Problem Set no 1, ETEC-305, Digital Communications.

1) a) Calculate the (minimum) PRT value required in a radar system, if the maximum
unambiguous range is to be 300 km.
b) Repeat a) above, but now for a maximum unambiguous target range of 210 km.
Express results of a) and b) in µs.
c) In each of the radar systems above, calculate the transmitter duty cycle, given that
the pulse width is 2 µs.

2) For the radar system of problem 1) above, if the peak transmitted power is 200 kW,
calculate the average power (in the two cases).

3) A radar system operates with a pulse width of 2 µs and a pulse repetition frequency of
1250 pps (Hz).
a) Calculate the maximum unambiguous target range, in km.
b) A target is at a distance of 150 km from the radar station. Will the position of the
target, on the display, be at the 150 km mark, or will it be at a different (false)
position?
c) If the indication in b) is false, what distance will it show?

4) A radar system uses a train of pulses with a PRT value of 920 µs, and a pulse width of 1.75
µs. Find:
a) The minimum range of the radar in miles ( 1 mile = 1.61 Km)
b) The maximum unambiguous range, in miles
c) The duty cycle of the transmitter
d) The ratio of peak/average power

5) A radar system transmits at a frequency of 5.63 GHz. When a target was moving away
from the radar antenna, the received echo had a frequency of 5629.994 MHz.
a) What was the target velocity ?
b) If the target was moving towards the antenna, what would be the frequency of the
received echo ?

6) A plane was moving in a Westerly direction at a speed of 1000 km/hr when it was spotted
by a radar station located at a 50 mile distance from the plane, in the South-East direction.
Calculate the frequency shift of the received echo, from the plane, given that the radar
operating frequency is 5.8 GHz.

7) It is desired to have the maximum unambiguous range, in a pulsed radar system, as

300 km, and that the minimum target range as 600 m. Choose a suitable pulse width and
pulse repetition frequency. What will be the duty cycle of the transmitter?

8) In the radar system mentioned above, the antenna has a beam width of 0.5 degree, and its
rotational speed was selected as 60 rpm. Is this choice of speed suitable? Why? If not,
what would be a suitable speed (in rpm)?
Problem set no 2, ETEC-305, Digital Communications.

9) Calculate the maximum range of a pulsed radar system that operates at 10 GHz, with an
average power of 1000 Watts, duty cycle of 0.2%, antenna capture area of 4 m2, and minimum
receivable power of 1 pico Watt (pW):
a) When the target radar cross-section area is 30 m2. (382 km, approx)
b) When the target radar cross-section area is 1 m2. (163 km, approx)

10) A pulsed radar operates at 7.5 GHz with a peak power of 800 kW and a minimum receivable
power of 1 pW. The maximum unambiguous range of the radar is 500 km. The antenna used
has a gain of 52 dB. The pulse duration is 2 µs. Find:
a) The minimum radar cross-section of the target.
b) The antenna capture area.
c) The pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of the transmitted pulses.
d) The average transmitted power.

11) In the above system (problem 10), the antenna noise temperature is 300 K, the noise figure of
the receiver is 10 dB, and the band width is 10 MHz. What is the minimum (S/N) ratio, in dB,
at the output of the receiver? (3.83 dB)

12) It is desired to have a minimum (S/N) ratio of 3 dB at the output of a radar receiver that has an
IF bandwidth of 10 MHz and a noise figure of 6 dB. The system is to use a parabolic antenna
with a 4-m diameter. The target radar cross-section area can be between 5 and 80 m2.
a) Choose the lowest possible operating frequency so that targets as far as 450 km away
can be detected, if the maximum peak power is to be 1 MW.
b) If the minimum (S/N) ratio is to be reduced to 0 dB (instead of 3 dB), with everything
else remaining the same, what will be the maximum target range?
c) Choose suitable PW and PRT values for conditions in b) above. Explain the reasons
behind your choices.
d) Calculate the average transmitted power under the conditions at c) above.

13) A pulsed radar system has the following parameters:

- Pulse width: 1 µs.
- Pulse repetition frequency: 1000 pps (Hz).
- Average transmitter power: 500 Watt.
- Operating frequency: 3 GHz.
- IF-bandwidth of the receiver: 1.5 MHz.
- Noise figure of the receiver: 7.5 dB.
- Antenna gain: 54 dB.
- Minimum S/N ratio, at the input of the receiver: 3 dB.
Calculate:
a) Maximum target range, in km.
b) Minimum target cross-section area (for target to be detected).
c) The diameter of the antenna, in meters.
d) A suitable antenna rpm.
Problem Set no. 3, ETEC-305, Digital Communications.

Use a standard temperature of 290K for all problems, unless otherwise specified.

14) A radar system that uses a parabolic transmitting/receiving antenna. The PRT
value can be selected as 600, 960 or 1250 µs. The operating frequency is 9 GHz
and the antenna rotational speed is 35 rpm. Calculate the maximum antenna
diameter for complete coverage. (Hint: the antenna diameter affects the beam
width)
(Ans: 8.9 m, approx.)

15) A radar system that uses a pulse-compression receiver, transmits an FM pulse

with FLow= 2380 MHz, FHigh= 2620 MHz, +ve slope, and pulse duration of 10 µs.
The receiver uses a matched filter (-ve slope) with a center frequency of 400
MHz, and a bandwidth of 240 MHz. The front end of the receiver, including the
matched filter, has a CW noise figure of 7 dB. Calculate:
a) The compression gain, in dB.
b) The nominal improvement of the 'true' signal to noise ratio, due to the
presence of the matched filter.

16) The noise figure of a matched-filter receiver, as in the previous problem, is 18 dB,
and the peak power of the received echo is 10 pW.
Find the S/N ratio of the compressed pulse at the output of the receiver.
Make any reasonable assumptions you need to solve the problem.

17) The same power level used in 16) above, 10 pW, is assumed to be the level of the
echo received at the receiver's input of a pulsed CW radar (no FM modulation).
The system uses 1.2-µs pulses, an "optimum" IF bandwidth of 2 MHz, and has a
receiver noise figure of 10 dB. Calculate the signal to noise ratio at the output.

18) In comparing the two previous systems (one with pulse compression and matched
filters and one without), discuss the following points:
a) The average power requirements of the transmitters, assuming the same
PRF value is used in both cases.
b) The noise figure of the receiver will, of course, depend on receiver type
and design, as well as the IF bandwidth. Discuss the requirements of the
bandwidth and influence on the noise figure for the two systems.
(Make any reasonable assumption)
Problem Set no 4, ETEC-305, Digital Communications.

Note: Please read chapter 11 in Young's book (reference list, available in the College Library,
at the Reserve Desk).
Problems 19-22 are taken from that reference.

19) A voice channel has frequency components of up to 3.5 kHz.

a) What minimum sampling rate is required if this signal is to be pulse amplitude
modulated?
b) what over sampling factor produces 8400 samples per second?
(Ans: 7 kHz, 1.2)

20) A voice channel has a frequency range of 1 to 3 kHz.

a) How slowly can it be sampled for PAM?
b) What kind of distortion occurs if it is sampled at 4.2 kHz?
(Ans: 6 kHz, aliasing or frequency fold-over

21) Sketch a simple four-channel TDM system; include transmit and receive ends.
a) If all input channels are limited to 4 kHz, what is the minimum multiples output pulse
rate?
b) How wide is each pulse if 50% duty cycle pulses are used?

22) Show a multiplexed PAM system that can properly multiplex the following analog
channels to achieve 120 kpps transmission rate:
a) Five channels of 4 kHz and one channel of 10 kHz.
b) Change the scheme to achieve 64 kpps.
At what rate does the commutator operate?

23) Explain briefly the method of time-division multiplexing PCM signals.

24) In the Bell T1 PCM system, 24 4-kHz voice channels are time multiplexed. The
sampling frequency is 8 kHz, there is a 7-bit word plus one signaling bit in each
channel, and there is one synchronizing bit per frame (1 frame = one sampling period).
Calculate the bit rate and the approximate bandwidth needed for transmission.

25) Comment on the bandwidth requirement as found in problem 41), and compare to the
bandwidth required if frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) was used. What is
gained in return for the extra bandwidth?
Problem Set no 5, ETEC-305, Digital Communications.

Make and state any reasonable assumption.

26) Sketch the frequency spectrum of a PAM signal, where the pulse width is 1 µs and
the sampling rate is 10 kHz. For simplicity, assume the analog signal to have a flat
(uniform) spectrum and a bandwidth of 5 kHz. You must show the different
frequency and relative amplitude levels. Do this problem for two types of gating
pulses:
a) Natural gate (follows the shape of the analog signal)
b) Flat-top pulses.

27) Eight PCM channels (signals) are to be time-multiplexed. Each channel has 7
signal bits (and no extra bits), and is in unipolar NRZ format. Sampling rate is
8000 frames per second.
a) Calculate the output bit rate. (Ans: 448 kbps)
b) What is the pulse width? (Ans: 2.232 µs)

28) Repeat the previous problem when one stop bit is added to each digital word (i.e
7+1).

29) In a PCM system that employs linear quantization (no companding), it is required
to achieve a minimum SNqR (signal to quantization noise ratio) of 40 dB when the
signal voltage is 50% of the full scale range. Calculate the minimum number of
signal bits needed for the code.
(Ans: 8 bits, which is the next higher integer to n = 7.35)

30) Cancelled!

31) Sketch the binary sequence 1011010011 in each of the following line code
formats:
a) Unipolar NRZ b) Unipolar RZ
c) Polar NRZ d) Polar RZ

32) Repeat the previous problem for:

a) Bipolar NRZ (AMI , with 100% duty cycle)
b) Bipolar RZ (AMI , with 50% duty cycle)
c) Manchester code (split phase)

33) Assuming equal probability of occurrence for 1's and 0's, in a digital signal, and
using the same peak voltage (1 volt) in a 1-Ω system, for all signals in the previous two
problems, calculate the average signal power for each signal. Calculate the DC power in
each signal as well.
Problem Set no 6, ETEC-305, Digital Communications.
(Make and state any reasonable assumption.)
34) Using the Shannon-Hartley law (for channel capacity), calculate the maximum bit rate
in a 4-kHz channel when the S/N ratio is:
a) 15 dB. b) 20 dB. c) 30 dB.

35) In a delta modulation system, the maximum expected time slope in the analog signal is
10 volt/ms. If the sampling frequency is 40 kHz:
a) Calculate the step size (in volts) such that the maximum slope of the generated
stair-case signal is 10 volts/ms.
b) How do you change the step size such that the granular noise is reduced?
c) What happens if you use a step size that is half of the one found in a)?

36) A delta-modulation scheme has a bit rate of 40 kbps (i.e. bit time = 25 µs) and a
constant voltage step size. Based on an analog signal in the form of V = Vp Cos (ωt),
where the peak voltage Vp = 1 volt and ω = 2π f, where f = 1 kHz:
a) Choose a suitable step voltage such that no slope overloading will occur.
(Ans: 0.157 volt, or more)
b) Using a plot of the first half cycle of the waveform (from +ve peak to -ve peak),
or any other method, and the step voltage calculated above, obtain and sketch the
resulting stair-case approximation of the analog signal.
[Hint: you may like to use a more rounded number for the step size to simplify the
graphical solution]
c) Sketch the actual delta modulator output obtained. This is a sequence of highs (for
1's) and lows (for 0's). Write the resulting binary sequence.

37) Using few positive and negative pulses, sketch an eye diagram showing the effect of
each of the following:
a) Non-linear distortion resulting in skewed pulses (tilted, not symmetrical around
the middle, or center, time position)
b) Noise
c) Jitter

38) Sketch an ASK (or OOK) modulated carrier waveform that results from the modulating
sequence 11010011. For simplicity, use one carrier cycle per bit.

39) Repeat the previous problem, but now for 2-state (or 2 symbol) PSK, using 0 and
180 .

40) Sketch the phasor diagram (i.e. vectors representing voltages in the complex domain)
for an 8-PSK and a 16-PSK modulations.

41) Draw the constellation diagrams for the two systems in the previous problem.

42) For each of the PSK systems in the previous problems, what is the maximum possible
phase error that can happen before a symbol error occurs ?.
Problem set no. 7, ETEC305, Digital Communications.

43) Describe briefly the following terms, used in satellite systems:

a) Geo-stationary, or synchronous, orbit
b) Global and spot coverage
c) Up-link and down-link signals and channels
d) Transponder

44) Calculate the minimum transmission path loss between a satellite and an earth station
at a frequency of 4 GHz. The distance is 39,500 km.

45) In problem 44) above, the satellite transmitting antenna has a gain of 23 dB, and the
earth station receiving antenna has a gain of 46 dB. Calculate the required minimum
transmitted power, in Watts, if the minimum receivable power is -100 dBm.

46) Describe briefly the method of frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) of combining

several channels onto one carrier.

*47) The Intelsat 4 satellite operates in the bands 5932 - 6418 MHZ and 3707 -
4193 MHZ. The satellite uses 12 transponders, each of bandwidth 36 MHZ. An 8-
MHZ guard band separates the transponder channels into two groups of six, and the
guard band between transponder channels in each group of six is 4 MHZ. Draw the
frequency channelling scheme, and indicate which are the up-link, and which the
down-link, assignments.

48) Calculate the elevation angle, of an earth station antenna, for a geostationary satellite
at 110-degree West, given that the earth station is at 78-degree West and 46-degree
North. Repeat for station at the same latitude, but is at 88-degree West.

* Problem (47) is from Roddy and Coolen's: Electronic Communications.

There will be more problems coming!

Problem Set no 8, ETEC-305, Digital Communications.
Make any reasonable assumption. Take T0 as 290̊ K, unless otherwise specified.

49) In a pulse compression system, the LFM pulse has a width of 16 µs. The frequency at
the beginning of the pulse (at 0 µs) is 80 MHZ, and at +16 µs is 60 MHZ. What is the
slope, µ?
What should be the slope and bandwidth of the matching compressor (receiver)?

50) Calculate the compression gain (c.g.), in dB, of the system in the previous problem.

51) A receiver using the matched filter in the previous problems has a CW gain of 17 dB.
The input signal level is -92 dBm. Calculate the output signal level:
a) When the signal and filter are matched.
b) When the signal and filter are not matched.

52) In the system above, the CW noise figure of the receiver is 5 dB. Calculate the output
S/N ratio, in dB, for both cases a) and b) of the previous problem.

53) If the minimum required S/N ratio at the output of that receiver is 9 dB, what should
be the minimum input signal level, in dBm?

54) The frequency response (transfer function) of the matched filter in the above system is
now amplitude-weighted to reduce the sidelobe level in the output signal. This causes
a correlation gain degradation (cgd) value of 1.5 dB. What is the output (compressed)
signal level, in dBm, when the signal input level is -100 dBm?

55) Calculate the 3-dB pulse width for the compressed output pulse.
Problem set no. 9, ETEC-305, Digital Communications.

56) An NRZ bit sequence is realised using +5 Volt pulses for the 0's and zero Volt for
the 1's. Assuming equal probability (50%) of zeros and ones and a 600-Ω impedance,
calculate:
a. The average signal power in Watts.
b. The DC power component in Watts.
c. The energy per bit, Eb, with and without the DC component, given a bit rate of
1.544 Mbps.

57) Repeat the previous problem for a polar NRZ sequence where the 0's are represented
by -3 Volt pulses and the 1's by +3 Volt pulses.

58) The received signal power of a unipolar stream is -33 dBm, the noise temperature is
340̊ K.
The bit rate is 44.5 Mbps. Calculate the (approximate) probability of error, or BER.

59) Cancelled!

60) In a PCM system, 12 voice channel are multiplexed to produce a composite TDM
signal. Each channel is sampled at 9 kHz and each sample is then encoded in 7
signal bits + 2 sync bits. Each 6 channels are grouped into a larger word to which 2
more sync pulses are added (i.e. 2 pulses are added to each group of 6 channels).
Calculate the bit rate in kbps.

61) Compare the average signal power of unipolar and polar RZ and NRZ (4 formats)
using:
a. Same voltage for each non-zero pulse
b. Same peak-to-peak voltage.
Use equal probability of 1's and 0's for all formats. For RZ formats, use 50% duty
ratio.

62) Calculate and present in a table form the following parameters for each of the four
line formats of the previous problem, using a constant peak-to-peak voltage of 2
Volts, 50% duty cycle (for RZ formats), 600-Ω resistance, equal probability of 1's
and 0's, and a bit transmission rate of 1.544 Mbps:
a. Average signal power
b. DC power
c. Energy per bit, Eb
d. 3-dB bandwidth (use numbers from supplied data sheets)
e. Probability of error (or bit error rate, BER).
Problem set number 10 (A), ETEC305, Digital Communications.

63. Explain briefly the difference between source coding and channel coding in a digital
communication system, illustrating where (in the system) each is used and for what purpose.

64. An analog signal is given by v(t) = 2 Cos (2.B.4t + 70) + 5 Cos (2.B.6t - 120) volts. Draw a
diagram for the double-sided frequency spectrum for that signal.
Mark all amplitudes and phase angle with their proper numerical values.

65. Repeat the previous problem, if the signal includes a dc component of 4 volts

66. Using the frequency spectra (in problems 2 and 3 above) calculate, in each case, the signal power,
using the customary R = 1 S.

67. Draw the double-sided spectrum of each of the following:

a. A single unit impulse function.
b. A single pulse, centered at t = 0 and with a width = 1 ms
You should mark and label all ‘relevant’ frequency and magnitude values on the diagram.

68. Draw the double-sided spectrum of each of the following:

a. An impulse train, with a sampling period of 10 :s
b. A train of pulses, each pulse having a pulse width of 20 :s, and with a pulse repetition rate
of 1 kpps

69. Without using any integrals, find the function v2(t) which results from the time convolution of
two functions v1(t) and h(t), where:
v1(t) is a single pulse, centered around t = 0, pulse amplitude = 1 and pulse width = 1 ms,
v2(t) is a single pulse, centered around t = 0, pulse amplitude = 1 and pulse width = 3 ms.
Use accurate graphs (preferably on a graph paper) ans draw all steps to scale. The final graph,
representing v2(t) should look like a trapezoidal figure.
Problem Set Number 11 (B), Digital Communications.

70. Draw an eye diagram showing the following types of degradations in a received digital signal:
a. Noise
b. Jitter
c. Distortion resulting from insufficient channel bandwidth.

71. Calculate the frequencies of all line spectral components, between 0 and 15 kHz, in a PAM signal
that was produced from a two-tone analog signal (frequencies 3 and 5 KHz) sampled at the rate of
9500 samples per second.

72. The peak-to-peak range in a linear quantizer is " 2 Volts. Using 9 bits, what would be the nominal
quantization S/N ratio (in dB), when the analog signal is given by:
v(t) = 0.8 Cos ω1t + 0.7 Cos ω2t + 0.5 Sin ω3t,
given that all frequencies are different.

73. In a simple (non-adaptive) delta modulation scheme, the bit rate is 40 kbps and the constant step
voltage size is 0.5 Volts.
a. What si the maximum slope of the stepped, or stair-case signal?
b. What should be the (approximate) maximum frequency of a single-tone, 5 Volts peak to peak
analog signal, in order that no significant slope overload error may occur?

74. Using the modulator of the previous problem, and an analog signal given by:
v(t) = 3 Cos 5000 t + 2 Sin 7000 t, t is in seconds,
a. Are the modulator parameters, i.e. step size and bit rate, suitable for this signal? Why?
b. If the step size is to be maintained at the same 0.5 Volt level, what is the minimum bit rate
required, to minimize slope overload noise?

75. The ‘useful’ bandwidth of a voice signal is, approximately, 4 kHz, with some power still carried
by higher frequencies, up to, say, 8 kHz.
The higher (>4) frequencies parts can be eliminated without causing any significant degradation to
the signal.
In a PAM system using a sampling frequency of 10 kHz, a good 4-kHz LPF is placed after the
sampler, to eliminate all frequencies above 4 kHz.
Do we still need an anti-aliasing filter before the sampler? Explain your answer.

76. In a compander using the µ-Law rule, with µ = 255, Calculate the difference in the S/N ratios of
two signals: a full-power signal, and another with power value equals to one half of full power.
a. With the given value of µ
b. Using a µ of 1 (i.e. no companding)
(Note: full power corresponds to x = 1)

77 Explain briefly the cause of, and errors produced by inter symbol interference, ISI, in digital
signals..
Solutions to Problem set no. 1.

1) a. PRT = 2 x (300,000 m) / 300 = 2000 µs

b. since range is 70% of that in a, PRT = 70% of that in a or 1400 µs.
c) dc = PW/PRT in a), dc = 2/2000 = 0.1%
in b), dc = 2/1400 = 0.143%

2) Avg. power: 0.1% of 200 kW = 200 W,

0.143% of 200 kW = 286 W.

3) a. MUR = 0.5 c PRT = 150 x (PRT in µs) = 150 x (106 / 1250) = 120,000 m = 120 km
b. False position = 150 -120 = 30 km

4) a. Min range = 0.5 c PW = 150 x 1.75 m = 0.163 mile

b. MUR = 150 x 920 = 138,000 m = 85.7 miles
c. d.c. = 1.75 / 920 = 0.19%
d. ratio = 1/dc = 1 / 0.19% = 525.7

5) a. v = 0.5 (∆f/f) c , ∆f = 6 kHz , thus v = 159.86 m/s = 575.5 km/hr

b. f = 5.63 GHz + 6 kHz = 6530.006 MHZ.

6) θ = 45E, v cos θ = 707.107 km/hr = 196.42 m/s

∆f = - 2 (v cos θ) . f / c = - 2x196.42x5.8x109 / 3x108 = 7,595 Hz.

7) PRT = 2 x 300 / 300 = 2 ms

More solutions to come soon.

In reading the solutions, try to compare with your own solutions.
Think of what all numbers above mean, compare to formulas and to physical constants, etc..
Solutions to selected problems (between 8 and 18.

8) From lab notes, θ = 6 N PRT (where N is in rpm), thus

required N = 0.5/(6 x .002) = 41.667 rpm. A value of 60 rpm is thus too high,
reduce to below 41.667

10) Don=t forget to use power gain ratio (not dB value) in range equations.
a) Use first range equation to get S = 3.86 m2
b) Use equation A0 = G λ2 / (4π) to get A0 = 20.18 m2
c) Use 500 km as the value for MUR and get PRT = 3333.3 µs
d) Avg power = peak power x dc = 800,000 x (2/3333.3) = 480 W

12) a. Since the frequency in unknown, you can not calculate G (antenna gain), and you don=t
know the value of λ either. But if you re-arrange the first range equation by
substituting 6.4(D/λ)2 for G, you will have one unknown only (λ) instead of two (G &
λ). After re-arranging, the equation will look like: Pr = [(6.4)2 Pt D4 S] / [λ2 (4π)3 R4].
Use worst case S = 5 m2 . The only variable in the equation that you need to calculate
now is Pr.
For a 3 dB S/N, this power must be double the noise power.
Noise power = -114 dBm + 10 Log(10MHz/1MHz) + 6 dB = - 98 dBm
Thus Pr = -98 +3 = -95 dBm = 0.3162 pW. From equation above, λ = 0.02257 m,
or f =13.29 GHz
b. With the new condition, received power can be half as much as in a), the new range is
thus = old range x (2).25 = 535 km

13) a. Use MUR value. Range = 150 km

b. (Please note the correction: G is 34 dB, not 54 dB).
As before, calculate required Pr from noise and given S/N ratio:
Required power = -114 dBm + 10 Log(1.5/1) + 7.5 + 3 = -101.74 dBm = 0.067 pW
Use first range equation to get S = 2.13 m2
c. Use the relation between G, D, and λ to get D = 1.98 m

14) Worst case: PRT=1250 µs. Use θ = 6 x 35 x 1250x10-6 (same formula as before) = .2625E
But θ = 70 (λ/D), you get D = 8.8 m.

15) a. C.G. = 10 Log (TxBW) = 10 Log (2400) = 33.8 dB

b. S/N improvement = C.G. - N.F. = 33.8 - 7 = 26.8 dB

16) Here NF = 18 dB (instead of 7), thus net improvement in S/N = 33.8 - 18 = 15.8 dB, and
output S/N = input S/N + improvement in S/N (all in dB). The only thing left now is to
calculate the input S/N which = input power (in dBm) - kT0B (in dBm)
Input power = 10 pW = -80 dBm, kT0B = -114 + 10 Log(240 MHZ/1MHz) = -90.2 dBm
This input S/N = -80 - (-90.2) = 10.2 dB, output S/N = 10.2 + 15.8 = 26 dB

17) Note that the BW is different here, it is 2 MHZ. kT0B = -114 + 10 Log(2) = -111 dBm
S/N at input = -80 - (-111) = 31 dB, at output = 31 dB - NF = 21 dB.
Solutions to problems in set 8.

48) µ = -20/16 = -1.25 MHz/µs

Compressor should have µ = +1.25 MHz/µs

49) c.g. = 10 Log(20*16) = 25 dB

50) a. Output = -92 + 17 = -75 dBm

b. Output = -92 + 17 + 25 = -50 dBm

51) Output noise = -114 + 10 Log(20) + 5 + 17 = -79 dBm

a. S/N = -75 - (-79) = 4 dB
b S/N = -50 - (-79) = 29 dB

52) For S/N of 9 dB (instead of 29, case b above), input signal can be lowerd by 20 dB,
Thus minimum input signal = -92 -20 = -112 dBm

53) New cg = old cg - cgd = 25 - 1.5 = 23.5 dB

Output signal = -100 + 17 + 23.5 = -59.5 dBm

54) Pulse width = 1/BW = 1/(20 MHz) = 50 ns.

Answers to selected problems from problem sets 4, 5, & 6.

(Only for problems requiring numerical answers)

19) a) 7 kHz b) 1.2

20) a) 6 kHz

24) rate = 8*(24*8 + 1) = 1544 kbps

bw = 0.5 * 1544 = 772 kHz

25) FDM: using 120% bw (i.e. allocate 5 kHz for each 4 kHz signal):
Total BW = 24 * 5 = 120 kHz (which is << 772 kHz)
For the extra bw (in PCM) you gain improved immunity to noise.

27) a) 448 kbps b) 2.23 µs

28) a) 512 kbps b) 1.95 µs

29) 8

30) 47, 48.4, 49.1, 49.6, and 49.9 dB

34) 20.1, 26.64, and 39.9 kbps

35) 0.25 Volt

Solved example on satellite power budget calculations:

In a satellite system, the distance between the transmitting earth station and the satellite is 35,000
km, and between the satellite and the receiving earth station is 37,000 km. Using the parameters
listed below,
1. Calculate the path losses for the up-link and the down-link.
2. Calculate the input power level at the satellite.
3. Calculate the input power level at the receiving earth station.

Transmitting station data:

- Transmitted power = 400 kW.
- Antenna gain = 50 dB
- Up-link frequency = 14 GHz
Satellite:
- Gain of receiving antenna = 30 dB.
- Total (net) gain of transponder = 93 dB.
- Gain of transmitting antenna = 27 dB.
- Down-link frequency = 12 GHz.
Receiving earth station:
- Antenna gain = 56 dB.
Atmospheric and other losses:
- Total (not including path loss) = 6 dB.
(Assume 3 dB in each of the up and down links)

Solutions:
1. Uplink path loss = 92.5+20 Log (35000*14) = 206.3 dB
Downlink path loss = 92.5 + 20 Log (37000*12) = 205.45 dB

2. Transmitted power = 400 kW = 86 dBm

Total loss (up) = 206.3 + 3 = 209.3 dB
Total gain (up) = 50 + 30 = 80 dB
Power at input of satellite receiver = 86 - 209.3 + 80 = -43.3 dBm

3. Power transmitted by satellite = -43.3 + 93 = 49.7 dBm

Total (down) loss = 205.45 + 3 = 208.45 dBm
Total (down) gain = 27 + 56 = 83 dB
Power at input of receiving earth station = 49.7 - 208.45 + 83 = -75.75 dBm