP0
=
T0 γη poly P0
Integrating between states 02 and 03,
( γ −1) /( γη poly )
τC = πC

or ,ηC =
(π C )(γ −1)/ γ − 1 (π C )(γ −1)/ γ − 1
= (γ −1) /(γη )
τ C −1 πC poly
−1
The above equation relates the isentropic efficiency
with the pressure ratio assuming a constant polytropic
efficiency.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Combustion chamber performance

• In a combustion chamber (or burner),
there are two possibilities of losses,
incomplete combustion and total pressure
losses.
• Combustion efficiency can be defined by
carrying out an energy balance across the
combustor.
• Two different values of specific heat at
constant pressure: one for fluid upstream
of the combustor and the other for fluid
downstream of the combustor.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Combustion chamber performance

Combustion efficiency, ηb

ηb =
(m + m f )h04 − m h03 (m + m f )c p 4T04 − m c p 3T03
=
m Q  m Q
f f f f

=
(m + m )cf T − m c paT03
pg 04

m Q
f f

Where, c pg is the average value for gases downstream of the

burner and c pa is the average value for air upstream of the
burner.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Combustion chamber performance

• Total pressure losses arise from two effects:
– viscous losses in the combustion chamber
– total pressure loss due to combustion at finite
Mach number
Combustion chamber pressure loss,
P04
πb = <1
P03
• Combustion efficiency is usually very high
in gas turbine engines.
• In real cycle analysis both these
parameters are used.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Turbine performance
• The flow in a turbine is also assumed to be
adiabatic, though in actual engines there
could be turbine blade cooling.
• Isentropic efficiency of the turbine is
defined in a manner similar to that of the
compressor.
Actual work of compression for given pressure ratio
ηt =
Ideal work of compression for given pressure ratio
wt h04 − h05 1−τ t
= = =
wti h04 − h05 s 1 − π t(γ −1) / γ

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Turbine performance

T
P04
T04 04

P05
T05
T05s 05
05s

Actual and ideal turbine processes

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Turbine performance
• The polytropic efficiency, ηpoly, is defined
as
Actual turbine work for a differential pressure change
η poly =
Ideal turbine work for a differential pressure change
dw dh0 dT0
= = =
dwi dh0i dT0i
For an ideal turbine, the isentropic relation gives,
T0i = P0(iγ −1) / γ × constant. Therefore,
dT0i γ − 1 dP0i
=
T0 γ P0
dT0 dT0 / T0 dT0 / T0
η poly = = =
dT0i dT0i / T0 [(γ − 1) / γ ]dP0 / P0
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Turbine performance

Integrating between states 04 and 05,

γ / [( γ −1)η poly ]
πt =τt
1 − (π t )
(γ −1)η /γ
1−τ t poly
−1
or ,ηt = =
1 − (π t )
1 /η poly (γ −1) / γ
1−τ t
The above equation relates the isentropic efficiency
with the pressure ratio assuming a constant polytropic
efficiency.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Nozzle performance
• The flow in the nozzle is also adiabatic.
• However losses in a nozzle could occur due
to incomplete expansion (under or over-
expansion).
• Friction may reduce the isentropic
efficiency.
• The efficiency is defined by
h06 − h7
ηn =
h06 − h7 s
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Nozzle performance

P06
h
06 P6

P7

7
7s

Actual and ideal nozzle processes

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Afterburner performance
• Afterburner is thermodynamically similar to
a combustion chamber.
• The performance parameters for an
afterburner is thus the combustion
efficiency and the total pressure loss.
• In case of engines with afterburning, the
corresponding performance parameters for
an afterburner needs to be taken into
account.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Mechanical efficiency
• Mechanical efficiency is sometimes used to
account for the loss or extraction of power on
that shaft.
• Mechanical efficiency is defined as
power leaving the shaft to compressor WC
η m= =
power entering the shaft from turbine Wt

• Mechanical efficiency is less than one due to

losses in power that occur from shaft bearings
and also power extraction for driving
accessories like oil and fuel pumps.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

Typical component efficiencies

Component Figure of merit Type Value
Diffuser πd Subsonic 0.95-0.98
Supersonic 0.85-0.95
Compressor ηC - 0.85-0.90
Burner ηb - 0.96-0.99
πb 0.90-0.95
Turbine ηt Uncooled 0.85-0.92
Cooled 0.84-0.90
Afterburner ηab - 0.96-0.99
πab 0.90-0.95
Nozzle ηn - 0.95-0.98
Mechanical ηm - 0.96-0.99

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

In this lecture...

• Cycle components and component

performance
– Intake
– Compressor/fan
– Combustion chamber
– Turbine
– Nozzle

27
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-8

In the next lecture...

• Tutorial on ideal cycles and component

performance.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay