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This exercise shows how to include "self weight" in a Finite Element model.
Since the weight of a body acts over the volume, FE models can often do
better than simply "lumping" the weight at selected points in the model. In
fact, it is often easier to leave it to the FE programme to calculate the relevant
loads at the nodes of the model.
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The exercise starts with a model of a plate which already has material data,
property data, shell elements, restraints and has an end load applied.
We create a new collector for the self-weight, enter the magnitude and
direction of the gravity vector, create a collector that combines the end-load
and the self-weight, edit the material to ensure that the density has been
specified, and solve the problem.
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• Press ENTER to move forward from one slide to the next, or click on the
blue button at the bottom right of this window
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You will need access to HyperWorks 9.0. Some of the functions described in
this tutorial are not available in earlier versions. You should also have access
to the Student Guides - you may want to refer to them later both for theory
and for advanced use of the software.
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An FE analysis often generates several files. The image shows the contents
of the working folder used for this demonstration immediately after the
successful conclusion of the last of the 3 analyses.
It's a good idea to use different folders for each analysis. In any event, always
use meaningful names, so you can identify and review the output files.
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Output Files
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The Model Browser shows the contents of the model we start with - it has shell elements, a force,
restraints, a loadstep, a material, and a property (the shell thickness).
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The analysis is complete, and the results are in the H3D file as this HyperView session shows.
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Note the maximum deflection for this model - this is the deflection with a
concentrated load at one corner of the plate. In the next few steps, we will
include the affect of gravity. We'll assume that the force due to gravity is in
the negative "Z" direction.
Summary of Results
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Note that if you right-click on Load Collector, you don't need to specify the type of collector you want to
create - HyperMesh brings up only the Load Collector menu.
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Select Create
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Click on the data entry field labeled G to enter the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
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To calculate the weight of the each element, the solver multiplies the mass of
each element with the acceleration due to gravity. Make sure the value you
use is consistent with the units you are using. Remember that the mass is
calculated from the element's volume and its density.
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Also remember that the acceleration is a vector - it has both a magnitude and
a direction. The direction of the vector is specified using the direction cosines
of the plane that the vector is normal to. In general, if the model orientation is
such that the gravity vector is not along one of the axes of the global
coordinate system, it's advisable to create and use a local coordinate system
to specify the direction.
In this example, the weight acts in the negative Z direction. So the three
direction cosines are 0, 0 and -1 respectively.
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For more details, refer to the online help on the GRAV card image:
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To specify the direction of the vector, click on the data entry field for N3
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When the earlier model was built, the loadstep was created.
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Note that the LOAD referred to by this loadstep has the id number 3
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From the list of load collectors, we can see that id number 3 is the concentrated load.
Since only one load collector can be entered in a loadstep, if we want both the gravity and concentrated
load to be used for the analysis, we must create a new load collector. This new load collector will be a
load-combination.
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Select Create
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Click on this data entry field to enter the number of loads we want to combine.
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Note that the id of this new load collector is 5 - we will use it when we update the loadstep.
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Also note that since we entered 2, the form has now updated - it allows you to enter the details for two
loads that will be combined in load collector number 5
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For more details, refer to the online help on the LOAD card image:
Load Combinations
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The load combination is a scaled value of the weighted sum. Accordingly, the
data required is
Refer to the online help on the LOAD card image for more information on the
formula.
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Load Combinations
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Select the data entry field for S, the multiplier for the combined load
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Enter 1, then select the data entry field for S1(1), the weight for the first of the loads that will be
combined.
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Select the data entry field for S1(2), the weight for the second of the loads that will be combined.
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Click on return
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Double-click on the data entry field for the Load that is used by this loadstep
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Click on return
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Select Save As
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Click on Radioss
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Click on Radioss again to start the solve. Since the file has been saved under a new name, the output
files will be created accordingly.
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The value is no different than that from the concentrated load alone.
Note that this could be for a variety of reasons. For instance, there may have
been an error in the application of the gravity load.
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load") is less than the other loads that act on the body (these are usually
referred to as "live loads").
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To try this, close the HyperView session, then close the analysis page in the HyperMesh session
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Select the multiplier for the load whose ID is 3 (since the Model Browser shows that this is the End
Load)
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Select Save As
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We could also have achieved the same effect (eliminating the affect of the concentrated load) by editing
the loadstep and replacing the combined load by the gravity load.
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Click on Radioss again to start the solve. Since the file has been saved under a new name, the output
files will be created accordingly.
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According to the legend, the deflection due to self weight is several orders of magnitude less than the
deflection due to the concentrated load.
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This does not, of course, mean that we can conclude that the model is
correct. Simulation results, like those from any experiment, should be
checked and cross-checked.
Omitting the density of the materials in the model, or using wrong units, is a
very common mistake. Accordingly, the last step in this exercise is a review of
how to update material properties.
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Select Edit
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Click on select
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Click on update/edit
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Enter an appropriate value - one that has the correct units! - and click on return
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This directly opens the card-image for this material - edit the data and click on return to update the
material
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End of Exercise