Siddhanta Shiromani

Grahaganit adhyaya
Sringonnatyadhiokar
(Section IV, Chapter 3 : The Cusps)
Verse Translations
No
1 Either in the last quarter of the lunation, or in the first quarter, on the day when the elevation
of the cusps of the crescent moon is to be determined, then either at the moment of moon-rise
or moon-set or (for the matter of that during any part of the night) the sine of the altitude of
the moon is to be computed by nothing the time from the moment of moon-rise.
2-4 The time before the rise, during which we calculate the cusps is the end of the night. The
time after the setting is called Gata. The sine of altitude (Shanku) of the Sun is to be
computed, assuming the rising sun to be in the opposite hemisphere south or north (i.e. if it
rises in the northern hemisphere then assume it to be in the southern hemisphere) and using
the formula given in the verse 54 of Triprashnadhikar chapter given the time measured in
Pranas that has elapsed after the sun set. The Adhohshanku or the inverse altitude is obtained
by multiplying the Shankus of sun and moon by their shadows and dividing that product by
12. The Shankutala of the inverse altitude or the altitude below the horizon is north (in
opposition to what is the horizon). The sum or difference of the Agra and the Shankutala
according as they are of the same direction or of opposite directions is the Bhuja. The sum or
difference of the Bhujas of the Sun and Moon, according as they are of opposite or same
direction is called the corrected Bhuja of the Cusp of the moon. If the direction of the moon
is being derived from the Bhuja, then in both cases the corrected Bhuja will be of the same
direction as that of the Bhuja of the moon. If the Bhuja of the moon be derived from the
Bhuja of the Sun then the corrected Bhuja will be of opposite direction as that of the Bhuja
of the moon. According to me the Koti should be taken as the sum of the Shankus of sun and
moon , the one being above horizon and the other being below the horizon.
5 The hypotenuse or Karna is the square root of the sum of squares of Koti and Bhuja. The
Bhuja multiplied by 6 and divided by the Karna gives us the Dig-valana of the moon. The
direction of this Valana has the same direction as corrected Bhuja defined before.
6 The sine of the elongation of the moon is to be multiplied by the radius vector of the moon
measured in Yojanas and divided by the radius vector of the sun, also measured in Yojanas;
the arc so obtained is to be added to the longitude of the moon in the waxing phase and is to
be subtracted from the same in the waning phase.
7 Take the difference of the longitude of sun and moon, and divide this by 15 times the Koti;
which will give a fraction called Hara. Divide 36 by this Hara and add to or subtract this
result from the Hara. The half of this fraction would be Vibha (when subtracted) or Swabha
(when added).
8 Draw a line of 6 fingers in length, take this as the radius and draw the disc of the planet .
mark this disc with they cardinal points signifying the east, west, north and south. Assume
that to be the moon. The scholars would calculate the Valana like a chord from the west point
at the last quarter of the month, and from the east point at the first quarter of the month.
Verse Translations
No
9 From the centre of the moon disc mark of the Vibha on the Valana-line and at the extremity
of the Vibha draw a circle with radius equal to Swabha. The spherical sector of the moon’s
globe thus demarked by the arc of the Swabha circle is found to have the elevated cusp in
the opposite direction in which the Valana has been marked.
10 I think, the Koti and Karna defined by Brahmagupta do not lead us to accordance between
computation and observation to locate the cusps. I request the good mathematicians to
verify this carefully.
11 In a place where the latitude is 36° and the sun rising in the east is in the beginning of
Aries, the ecliptic coincides with the horizon. Here if the moon is in the beginning of
Capricorn, the moon is dichotomized by the meridian and the illuminated part of the
moon’s di8sc is towards the east. In that time, according to Brahmagupta the radius, Bhuja
and Koti is not like this.
12 When the Bhuja is zero, the cusps will be horizontal, and when the Koti is zero, they will
be vertical. If the moon be at the Capricorn, it will have the Bhuja equals to the radius.
According to Brahmagupta the Koti is also equal to the radius. So we should havce
vertical cusps. In the books like Surya Siddhanta and Arya Sidhhanta there is no mention
of a Koti. According to Vishnugupta, Koti does not contribute to vertical cusps. I have
northing else to say in this respect. Only the greats know what they want. My homage be to
those great people.

Hence ends the chapter named Sringonnatyadhikar

of Grahaganita part of Siddhanta Shiromani