De La Salle University – Dasmariñas

City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, Philippines

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology

Mechanical Engineering Program

MEET422L
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2

Experiment No. 2
HORSEPOWER, EFFICIENCY, GEAR RATIO AND SPEED RATIO

Submitted By:
Group – 4
Castor, Louis Marijo P.
Naty, Paolo Miguel P.
Rozul, Karl Vastie P.
MEE - 42

Submitted To:
Engr. Rene Rubio

February 07, 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS
OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………..3

PRINCIPLES / THEORY OF THE LABORATORY TEST RESEARCH……………..…..3

EXERCISES…………………………………………………………………………………4

PROBLEM SOLVING...…………………………………………………………………….5

CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………….……………………………8

REFERENCES……………………………………………………….……………….……..8

2
OBJECTIVES

 To know the importance of horsepower, efficiencies, gear ratio and speed ratio.

THEORY

Horsepower is defined as the amount of energy or work required to overcome, raise,

create or force a weight of 33,000 pounds to a height or distance of one foot in one minute tune.
In simple terms, one horsepower is 33,000 foot-pounds of work done in one minute.

Indicated horsepower (Ihp) represents the power developed in the engine cylinder as
obtained from the pressure in the cylinder. In relation to brake horsepower and friction
horsepower, indicated horsepower is the sum of the brake horsepower and friction horsepower.
Indicated horsepower does not represent the actual useful horsepower delivered by the engine.

Brake horsepower (bhp) is the actual horsepower delivered by the engine to the drive
shaft; it is equal to the indicated horsepower less or minus the friction horsepower of the engine.
It is sometimes referred to useful horsepower. Friction horsepower (fhp) is the pressure and
torque spent in overcoming friction of reciprocating and revolving parts of the engine before it
reach the drive shafts. Friction horsepower is equal to indicated less the brake horsepower. It is
sometimes referred to useful horsepower.

Effective horsepower is the final horsepower developed and delivered to the equipment.
An engine maybe operating compressors, pumps and auxiliary equipment. The difference
between indicated horsepower and effective horsepower maybe as much as 25 percent.

The mean effective pressure is obtained via the engine indicator card and equals the
average pressure exerted on the piston throughout one power stroke.

The number of power strokes is obtained from the speed of the engine, by the speed
indicator (the number of revolutions per minute or rpm).

A single belt travelling 1,000 feet per minute will transmit one horsepower per inch of
width; a double belt will transmit twice this amount.

3
Exercises

1.) At what speed must an engine run to drive a generator at 2000 rpm when the generator
has a
4 inch pulley and the engine a 16 inch pulley?
Given : Required :
NG = 2000 rpm NE = ?
dG = 4 in
dE = 16 in
Solution :
NG d d 4 in
= dE => NE = NG dG => NE = 2000 rpm => NE = 500 rpm.
NE G E 16 in

2.) What is the diameter of the engine pulley that requires to drive a generator at a speed of
2000 rpm when the generator pulley is 4 inches in diameter and the engine speed is 500
rpm?
Given : Required :
NG = 2000 rpm dE = ?
NE = 500 rpm
dG = 4 in
Solution :
NG d N 2000 rpm
= dE => dE = dG NG => dE = 4 in => dE = 16 in.
NE G E 500 rpm

3.) What size of pulley must be used on the generator to be driven at a speed of 2000 rpm if
the engine speed is 500 rpm and the engine pulley is 16 inches in diameter?
Given : Required :
NG = 2000 rpm dG = ?
NE = 500 rpm
dE = 16 in
Solution :
NG d N 500 rpm
= dE => dG = dE NE => dG = 16 in => dE = 4 in.
NE G G 2000 rpm

4.) At what speed will the generator run if it has a 4 inch pulley and is driven by an engine
having a 16 inch pulley and running at 500 rpm?
Given : Required :
NE = 500 rpm NG = ?
dg = 4 in
dE = 16 in
Solution :
NG d d 16 in
= dE => NG = NE dE => NG = 500 rpm => NG = 2000 rpm.
NE G G 4 in

4
Problem Solving

1.) A six cylinder automotive engine with 9 x 9 cm bore and stroke has a brake fuel consumption of
8.5 x 10-5 kg/kW-s at 300 RPM. Brake Work = 86 kW, indicated work = 105 kW. The thermal
efficiency if the ideal cycle is 47% and the fuel has a heating value of 44,186 kJ/kG.

Given : Determine the following :

BP = 86 kW a.) Mechanical Efficiency
IP = 105 kW b.) Brake Thermal Efficiency
d = 9 cm = 0.09 m c.) Indicated Thermal Efficiency
L = 9 cm = 0.09 m d.) Brake Mean Effective Pressure
N = 300 RPM e.) Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
mF = 8.5 x 10-5 kg/kW-s
6 Cylinder ; n = 6
C.v = 44,186 kJ/kG
ηbt = 47%
d.) Brake Mean Effective Pressure ( Pbmep )
Solution : 𝐵𝑃
Pbmep = x 100%
a.) Mechanical Efficiency ( ηmech ) 𝐿𝑥𝐴𝑥𝑁𝑥𝑛
𝐵𝑃
𝐵𝑃 Pbmep = 𝜋 x 100%
ηmech = x 100% 𝐿 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 𝑛
4
𝐼𝑃
86 𝑘𝑊 86 𝑘𝑊
ηmech = 105 𝑘𝑊
x 100% Pbmep = 𝜋
0.09 𝑚 𝑥 (0.09𝑚)2 𝑥 300 𝑅𝑃𝑀[
1𝑚𝑖𝑛
]𝑥 6
4 60𝑠

ηmech = 81.90% Pbmep = 5006.79 kPa

b.) Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbt ) e.) Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ( Pimep )
𝐵𝑃
ηmech = 𝐹𝐸 x 100% Pimep =
𝐼𝑃
x 100%
𝐵𝑃 𝐿𝑥𝐴𝑥𝑁𝑥𝑛
ηmech = 𝑚 x 100% Pimep =
𝐼𝑃
x 100%
𝐹 𝐶.𝑣 𝜋
𝐿 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 𝑛
86 𝑘𝑊 4
ηmech = 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 x 100% 105 𝑘𝑊
8.5 𝑥 10−5
𝑘𝑊−𝑠
(44,186 )
𝑘𝑔
Pimep = 𝜋 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.09 𝑚 𝑥 (0.09𝑚)2 𝑥 300 𝑅𝑃𝑀[ ]𝑥 6
4 60𝑠

ηmech = 22.90% Pimep = 6112.95 kPa

c.) Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηit )
𝐼𝑃
ηit = 𝐹𝐸 x 100%
𝐼𝑃
ηit = 𝑚 𝐶.𝑣
x 100%
𝐹
105 𝑘𝑊
ηit = 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 x 100%
8.5 𝑥 10−5 (44,186 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

ηit = 27.96 %

5
2.) An 8 cylinder, 3.81 inch x 3.63 inch automotive engine running at 4600 RPM developes
250 Bhp.

The data are :

Compression Ratio = 8.5
Air – Fuel Ratio =12.6
Fuel Consumption = 0.47 lb/Bhp-hr
Lower Heating Value = 18,800 Btu/lb
Dynamometer Brake Arm Brake = 21 inch
Barometer =29.75 inch Hg = 14.61 psi
Room Temperature = 85 °F

From these data, calculate :

a.) Brake Mean Effective Pressure
b.) Brake Thermal Efficiency
c.) Brake Torque
d.) Volumetric Efficiency

Solution :

a.) Brake Mean Effective Pressure ( Pbmep )

𝐵𝑃
Pbmep = 𝐿 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 𝑛 x 100%
0.746𝑘𝑊
250 ℎ𝑝 ( )
1ℎ𝑝
Pbmep = 0.0254 𝑚 𝜋 0.0254 𝑚
2
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
x 100%
3.81 𝑖𝑛( )𝑥 (3.63 𝑖𝑛( )) 𝑥 4600 𝑅𝑃𝑀 ( )𝑥8
1 𝑖𝑛 4 1 𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠

Pbmep = 470 kPa

b.) Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbt )

𝐵𝑃
ηmech = 𝐹𝐸 x 100%

𝐵𝑃
ηmech = 𝑚 x 100%
𝐹 𝐶.𝑣

0.746𝑘𝑊
250 ℎ𝑝 ( )
1ℎ𝑝
ηmech = 𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑇𝑈 1.05506𝑘𝐽 x 100%
0.47 3600𝑠 (18,800 𝑙𝑏 ( 𝐵𝑇𝑈 ))
ℎ𝑟( )
1ℎ𝑟

ηmech = 72.02 %

6
c.) Brake Torque ( TB )

BP = 2πNTB
𝐵𝑃
TB =2𝜋𝑁

0.746𝑘𝑊
250 ℎ𝑝 ( )
1ℎ𝑝
TB = 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
2𝜋(4600 𝑅𝑃𝑀)( )
60𝑠

TB = 0.3871616 kN-m

TB = 387.16 N-m

d.) Volumetric Efficiency (ηv )

𝑚
ηv =
𝜌 𝑉𝑑 𝑁

𝑚
ηv = 𝑃 𝜋
( ) (8[ 𝑑2 𝑠])𝑁
𝑅𝑇 4

𝑙𝑏
0.47
ηv = 𝑙𝑏
𝑠
x 100%
14.61 2 𝜋 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
( 𝑖𝑛 )(8[ ((3.81 𝑖𝑛)2 𝑥3.63 𝑖𝑛)])4600𝑅𝑃𝑀( )
𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 4 60𝑠
53.35 (12 )[85+460]𝑅
𝑙𝑏𝑅 𝑓𝑡

ηv = 44.22%

7
CONCLUSIONS

Horsepower, efficiency, gear and speed ratio are the power transmission fundamentals of
diesel and gasoline engine. The efficiency of a gear system measures how much power is lost.
All gear systems waste some power because of frictional forces acting between the components.
In addition to the gearset mesh losses there are fixed losses due to oil seal drag, bearing friction
and the churning of the oil. Work and power in rotary motion are governed by the same
equations applicable to linear displacement. Work done in a rotary motion is the product of the
force multiplied by the distance through which it moves, which in one revolution is equal to the
circumference.

REFERENCES

 https://www.scribd.com/document/307051563/1-1-Function-of-Different-Parts-of-Diesel-
Engine
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/diesel-engine
 http://www.revision.co.zw/the-diesel-engine/#
 https://www.chainanddrives.com.au/media//partsgroup/catalogue/file/Power_Transmissio
n_Fundamentals.pdf