Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1. Introduction:
Vital Force Theory – Only living materials can produce organic compounds
Friedrich Wohler – Synthesized urea (organic) from ammonium cyanate (inorganic)
Valence - Combining ability of organic compound based on the fixed number of bonds
Catenation - Ability of carbon to bond with other carbons
Ionic Bond – Gaining or Losing electron
Covalent Bond – Sharing of electrons
- -
Formal charge = Group number – ½ shared e - number of unshared e
-
Resonance – Molecules represented in different Lewis structure that differ in the positions of e
Bond length – Optimum distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
Bond energy – Energy required breaking the bonding between a pair of atoms
Bond angle – Angle between two adjacent bonds
Hybridization – Mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to give the same number of new orbitals
Constitutional Isomers – same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms
Functional Group:
3. Stereoisomerism:
( )
n
No. of stereoisomers = 2 , n= chirality centers
Mesocompound – has multiple chirality centers but still achiral due to symmetry
Hammond Postulate – Transition state resemble reactant if exergonic(-ΔG) or product if endergonic (+ΔG)
Tertiary carbocation are more stable that secondary and primary because of hyperconjugation
Electrophiles are reagents which in their reactions seek the extra electrons that will give them stability
Nucleophiles are reagents that seek a proton or some other positive center
Substitution Reaction:
Concerted Process – nucleophilic attack and loss of leaving group occurs simultaneously
nd
SN2 is a concerted process and 2 order kinetics
st
SN1 is a stepwise process and 1 order kinetics
At room temp:
C1-C4 – gases
C5-C17 – liquids
C18- Cn – solids
Primary reactions: radical reactions – reaction with light and heat forming radicals
6. Alkenes
- also called olefins, sp2 hybridized
Bredt’s rule - eight-membered ring is the smallest size ring that can accommodate a trans double bond in a bridged bicyclic
compound
Trans is more stable than cis
Elimination Reactions:
E2 (Elimination Bimolecular)
-One step mechanism, similar to SN2, Zaitsev is favored
E1 (Elimination Unimolecular)
-Two-step mechanism, similar to SN1, Zaitsev is always favored
Addition Reactions:
7. Alkynes
- has triple bonds, sp hybridized
- One sigma bond and two pi bonds
Addition Reactions:
8. Aromatic Compounds
- benzene derivatives
- planar
- cyclic
- follows Huckel’s Rule: 4n+2= pi electron, n is a whole number
Grignard Reagents- carbon nucleophiles (usually with Mg) that can attack electrophiles
Reactions:
Alcohols and Phenols:
Reactions:
11. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- contains Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Reactions:
12. Amines
- contains amino functional group (-NH2)
o o o
Basicity: 2 > 1 >3 > Amine
Reactions: