Working principle

If the user want to authenticate the transaction at any time ONE TIME
PASSWORD is method more efficient one. OTP algorithm's security is very
important because no one should be able to guess the next password in sequence.
The sequence should be random to the maximum possible extent, unpredictable
and irreversible. Factors that can be used in OTP generation include names, time,
seeds, etc.

 Several commercial two factor authentication systems exist today such as

RSA Secure ID.
 OTP has a advantages like a Smarter, more advanced security system to
protect you and your money through ATM.
 OTPs are not vulnerable to replay attacks as they are valid just for a single
login.
 Provides a stronger method for authenticating your ATM transactions.
 Acts as an extra level of protection should your Card Number and PIN be
compromised.
 OTPs are generated at random and are valid only for a specific period of
time, thus ensuring utmost security.
 SMS is the cheapest option to distribute OTP to the user.
 Delivering OTP to mobile phone is simple and secure, as the user carries the
mobile phone at all times.
 There is no need for the user to carry an extra device, say a token, to view
the OTP.
  SMS is familiar, has huge customer base and can reach almost every single
user.
 SMS is available in all kinds of handsets.
 It'stotally free, secure and easy to use.
 OTP through SMS effectively eliminates the need for users to create and
maintain passwords and fails password-cracking efforts by phishers.

Proposed system

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a

dedicated task. Some of the main devices used in embedded products are
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers .Microprocessors are commonly referred to
as general purpose processors as they simply accept the inputs, process it and give
the output. In contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs but
also manipulates it, interfaces the data with various devices, controls the data and
thus finally gives the result .Now a day’s ATM plays a major role in every
human’s life in emergency situation for money withdrawal which is more
complicated in earlier days because of queuing process. ATM allows a customer to
make cash withdrawals, printing passbook and check account balance without the
need for human teller. The present ATM system uses the ATM card along with
PIN number only. If a thief has stolen the ATM card and if he/she knows the
password, he/she can misuse the ATM card. In some cases it may be happen the
attackers make a card as your ATM card and mischief with the Bank account. It
makes a financial losses of customer so there are chances of security threats in
existing system like shoulder surfing, data skimming, card trapping. Now a days it
is rarely happens that person having an ATM card but not having a mobile. The
main purpose to use (one time password) OTP is for uniquely identify the mobile
number registered by an individual on bank.
MICROCONTROLLER:

Microcontroller can be termed as a single on chip computer which includes

number of peripherals like RAM, EEPROM, Timers etc., required to perform some
predefined task. AVR is an 8-bit microcontroller belonging to the family of
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). In RISC architecture the instruction set
of the computer are not only fewer in number but also simpler and faster in
operation. AVR microcontroller executes most of the instructions in single
execution cycle. AVRs are about 4 times faster than PICs; they consume less
power and can be operated in different power saving modes. Let’s do the
comparison between the three most commonly used families of microcontrollers.
AVR follows Harvard Architecture format in which the processor is equipped with
separate memories and buses for Program and the Data information. Here the
proposed system uses the PIC microcontroller.

LCD:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual

display, video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals
(LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. They are used in a wide range of
applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft
cockpit displays, signage, etc. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT)
displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight,
portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available
in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do
not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in.

GSM MODEM:
 GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a
computer and a GSM-GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication
(GSM) is an architecture used for mobile communication in most of the countries.
Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM that enables higher
data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of a GSM/GPRS modem
assembled together with power supply circuit and communication interfaces
(like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. The MODEM is the soul of such modules.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

The present chapter introduces the operation of power supply circuits built using filters,
rectifiers, and then voltage regulators Starting with an AC voltage a steady DC voltage is
obtained by rectifying the AC voltage then filtering to a DC level, and finally, regulating to
obtain a desired fixed DC voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage
regulator unit, which takes a DC voltage and provides a somewhat lower DC voltage, which
remains the same even if the input DC voltage varies, or the output load connected to the DC
voltage changes.
 Fig: Diagrams for Power Supply

IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all
in a single IC. Although the internal construction of the IC is somewhat different from that
described for discrete voltage regulator circuits, the external operation is much the same. IC units
provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustable set
voltage. A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the AC supply line to step
the AC voltage to desired amplitude, then rectifying that AC voltage, filtering with a capacitor
and RC filter, if desired, and finally regulating the DC voltage using an IC regulator. The
regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of Millis amperes to
tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from mill watts to tens of watts.

THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Fig shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to a load. The
fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated DC input voltage, VI, applied to one input terminal, a
regulated output DC voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to
ground The specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting from a change
in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation).

FIXED POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Fig: Fixed Voltage Regulators

The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V shows how one
such IC, a 7812, is connected to provide voltage regulation with the output from this unit of
+12V Dec. An unregulated input voltage VI is filtered by capacitor C1 and connected to the IC’s
IN terminal. The IC’s OUT terminal provides a regulated + 12V which is filtered by the
capacitor C2 (mostly for any high-frequency noise). The third IC terminal is connected to ground
(GND).
 While the input voltage may vary over some permissible voltage range, and the output
load may vary over some acceptable range, the output voltage remains constant within specified
voltage variation limits. These limitations are spelled out in the manufacturer’s specification
sheets.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

The AC voltage, typically 220V RMS, is connected to a transformer, which steps that AC
voltage down to the level of the desired DC output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave
rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a DC voltage. This
resulting DC voltage usually has some ripple or AC voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same DC value even if the input DC
voltage varies, or the load connected to the output DC voltage changes. This voltage regulation is
usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.

Fig:3.12BlockDiagram of Power Supply

TRANSFORMER

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V)
level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier,
which is constructed with the help of op–amp. The advantages of using a precision rectifier are it
will give a peak voltage output as DC, the rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

When four diodes are connected as shown in the figure, the circuit is called as a bridge
rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and
the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at
point A and a negative potential at point B. The positive potential at point A will forward bias
D3 and reverse bias D4. The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2.
At this time the D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them;
D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow. The path for current flow is from point
B through D1, up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to
point B.

This path is indicated by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across
D1 and D3.One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse,
forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3.

The current flow will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2,
through the secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows.
Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is
always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage
corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows through the load (RL) during
both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a
given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the
conventional full-wave circuit.This may be shown by assigning values to some of the
components shown in views A and B. Assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits.
The peak voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits.
 Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that can be
rectified at any instant is 500 volts.. In the bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum
voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the
peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the
same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the
conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all
in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative
voltage, or an adjustable set voltage.

The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of Milli
amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milliwatts to tens of watts. A
fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated DC input voltage, VI, applied to one
input terminal, a regulated DC output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third
terminal connected to ground. The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages
from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages
from 5 to 24 volts.

 For IC’s, Micro Controller, LCD --------- 5 volts

 For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12 volts
LCD DISPLAY

FIG 3.15:Liquid crystal display

REFLECTIVE TWISTED NOMADIC LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY.

1. Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters.

2. Glass substrate with ITOelectrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the
shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface
are smooth.
3. Twisted hematic liquid crystal.
4. Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with
the horizontal filter.
5. Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light.
6. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced
with a light source.)

LCD DISPLAY:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video
display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit
light directly. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer
display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-
segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary
images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions,
instrument, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as
video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have
replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider
range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they
do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.

The LCD screen is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT.
Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered
electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of
segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source(backlight)
or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first discovered in
1888.

16 x 2 character LCD display:

An LCD is a small low cost display. it is easy to interface with a micro-controller because
of an embedded controller (the black blob on the back of the board). This controller is standard
across many displays (hd 44780), which means many micro-controllers have libraries that make
displaying messages as easy as a single line of code.

Features:

 5 x 8 dots with cursor

 built-in controller (ks 0066 or equivalent)
 + 5v power supply (also available for + 3v)
 1/16 duty cycle
 b/l to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or a.k (led)
  n.v. optional for + 3v power supply

SCHEMATIC VIEW 16 X 2 LCD DISPLAY

FIG: SCHEMATIC VIEW OF 16 X 2 LCD DISPLAY

Address code:
Details of 16 x 2 LCD display:

DC MOTOR

INTRODUCTION
 Almost every mechanical movement that we see around us is accomplished by an
electric motor. Electric machines are a means of converting energy. Motors take electrical
energy and produce mechanical energy. Electric motors are used to power hundreds of
devices we use in everyday life. Motors come in various sizes. Huge motors that can take
loads of 1000’s of Horsepower are typically used in the industry. Some examples of large
motor applications include elevators, electric trains, hoists, and heavy metal rolling mills.
Examples of small motor applications include motors used in automobiles, robots, hand
power tools and food blenders. Micro-machines are electric machines with parts the size
of red blood cells, and find many applications in medicine. Electric motors are broadly
classified into two different categories: DC (Direct Current) and AC (Alternating
Current). Within these categories are numerous types, each offering unique abilities that
suit them well for specific applications. In most cases, regardless of type, electric motors
consist of a stator (stationary field) and a rotor (the rotating field or armature) and operate
through the interaction of magnetic flux and electric current to produce rotational speed
and torque. DC motors are distinguished by their ability to operate from direct current.
There are different kinds of D.C. motors, but they all work on the same principles. In this
chapter, we will study their basic principle of operation and their characteristics. It’s important to
understand motor characteristics so we can choose the right one for our application requirement.

CONSTRUCTION

DC motors consist of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another set of coils
or a set of permanent magnets, called the stator. Applying a voltage to the coils produces a
torque in the armature, resultingin motion.

STATOR

 The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.

  The stator of a permanent magnet dc motor is composed of two or more permanent
magnet pole pieces.

 The magnetic field can alternatively be created by an electromagnet. In this case, a DC

coil (field winding) is wound around a magnetic material that forms part of the stator.

ROTOR

 The rotor is the inner part which rotates.

 The rotor is composed of windings (called armature windings) which are connected to
the external circuit through a mechanical commutator.

 Both stator and rotor are made of ferromagnetic materials. The two are separated by air-
gap.

WINDING

A winding is made up of series or parallel connection of the coils.

 Armature winding - The winding through which the voltage is applied or induced.

 The field winding - The winding through which a current is passed to produce flux (for
the electromagnet)

 Windings are usually made of copper.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Consider a coil in a magnetic field of flux density B (figure 4). When the two ends of the
coil are connected across a DC voltage source, current I flow through it. A force is exerted on the
coil as a result of the interaction of magnetic field and electric current. The force on the two sides
of the coil is such that the coil starts to move in the direction of force.
In an actual DC motor, several such coils are wound on the rotor, all of which experience force,
resulting in rotation. The greater the current in the wire, or the greater the magnetic field, the
faster the wire moves because of the greater force created.At the same time this torque is being
produced, the conductors are moving in a magnetic field. At different positions, the flux linked
with it changes, which causes an emf to be induced (e = d /dt) as shown in figure 5. This
voltage is in opposition to the voltage that causes current flow through the conductor and is
referred to as a counter-voltage or back emf.
The value of current flowing through the armature is dependent upon the difference between the
applied voltage and this counter-voltage. The current due to this counter-voltage tends to oppose
the very cause of its production according to Lenz’s law. It results in the rotor slowing down.
Eventually, the rotor slows just enough so that the force created by the magnetic field. Equals the
load force applied to the shaft. Then the system moves at constant velocity.

DC MOTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The schematic diagram for a DC motor is shown below. A DC motor has two distinct
circuits: Field circuit and armature circuit. The input is electrical power and the output is
mechanical power. In this equivalent circuit, the field winding is supplied from a separate DC
voltage source of voltage Vf. Rf and Lf represent the resistance and inductance of the field
winding. The current If produced in the winding establishes the magnetic field necessary for
motor operation. In the armature (rotor) circuit, VT is the voltage applied across the motor
terminals, Ia is the current flowing in the armature circuit, Ra is the resistance of the armature
winding, and Eb is the total voltage induced in the armature.

ADVANTAGES OF DC MOTOR

DC motors provide excellent speed control for acceleration and deceleration with
effective and simple torque control. The fact that the power supply of a DC motor connects
directly to the field of the motor allows for precise voltage control, which is necessary to speed
and torque control applications.
DC motors perform better than AC motors on most traction equipment. They are also used for
mobile equipment like golf carts, quarry and mining equipment. DC motors are conveniently
portable and well suited for special applications, such as industrial tools and machinery that is
not easily run from remote power sources.

IR SENSOR
We have already discussed how a light sensor works. IR Sensors work by using a specific
light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED
which produces light at the same wavelength as what the sensor is looking for, you can look at
the intensity of the received light. When an object is close to the sensor, the light from the LED
bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in the intensity,
which we already know can be detected using a threshold.

Depiction of the operation of an IR Sensor

Detecting Brightness
Since the sensor works by looking for reflected light, it is possible to have a sensor that
can return the value of the reflected light. This type of sensor can then be used to measure how
"bright" the object is. This is useful for tasks like line tracking.

Depiction of the operationof an

IR Sensor to measure brightness

FIRE SENSOR

This fire sensor circuit exploits the temperature sensing property of an

ordinary signal diode IN 34 to detect heat from fire. At the moment it senses heat,
a loud alarm simulating that of Fire brigade will be produced. The circuit is too
sensitive and can detect a rise in temperature of 10 degree or more in its vicinity.
Ordinary signal diodes like IN 34 and OA 71 exhibits this property and the internal
resistance of these devices will decrease when temperature rises.

BUZZER

General Description:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Buzzer is an integrated structure of electronic transducers, DC power

supply,widely used in computers, printers, copiers, alarms, electronic toys,
automotiveelectronic equipment, telephones, timers and other electronic products for
sounddevices. Active buzzer 5V Rated power can be directly connected to a
continuoussound, this section dedicated sensor expansion module and the board in
combination,can complete a simple circuit design, to "plug and play."

Specifications:

• On-board passive buzzer

• On-board 8550 triode drive

• Can control with single-chip microcontroller IO directly

• Working voltage: 5V

• Board size: 22 (mm) x12 (mm)

Pin Configuration:

1. VCC

2. Input

3. Ground

Schematic Diagram: