Progress in Organic Coatings 88 (2015) 256–262

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Progress in Organic Coatings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/porgcoat

Electrochemical and optical microscopy study of red pepper seed oil

corrosion inhibition by self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on 304 SS
Fredy Kurniawan ∗ , Kartika A. Madurani
Laboratory of Instrumentation and Analytical Sciences, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember, Arief Rahman Hakim, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Corrosion inhibition by red pepper seed oil (capsicol) on 304 stainless steel (SS) was studied in 1 M HCl
Received 2 March 2015 solutions. The oil was extracted from the seed of the red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), which was culti-
Received in revised form 22 June 2015 vated in East Java, Indonesia. Electrochemical and optical microscopy techniques were used to observe the
Accepted 12 July 2015
performance of the corrosion-inhibition process. The inhibition efficiency reached 92.32% for an immer-
Available online 3 August 2015
sion time in capsicol of 30 min at room temperature and decreased with temperature. This inhibition
behavior by capsicol was also justified by comparing the pictures of the samples with and without the
Keywords:
inhibitor after corroding for one week.
Stainless steel
Red pepper seed oil © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Capsicol
Inhibitor
Self-assembled monolayers

1. Introduction
The issue of corrosion control using organic inhibitors on metal
has been studied extensively [1] because organic species enable
effective corrosion inhibition, a simple application procedure, an
environment friendly process and no interference with the pro-
duction process during application [1–8]. Organic inhibitors are
often added directly into paint or coating substances to improve the
protective-layer properties. In addition to serving as anodic passive
layers, they can also increase a coating’s adhesion properties. More-
over, the active region of the compound is also able to protect the
metal from other influences due to the steric hindrance effect and
polarity interactions [9–11]. Derivative compounds of azole, such
as 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) and 2-mercaptobenzoxazole
(MBO), have been used as organic corrosion inhibitors in polyester-
melamine coatings. The azole derivative compounds in the coating
mixtures lend corrosion inhibition to mild steel after spraying 1 M
NaCl on the surface of the specimen [10].
Organic inhibitors from various plant extracts also have been
explored since 1930 and have received much more attention
because of their biodegradability, inexpensive price and effective-
ness at retarding corrosion in acidic media [2,12–15]. Sanyal, 1981
reported that the extract of Chelidonium majus (celandine) was
used as the first organic inhibitor in the pickling process using
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +62 82141264818; fax: +62 31 5928314.
E-mail address: fredy@chem.its.ac.id (F. Kurniawan).
sulfuric acid [14]. Uncaria gambir [3], Psidium guajava [4], Jasminum
nudiflorum [5], Dendrocal massinicus [6], Salvia officinalis [7], Sily-
bum marianum [8], Justicia gendarussa [12], Aniba rosaedora [15],
Chamaemelum mixtum L., Cymbopogon proximus, Nigella sativa L.,
Phaselous vulgaris L. [16], Murraya koenigii [17], Nauclea latifolia
[18], Mansoa alliacea [19] and Capsicum annuum L. extracts also
have been reported as corrosion inhibitors. Notably, the C. annuum
L. extract can inhibit the corrosion rate up to 85% in 1400 mg/L
hydrochloric acid media.
The C. annuum extract contains flavonoids, ascorbic acid,
polysaccharides and capsaicin, the concentrations of which depend
on the variety and geographic origin of the plant. The ‘Reus long
pairal’ and ‘sweet Italian’ C. annuum extract varieties that are
planted in Semillas Fitó, Spain contain sterol, triterpene, organic
acid, fatty acid and volatile compounds [20]. The ‘King Arthur’,
‘Red Knight’, ‘Capel Hot’ and ‘Robustini’ C. annuum extract varieties
(grown in Lublin, Poland) also contain vitamins C and E, ␤-carotene,
xanthophylls and phenolic compounds [21]. The C. annuum var.
acuminatum Fingerh (grown in Thailand) contains potassium, mag-
nesium and folic acid, high quantities of vitamins A and C, and low
quantities of calories and sodium [22]. The chemical compositions
of the extracts from different varieties of C. annuum most likely
influence the corrosion-inhibition properties because the various
active compounds may have different activities for corrosion retar-
dation.
Red peppers can be found easily in Indonesia. In 2012, red
pepper production in Indonesia was estimated at 954.36 million
tons, increasing 7.37% compared with the production in 2011. In

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.07.010
0300-9440/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 F. Kurniawan, K.A. Madurani / Progress in Organic Coatings 88 (2015) 256–262
general, the red pepper fruit is used as a seasoning to produce a
spicy taste and as a natural red dye in cooking, but the seed is usually
discarded. The many compounds present in red pepper seeds, such
as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, vitamins, minerals, and oil, can
be extracted and used as a green corrosion inhibitor [23]. In the
present work, we separated the red pepper seed oil from the Prabu
variety and used it as a corrosion inhibitor for 304 SS in 1 M HCl. The
performance of the inhibitor was evaluated using potentiodynamic
polarization, EIS and optical microscopy techniques. The effects of
the immersion time and the temperature on the adsorption behav-
ior of the inhibitor at 25 to 65 ◦ C were also investigated.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
The experiments were conducted on 304 SS specimens that have
the following composition (wt%): 0.08% C, 2.00% Mn, 0.045% P, 1.00%
Si, 18.00% Cr, 8.00% Ni and the balance Fe. The 304 SS specimens
of 1.0 mm × 4.0 cm × 1.0 cm were abraded using emery paper of
grades 500 and 1000 consecutively. The surface smoothness of the
304 SS during abrasion was monitored using an optical microscope,
and then the samples were washed thoroughly with demineralized
water and acetone. An aggressive solution of 1 M HCl was prepared
by the dilution of AR grade 37% HCl from Merck using demineralized
water.
Fresh red peppers of the Prabu variety, cultivated at Made,
Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, were bought from a local market.
The red pepper seeds were separated from the fruit and placenta.
The seeds were dried at 60 ◦ C for 50 h in the oven and then mashed
into a powder. A 25 g portion of seed powder was extracted by the
Soxhlet method using 350 mL of 99% ethanol (Merck), and then the
extract was evaporated. The concentrated extract was centrifuged
at 3250 rpm and cooled at −17 ◦ C, yielding yellow and orange lay-
ers. The orange layer (the red pepper oil, i.e., capsicol) was separated
and characterized using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spec-
trophotometer.
2.2. Characterization of the oil obtained from the red pepper seeds
The oil resulting from the extraction process was characterized
by FTIR (Shimadzu-FTIR-8400S) using the KBr-disk technique. The
seed oil was dropped and flattened onto the KBr disk and then
placed onto the sample holder for analysis.
2.3. Electrochemical measurements
Electrochemical experiments were performed using a three-
electrode cell system with platinum as the counter electrode (CE),
Ag/AgCl (KCl 3 M) as the reference electrode (RE) and the 304 SS
specimen as the working electrode (WE). The WE surface area was
prepared as 1.0 × 1.0 cm, as described in Section 2.1. The inhibitor
coating was formed using the self-assembled monolayer (SAM)
technique [24–26]. Various immersion times for the 304 SS in the
inhibitor were used, including 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min. Then,
the specimen was washed ten times by immersion in demineralized
water for one minute each.
Prior to measurement, the specimen was immersed in a cor-
rosion medium at open-circuit potential (OCP) until it reached
steady state conditions. All electrochemical measurements were
performed using Autolab PGSTAT128N, which is provided by the
Nova 1.7 software. The applied potential of the potentiodynamic
polarization curves was measured at ±100 mV from Ecorr at a scan
257
rate of 1 mV/s. The Tafel plots obtained were extrapolated to get
corrosion parameters. The inhibition efficiency (IE%) is defined as:
0
icorr − icorr
IE% = 0
× 100, (1)
icorr
0
where icorr and icorr are the corrosion current in the absence and
presence of the inhibitor, respectively.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed
at OCP in the frequency range of 1000 to 0.1 Hz using a signal
amplitude of 1 mA. The inhibition efficiency is calculated using the
following equation:
i − R0
Rct ct
IE% = × 100, (2)
i
Rct
0 and Ri are the charge-transfer resistance in the absence
where Rct
ct
and presence of the inhibitor, respectively.
2.4. Optical microscopy
All specimens were prepared as described in Section 2.1. The
304 SS specimens (prepared with and without immersion in the
inhibitor for 30 min) were immersed in an aggressive solution for
one week at ambient temperature. Then, the 304 SS specimens
were washed with demineralized water and dried at room temper-
ature. An Olympus BX60 optical microscope was used to observe
the changes in the surface morphology of the 304 SS specimens.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization of the oil from the red pepper seeds
The oil from the red pepper seeds was characterized using FTIR.
The result is shown in Fig. 1.
We found that the red pepper seed oil (capsicol) has several
functional groups, including alkene (C C H) at  = 3008.75 cm−1 ,
alkane (C H) at  = 2927.74, 1461.94 and 721.33 cm−1 , N H
at  = 3471.63 and 1658.67 cm−1 , aliphatic amine (C N) at
 = 1164.92 cm−1 , carbonyl (C O) at  = 1750.00 cm−1 ), which
is typical for esters or saturated aliphatic, and C C (O) C at
 = 1099.35 cm−1 . There is no indication of O H or aromatic groups.
The presence of electronegative atoms (i.e., N and O) and the dou-
ble bond of the alkene group give capsicol potency as a corrosion
inhibitor. Free electron pairs from the electronegative atoms and ␲
electrons from the alkene group are able to interact with the 304
Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of red pepper seed oil.
258 F. Kurniawan, K.A. Madurani / Progress in Organic Coatings 88 (2015) 256–262

Table 1
Potentiodynamic polarization parameters for 304 SS in 1 M HCl at various immersion times.

Duration (min) ba (mV/dec) bc (mV/dec) Ecorr (mV) jcorr (␮A/cm2 ) icorr (␮A) CR (mmpy) IE%

0 115.06 335.46 −576.50 510.88 510.88 5.31 –

10 114.56 246.91 −640.50 223.57 223.57 2.32 56.24
20 83.83 79.02 −685.61 182.01 182.01 1.89 64.37
30 36.05 35.64 −733.87 39.22 39.22 0.41 92.32
40 147.65 69.15 −662.41 139.09 139.09 1.45 72.77
50 112.32 172.65 −650.61 163.81 163.81 1.70 67.94
60 159.35 274.27 −628.75 178.46 178.46 1.86 65.07

SS surface. This interaction can form a layer that protects the metal immersion times. The suggested mechanism for inhibitor release
from the aggressive action of acid solutions [1,2,13,14,27]. can be found in Fig. 3. A strong layer is formed only up to 30 min of
immersion in the inhibitor (Fig. 3a), but when immersed for more
3.2. Potentiodynamic polarization study than 30 min, a weak layer will be formed (Fig. 3b). This weak layer is
dissolved soon after the 304 SS specimen is dipped into the aggres-
The anodic and cathodic polarization behavior of various sive solution. Dissolution of the weak layer also can likely attract
immersion times in the inhibitor was studied by the potentiody- inhibitor from the strong layer because some of the bonds between
namic polarization technique. The polarization curves are shown the inhibitors (in the strong and weak layer) are stronger than the
in Fig. 2. bond between the inhibitor and the metal. Thus, holes will be left
Tafel plots, which were extrapolated to determine the corro- behind on the surface of the 304 SS, which makes it more vulner-
sion parameters (icorr , Ecorr , ba , bc and CR ), are shown in Table 1. The able against the aggressive solution. Therefore, the corrosion rate
maximum corrosion potential (Ecorr ) of 304 SS is shifted 157.37 mV of 304 SS in 1 M HCl increases with increasing immersion time in
to the left in comparison to that of the blank (cathodic displace- the inhibitor. The lowest corrosion rate was 0.41 mmpy, and the
ment). The inhibitor can be called a cathodic or an anodic inhibitor highest IE% was 92.32% for the 30-min immersion time. This result
(depending on the direction) if the Ecorr shift is more than 85 mV shows that the IE% of red pepper seed oil is higher than that for red
[3,12]. Therefore, the red pepper seed oil acts as a cathodic inhibitor pepper fruit extract (85%) [13]. The effect of the immersion time in
in this experiment. The anodic constant (ba ) value is attributed to the inhibitor on the corrosion rates and the inhibition efficiency is
metal dissolution and adsorption of the inhibitor at anodic poten- shown in Fig. 4.
tials, whereas the cathodic constant (bc ) is related to hydrogen
evolution at cathodic potentials [13]. According to Table 1, the val-
ues of ba and bc decrease gradually in 10–30 min of immersion time,
but the ba value behaved irregularly, and bc increased in 40–60 min.
These patterns indicated that the presence of the inhibitor affects
both the anodic and cathodic reactions [17,28]. The ba and bc values
decreased over the course of the immersion time from 10–30 min,
indicating that the inhibitor adsorbed slowly on the 304 SS surface
and reached optimum at 30 min [29].
This result is also in good agreement with the values for the
corrosion rate. The corrosion rate is directly proportional to the
corrosion current (icorr ). The values decrease in the first 10–30 min
but increase for 40–60-min immersion times. This may be due
to the adsorption behavior of the inhibitor on the surface of the
304 SS/acid solution interface [30]. It is likely that a fraction of
the inhibitor is released from the surface of 304 SS during longer

Fig. 2. Polarization curves for 304 SS in 1 M HCl with various immersion times in Fig. 3. Inhibitor behavior on the 304 SS surface during immersion in 1 M HCl after
the inhibitor. dipping in the inhibitor for (a) 30 min and (b) more than 30 min.
 F. Kurniawan, K.A. Madurani / Progress in Organic Coatings 88 (2015) 256–262 259

Table 2
Corrosion parameters at various temperatures.

Temperature (◦ C) Duration (min) ba (mV/dec) bc (mV/dec) Ecorr (mV) jcorr (␮A/cm2 ) icorr (␮A) CR (mmpy) IE%

25 0 115.06 335.46 −576.50 510.88 510.88 5.31 –

30 36.06 35.64 −733.87 39.22 39.22 0.41 92.32
35 0 122.55 197.14 −551.92 978.79 978.79 11.66 –
30 52.46 80.83 −602.07 205.27 205.27 2.13 79.03
45 0 153.50 801.19 −555.66 2044.60 2044.60 21.26 –
30 87.85 93.08 −531.33 718.69 718.69 8.42 64.85
55 0 180.88 95.17 −519.26 4510.60 4510.60 28.01 –
30 174.50 152.88 −528.18 2051.00 2051.00 21.33 54.53
65 0 195.84 165.84 −518.40 18905.00 18905.00 196.61 –
30 139.54 113.74 −523.94 16439.00 16439.00 170.96 13.04

6 100 180 100

90 160
5
80 80
140
70
Corrosion rate/mmpy

Corrosion rate/mmpy
120
60 60
100
3 50
IE%

IE%
80
40 40
2 60
30
20 40 20
1
10 20
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20 40 60
Immersion time/min o
Temperature/ C
Fig. 4. Corrosion rates and inhibitor efficiencies obtained at various immersion
Fig. 6. Effect of temperature on the corrosion rate and inhibitor efficiency.
times of inhibitor in 1 M HCl at ambient temperature.

3.3. The effect of temperature
The effect of temperature was studied to obtain more informa-
tion about the performance of red pepper seed oil, i.e., the activation
energy before and after inhibitor addition. All 304 SS specimens,
except for the blank, were immersed in inhibitor for 30 min and
washed properly, as described in Section 2.3, before measurement
using the potentiodynamic polarization technique. The polariza-
tion curves at various temperatures are shown in Fig. 5 and indicate
that the performance of the inhibitor decreases with temperature.
The corrosion parameters that are calculated from the Tafel extrap-
olation are shown in Table 2.
Fig. 6 shows that the corrosion rate increases with temperature.
This is likely caused by the desorption of the inhibitor from the
304 SS surface [3,31]. This temperature effect is similar to those
reported by [3,31,32].
The effect of temperature on the corrosion current (icorr ) can be
expressed by the Arrhenius equation [31]:
icorr = Ae(−Ea /RT) . (3)
the Ea values of 304 SS in 1 M HCl with and without inhibitor
are compared to see how well the inhibition process can be con-
ducted. The Ea values with and without inhibitors can be calculated
from Fig. 7 and are summarized in Table 3. The value of Ea with

12

10

6
ln icorr

0
2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
-3 -1
(1/T.10 )/K

Fig. 5. Polarization curves with immersion in inhibitor for 30 min at (a) 25 ◦ C, (b) Fig. 7. Arrhenius plots for ln icorr vs. 1/T in 1 M HCl, ( ) with and ( ) without
35 ◦ C, (c) 45 ◦ C, (d) 55 ◦ C and (e) 65 ◦ C. inhibitor.
260 F. Kurniawan, K.A. Madurani / Progress in Organic Coatings 88 (2015) 256–262

Table 3
Values of the activation parameters Ea , H and S for 304 SS with and without
inhibitor in 1 M HCl.

Systems Ea (kJ/mol) H (kJ/mol) S (J/mol K)

Blank 72.75 70.12 40.38

Inhibitor 120.09 117.46 179.41

inhibitor is larger than that without inhibitor, which indicates that

the corrosion reaction of 304 SS in 1 M HCl with inhibitor requires
more energy than that without inhibitor. Lahhit, 2011 also reported
that the Ea value when Foeniculum vulgare (FM) oil added was
higher than without inhibitor, which is attributed to an electro-
static adsorption mechanism of the inhibitor [33]. Eq. (3) also shows
the relationships between the temperature, IE% and Ea . According
to the temperature effect, these relationships can be classified into
three groups [28]: Fig. 9. Nyquist plots for different immersion times in the inhibitor of 304 SS in 1 M
HCl.

(i) IE% decreases with increasing temperature, and Ea with Table 4

inhibitor >Ea without inhibitor. This indicates physisorption Impedance parameters for 304 SS in 1 M HCl at various immersion times in the
of the inhibitor on the metal surface and a cathodic inhibitor. inhibitor.
(ii) IE% increases with increasing temperature, and Ea with Duration (min) Rct () Rs () CPE (␮F) 2 IE%
inhibitor <Ea without inhibitor. This indicates chemisorption
0 71.308 108.350 67.892 0.00149 –
of the inhibitor on the metal surface.
10 259.740 79.000 3.2193 0.24426 72.55
(iii) IE% does not change with temperature, and Ea with inhibitor = 20 329.060 54.629 1.9559 0.51741 78.33
Ea without inhibitor. This indicates that the inhibitor is not 30 407.360 62.500 0.7556 0.75691 82.49
sensitive to temperature. 40 353.990 47.058 1.6085 0.54364 79.85
50 307.560 73.921 2.1342 0.34320 76.81
60 282.490 71.869 2.9286 0.25799 74.76
The red pepper seed oil was included in the first group, and it
can be said that capsicol inhibits the corrosion rate of 304 SS in 1 M
HCl by physisorption. 3.4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement
An alternative formulation of the Arrhenius equation is [17]:
The effect of the immersion time in the inhibitor solution was
RT (S/R) (−H/RT) also studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
icorr = e e . (4) The semicircles of the Nyquist plots (Fig. 9) indicate the character-
Nh
istic of solid electrodes, which is attributed to the roughness and
The enthalpy (H) and entropy (S) values with and with- inhomogeneity of the solid surface [3,7,12,17]. The Nyquist plots
out inhibitor can be calculated from Fig. 8 and are summarized in of 304 SS at the various immersion times in the inhibitor exhibit
Table 3. The positive value of H means that the dissolution process a similar pattern. This indicates that the inhibition mechanism (a
is endothermic [3,4,17,31]. The positive value of S indicates that charge-transfer process between the inhibitor and the metal sur-
the system passed from an orderly to a more random arrangement face) is also similar [14,30].
[3]. The corrosion parameters Rct (charge transfer resistance), Rs
(solution resistance) and CPE (constant phase element) of the 304
SS in the absence and presence of 1 M HCl are shown in Table 4.
The value of Rct increases gradually with an immersion time of
5 10–30 min in the inhibitor. This value is related to the formation
of a protective layer on the 304 SS surface. A higher value indi-
4
cates stronger formation and an evenly distributed protective layer
3 at the metal-solution interface [31,34]. Unfortunately, the value of
Rct decreases with increasing immersion time (40–60 min). This is
2 probably because the protective layer is dissolved again soon after
immersion in 1 M HCl. This condition is in good agreement with
ln (icorr/T)

1 Fig. 3, as was suggested in Section 3.2. This value is also associated

-1

-2

-3
2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
-3 -1
(1/T.110 )/K

Fig. 8. Arrhenius plots for ln icorr /T vs. 1/T in 1 M HCl, ( ) with and ( )
without inhibitor. Fig. 10. Equivalent circuit used to fit the EIS diagrams.
 F. Kurniawan, K.A. Madurani / Progress in Organic Coatings 88 (2015) 256–262
Fig. 11. Pictures of the surface of 304 SS (a) before corrosion, (b) after immersion in the inhibitor (30 min) before corrosion, (c) without inhibitor after corrosion and (d) with
inhibitor after corrosion in 1 M HCl.
with the CPE value. Calculation of the impedance parameters was
simulated using an equivalent circuit, which is shown in Fig. 10
and is generally used to describe the metal/acid interface model.
The EIS result is in good agreement with those obtained from the
potentiodynamic polarization technique (Section 3.2).
3.5. Surface analysis
The surface picture of the 304 SS before corrosion is shown in
Fig. 11a. The surface appeared bright without black spots. The image
of the 304 SS surface after immersion in inhibitor (Fig. 11b) is sim-
ilar to that before corrosion (Fig. 11a). This may be because only a
thin layer formed, and there is no significant difference. However,
after corrosion, several black spots appear on the surface of the 304
SS without inhibitor (Fig. 11c), whereas no black spots are visible on
the surface of the 304 SS with the inhibitor. Moreover, the surface
of the 304 SS with the inhibitor looked brighter (Fig. 11d) than that
without inhibitor. The black spots indicate that the metal under-
went severe corrosion. It can be concluded that the inhibitor can
protect 304 SS.
4. Conclusions
Based on the results described in this report, it can be concluded
that red pepper seed oil (capsicol) can inhibit the corrosion of 304
SS in 1 M HCl. The maximum inhibition efficiency is 92.32% using
potentiodynamic polarization, which can be achieved for 30 min of
immersion in the inhibitor. A longer immersion time decreases the
inhibition efficiency. Thin layers form on the 304 SS surface and
act as a protective layer that blocks the metal-aggressive solution
interaction. The performance of red pepper seed oil at inhibiting the
261
corrosion rate of 304 SS in 1 M HCl also decreases with increased
temperature.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge a DIKTI (Directorate
of Higher Education of Indonesia) Research Grant for supporting
under the scheme Penelitian Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PUPT).
References
[1] S.A. Umoren, U.M. Eduok, M.M. Solomon, A.P. Udoh, Corrosion inhibition by
leaves and stem extracts of Sida acuta for mild steel in 1 M H2SO4 solutions
investigated by chemical and spectroscopic techniques, Arabian J. Chem.
(2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.03.008
[2] P.B. Raja, M.G. Sethuraman, Natural products as corrosion inhibitor for metals
in corrosive media—a review, Mater. Lett. 62 (2008) 113–116, http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.04.079
[3] M.H. Hussin, M.J. Kassim, The corrosion inhibition and adsorption behavior of
Uncaria gambir extract on mild steel in 1 M HCl, Mater. Chem. Phys. 125
(2011) 461–468, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.10.032
[4] K.P.V. Kumar, M.S.N. Pillai, G.R. Thusnavis, Seed extract of Psidium guajava as
ecofriendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid medium,
J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 27 (2011) 1143–1149, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1005-
0302(12)60010-3
[5] S. Deng, X. Li, Inhibition by Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. leaves extract of the
corrosion of aluminium in HCl solution, Corros. Sci. 64 (2012) 253–262,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.07.017
[6] X. Li, S. Deng, H. Fu, Inhibition of the corrosion of steel in HCl, H2SO4 solutions
by bamboo leaf extract, Corros. Sci. 62 (2012) 163–175, http://dx.doi.org/10.
1016/j.corsci.2012.05.008
[7] Nasrin Soltani, Nahid Tavakkoli, Maryam Khayatkashani, Mohammad Reza
Jalali, Ahmad Mosavizade, Green approach to corrosion inhibition of 304
stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solution by the extract of Salvia officinalis
leaves, Corros. Sci. 62 (2012) 122–135, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.
2012.05.003
262 F. Kurniawan, K.A. Madurani / Progress in Organic Coatings 88 (2015) 256–262
[8] N. Soltani, N. Tavakkoli, M. Khayat Kashani, A. Mosavizadeh, E.E. Oguzie, M.R.
Jalali, Silybum marianum extract as a natural source inhibitor for 304 stainless
steel corrosion in 1.0 M HCl, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20 (2014) 3217–3227, http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.12.002
[9] A. Thorn, A. Adam, T. Gichuhi, W. Novelli, M.A. Sapp, Improved corrosion
control through nontoxic corrosion inhibitors synergies, J. Coat. Technol. 3
(2006) 24–30.
[10] M. Mahdavian, S. Ashhari, Mercapto functional azole compounds as organic
corrosion inhibitors in a polyester-melamine coating, Prog. Org. Coat. 68
(2010) 259–264, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.04.002
[11] D. Li, F. Wang, X. Yu, J. Wang, Q. Liu, P. Yang, et al., Anticorrosion organic
coating with layered double hydroxide loaded with corrosion inhibitor of
tungstate, Prog. Org. Coat. 71 (2011) 302–309, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
porgcoat.2011.03.023
[12] A.K. Satapathy, G. Gunasekaran, S.C. Sahoo, K. Amit, P.V. Rodrigues, Corrosion
inhibition by Justicia gendarussa plant extract in hydrochloric acid solution,
Corros. Sci. 51 (2009) 2848–2856, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.08.
016
[13] G. Ji, S.K. Shukla, P. Dwivedi, S. Sundaram, E.E. Ebenso, R. Prakash, Green
capsicum annuum fruit extract for inhibition of mild steel corrosion in
hydrochloric acid solution, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7 (2012)
12146–12158.
[14] M.S. Al-Otaibi, A.M. Al-Mayouf, M. Khan, A.A. Mousa, S.A. Al-Mazroa, H.Z.
Alkhathlan, Corrosion inhibitory action of some plant extracts on the
corrosion of mild steel in acidic media, Arabian J. Chem. (2012), http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.01.015
[15] M. Chevalier, F. Robert, N. Amusant, M. Traisnel, C. Roos, M. Lebrini, Enhanced
corrosion resistance of mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution by
alkaloids extract from Aniba rosaeodora plant: electrochemical,
phytochemical and XPS studies, Electrochem. Impedance Spectrosc. 131
(2014) 96–105, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.023
[16] A.M. Abdel-Gaber, B.A. Abd-El-Nabey, I.M. Sidahmed, A.M. El-Zayady, M.
Saadawy, Inhibitive action of some plant extracts on the corrosion of steel in
acidic media, Corros. Sci. 48 (2006) 2765–2779, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
corsci.2005.09.017
[17] M.A. Quraishi, A. Singh, V.K. Singh, D.K. Yadav, A.K. Singh, Green approach to
corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid
solutions by the extract of Murraya koenigii leaves, Mater. Chem. Phys. 122
(2010) 114–122, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.02.066
[18] I.E. Uwah, P.C. Okafor, V.E. Ebiekpe, Inhibitive action of ethanol extracts from
Nauclea latifolia on the corrosion of mild steel in H2 SO4 solutions and their
adsorption characteristics, Arabian J. Chem. 6 (2013) 285–293, http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.10.008
[19] F. Suedile, F. Robert, C. Roos, M. Lebrini, Corrosion inhibition of zinc by
Mansoa alliacea plant extract in sodium chloride media: extraction,
characterization and electrochemical studies, Electrochim. Acta 133 (2014)
631–638, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.070
[20] L.R. Silva, J. Azevedo, M.J. Pereira, P. Valentão, P.B. Andrade, Chemical
assessment and antioxidant capacity of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds,
Food Chem. Toxicol. 53 (2013) 240–248, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.
11.036
[21] I. Perucka, M. Materska, Antioxidant vitamin contents of Capsicum annuum
fruit extracts as affected by processing and varieatl factors, Acta Sci. Pol.
Technol. Aliment. 6 (4) (2007) 67–74.
[22] W. Wangcharoen, W. Morasuk, Antioxidant capacity changes in chili spur
pepper (Capsicum annuum linn. var. acuminatum fingerh.) during drying
process, Asian J. Food Agro-Ind. 1 (02) (2008) 68–77.
[23] M. Alam, D. Akram, E. Sharmin, F. Zafar, S. Ahmad, Vegetable oil based
eco-friendly coating materials: a review article, Arabian J. Chem. 7 (2014)
469–479, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.12.023
[24] F. Kurniawan, T. Vessela, V.M. Mirsky, Gold nanoparticles in nonenzymatic
electrochemical detection of sugars, Electroanalysis 18 (2006) 1937–1942.
[25] S. Ivanov, F. Kurniawan, V. Tsakova, V.M. Mirsky, Automated layer-by-layer
deposition of polyelectrolytes in flow mode, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 294
(2009) 441–444, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.200800376
[26] F. Kurniawan, T. Vessela, V.M. Mirsky, Analytical applications of electrodes
modified by gold nanoparticles: dopamine detection, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.
9 (2009) 2407–2412.
[27] G. Chen, M. Zhang, J.R. Zhao, R. Zhou, Z.C. Meng, J. Zhang, Investigation of
Ginkgo biloba leave extracts as corrosion and oil field microorganism
inhibitors, Chem. Cent. J. 7 (2013) 83.
[28] X. Li, S. Deng, H. Fu, G. Mu, Inhibition effect of 6-benzylaminopurine on the
corrosion of cold rolled steel in H2SO4 solution, Corros. Sci. 51 (2009)
620–634, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.12.021
[29] H. Bouammali, A. Ousslim, K. Bekkouch, B. Bouammali, A. Aouniti, S.S.
Al-Deyab, et al., The anti-corrosion behavior of Lavandula dentata aqueous
extract on mild steel in 1 M HCl, Int. J. Electrochem. Soc. 8 (2013) 6005–6013.
[30] I. Ahamad, R. Prasad, M.A. Quraishi, Adsorption and inhibitive properties of
some new Mannich bases of Isatin derivatives on corrosion of mild steel in
acidic media, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 1472–1481, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
corsci.2010.01.015
[31] M.I. Awad, Eco friendly corrosion inhibitors: inhibitive action of quinine for
corrosion of low carbon steel in 1 M HCl, J. Appl. Electrochem. 36 (2006)
1163–1168, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-006-9204-1
[32] T. Ibrahim, H. Alayan, Y.A. Mowaqet, The effect of Thyme leaves extract on
corrosion of mild steel in HCl, Prog. Org. Coat. 75 (2012) 456–462, http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2012.06.009
[33] N. Lahhit, A. Bouyanzer, J.-M. Desjobert, B. Hammouti, R. Salghi, J. Costa, et al.,
Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare) essential oil as green corrosion inhibitor of
carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution, Port. Electrochim. Acta 29 (2011)
127–138, http://dx.doi.org/10.4152/pea.201102127
[34] M.S. Morad, A.M.K. El-Dean, 2, 2 -Dithiobis(3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridine): a
new class of acid corrosion inhibitors for mild steel, Corros. Sci. 48 (2006)
3398–3412.