Describe the devices based on their classification and

provide specific examples and pictures. Compare

and/or contrast devices, particularly their advantage
and disadvantages.
On more general aspect. The group must be able to
describe the following items or phenomena which are
associated with fluid machines, and their effects on
flow, where applicable:

(a) Performance curves of fluid machines (check)

(b) Effects of impeller diameter and impeller speed
(Shaira check)
(c) Effects of a series and parallel arrangement of
fluid machines (Shaira check)

Turbines
Is the device in which the kinetic, potential or
intermolecular energy held by the fluid is converted in the
form of mechanical energy of a rotating member.
Insert turbine pic and the advantages and disadvantages
of turbines*

Pump
Increases the mechanical energy of the liquid, increasing its
velocity reassure, or elevation – or all three. The two major
classes are positive-displacement pumps and centrifugal pumps.
Positive displacement units apply pressure directly to the liquid
by a reciprocating piston, or by rotating members which form
chambers alternately filled by and emptied of the liquid.
Centrifugal pumps generate high rotational velocities, then
convert the resulting kinetic energy of the liquid to pressure
energy.
In Pumps the density of liquid does not change appreciably and
may be considered constant.
Sample pumps

- Reciprocating pumps

- Rotary pumps

- Peristaltic pumps

- Centrifugal pumps

Fans
Centrifugal fans
- Rotating impeller increases air velocity
- Air speed is converted to pressure
- High pressures for harsh conditions
- 1 high temperature
- 2 moist/dirty air streams
- 3 material handling
- CATEGORIZED BY BLADE SHAPES

For Centrifugal Type Fans – Blade shapes

Radial Forward Curved Backwawrd-inclined

Adv DIs ADV DIS ADV DIS

High Suited for Large air Not highOperates Not suited for
pressure and low/medium volumes pressure / with dirty
temperature airflow rates against harsh service
changing airstreams
only pressure static
pressure
Simple Relative Difficult to Suited for Instability
design small size adjust fan high flow and erosion
output forced draft risk
services
Efficiency up Low noise Careful driver Efficiency >
to 75% level selection 85%

Large Low energy

running efficiency 55-
clearances 65%
High
durability

Axial Fans
- Work like airplane propeller
- 1 blades create aerodynamic lift
- 2 air is pressurized
- 3 air moves along fan axis
- Popular with industry: compact, low cost and light weight
- Applications
ventilations
Exhaust

For Axial Type Fans – Blade shapes

Tube Vane Propeller
ADV DIS ADV DIS ADV DIS
High pressure Expensive Suited for Expensive High airflow Low energy
to overcome medium/high at low pressure efficiency
duct losses pressures
Suited for Moderate Quick Little Noisy
medium- Noise acceleration ductwork
pressure, high
airflow rates
Quick Lowe energy Suited for Inexpensive
Acceleration efficiency 65% direct motor
shaft
connection
Space efficient Most energy Suited for
efficient 85% rooftop
ventilation
Reverse flow

Insert pictures of fans given above*

Blowers
Centrifugal blowers
- Gear-driven impeller that accelerates air
- Single and multi-stage blowers
- Operate at 0.35-0.70 kg/cm2 pressure
- Airflow drops if system pressure rises

Positive Displacement Blowers

- Rotors trap air and push it through housing

- Constant air volume regardless of system pressure
- Suited for applications prone to clogging
- Turn slower that centrifugal blowers
- Belt-driven for speed changes

Compressors
are devices that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel
or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in
pressurized air (i.e., compressed air).

Advantages Disadvantages
They tend to be less expensive More air hose must be run when distance
is an issue, and that means some
additional cost.

Upgrading permanent mount compressors Not portable

with air filters, water filters, and in-line
lubrication is easier.

There is a much broader selection of

electrical power options for mounted units.

Generally, they are more powerful.

Generally, they have greater air capacity

(CFM output).

Performance Curve:
Curve of the pump and also system demand curve. The
intersection of pump performance curve and system
demand curve is the operating point which gives head
and discharge. It is desirable that the intersection
occurs as close to the point of maximum efficiency of
the pump as the 'best operating point'.

Example of a Performance curve of fans

Operating Point The operating point (point of operation

or design point) is defined as the fan pressure rise
(SP)/volumetric flow rate (CFM) condition where the
fan and system are in a stable equilibrium. This
corresponds to the condition at which the fan SP/CFM
characteristic intersects the system pressure loss/flow
rate characteristics.
The system line is simply a parabolic curve made up of
all possible SP and CFM combinations within a given
system and is determined from the fan law that SP
varies as RPM2. Another fan law states that CFM
varies as the RPM. Therefore, we can also say that SP
varies as CFM2. Note: Some systems have modulating
dampers which will not follow this parabolic curve.
Sometimes a fan system does not operate properly
according to the design conditions. The measured
airflow in the fan system may be deficient or it may be
delivering too much CFM. In either case, it is
necessary to either speed the fan up or slow it down to
attain design conditions. Knowing that the fan must
operate somewhere along the system curve, and
knowing that it is possible to predict the fan
performance at other speeds by applying the following
fan laws: 1. CFM varies as RPM 2. SP varies as RPM2
3. BHP varies as RPM3 We can now graphically
present an “operating line” between various fan speeds
using the fan/system operating point.

​These speed changes represent an example of fan

control that can be accomplished through drive
changes or a variable speed motor. Another way to
present an “operating line” is to add a damper, making
the system the variable characteristic. By modulating
the damper blades, new system lines are created
resulting in an operating line along the fan curve. This
can be seen graphically.

Combining the fan control curve with the system

controlled curve results in a fan/system controlled
curve having an “operating region” as shown below.
(Fans and Blowers, 2017)

Problem involving the use of a performance curve*

Bibliography
Dayton. (2017, oct 12). How to Read a Fan Curve. Retrieved
from solutionsforair:
http://www.solutionsforair.com/dayton_content/pdfs/fancurves.p
df
Husain, Z. (2008). Basic Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Machines. BSP BS.