Tutorial1 PDF

Question 1
TELE4353
Prove that for a hexagonal geometry, the
Mobile and Satellite Communication co-channel reuse ratio is given by:
Systems
Q = (3 N )1/ 2
Tutorial 1 (week 3-4)
Where N = i2 + ij + j2
S2 2004
Tutorial 1- Week 3 - 4 TELE4353 Mobile and Satellite 1 Tutorial 1- Week 3 - 4 TELE4353 Mobile and Satellite 2
Communication Systems Communication Systems
Typical Cellular System About cellular system

• Each base station is allocated a portion of total
number of channels available to the system.
• Neighboring cells are assigned different groups of
channels so that interference between them is
minimized.
j cells up • Hexagonal cells can cover a certain area with
i cells down
minimum number of cells (compared to square
and triangle).
• Cluster is the set of N cells which collectively use
the entire frequencies available.
About cellular system (2) Some geometry

• Large cluster size means that the ratio between
cell radius and the distance between co-channel
cells is small.
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 − 2 AB. AC.cosα
• A minimum cluster size (N) is desirable for
maximizing the capacity. B
• Frequency reuse factor is 1/N.
A C
Adjacent cell distance Co-channel cell distance
D 2 = ( id ) + ( jd ) − 2(id )( jd )cos120 =
2 2
d2 = R2 + R2 − 2RR
. .cos(120) = 3R2
i 2 d 2 + j 2 d 2 + ijd 2 = 3R 2 ( i 2 + j 2 + ij )
d =R 3 N
R
D2 D D
d
120o = 3N = 3N
R2 R
id jd
Question 2 Erlang
A certain area is covered by a cellular system with 84 An Erlang is a measure of traffic intensity, 1 Erlang
cells and a cluster size N. 280 voice channels are is the amount of traffic intensity carried by a
available for the system. Users are uniformly channel that is completely occupied. If a
distributed over the area covered by the system. channel is occupied 30 minutes in each hour the
Each user has on average 2 calls per hour and traffic intensity is 0.5 Erlang.
holds the call for 1.2 minutes. With a blocking A user traffic intensity is the call request rate
probability of 0.01. multiplied by the holding time.
a) Determine the maximum carried traffic per cell
for N=4 and 7
b) Determine the maximum number of users that Au = λ H
can be served by the system for N=4 and 7.
Erlang B table shortened for GOS =

0.01 (from p 79 and p 81 of the book) Plugging the values for N=4
Total number of channels is 280.
Number of Erlang
channels • Each cell has 70 channels to use.
• Using the Erlang B table traffic carried by each
2 0.153
cell is 56.1 Erlang
10 4.46 • Each user has Au=2*1.2min/60min=0.04 Erlang
20 12.0 • Each cell can accommodate 56.1/0.04=1402.5
users
40 29.0
• 84 cells in system 84*1402.5=117810 users
70 56.1
Plugging the values for N=7 Question 3
If a transmitter produces 50 Watts of power, express
Total number of channels is 280. the transmit power in units of
• Each cell has 40 channels to use. a) dBm
• Using the Erlang B table traffic carried by each b) dBW
cell is 29 Erlang If 50 W is applied to a unity gain antenna with a 900
• Each user has Au=2*1.2min/60min=0.04 Erlang MHz carrier frequency, find the receiver power
in dBm at a free space distance of 100 m from
• Each cell can accommodate 29/0.04=725 users the antenna.
• 84 cells in system 84*725=60900 users What is received power at 10 km?
Assume unity gain for the receiver antenna.
Friis free space equation Antenna gain

t tGr λ
2
PG
Pr ( d ) =
( 4π )
2
d 2L
4π Ae
Pt : Transmit power G=
λ2 Ae: antenna aperture
G t : Transmit antenna gain c: speed of light
c
G r : Receiver antenna gain λ= f: Carrier frequency
f
λ : operating wavelength
L: System loss not related to propagation
Path loss and close in Plugging the values

Pt ( mW )
distance Pt ( dBm ) = 10log
1mW
= 10log ( 50000 ) = 47dBm
Pt (W )
Pt Gt Gr λ 2 Pt ( dBW ) = 10log = 10log ( 50 ) = 17dBW
PL ( dB ) = 10log = −10log 1W
( 4π )
2 2
Pr d L
t t Gr λ
50 *1*1* (1/ 3)
2 2
PG
Pr ( d = 100 ) = = = 3.5 *10−3 mW
( 4π ) ( 4π )
2 2
2 d 2L 1002 *1
d0
Pr ( d ) = Pr ( d 0 ) d>d 0 >d f Pr ( d = 100 ) dBm = 10 * log ( 3.5 *10−3 ) = −24.5dBm
d
d0
Pr ( d ) dBm = Pr ( d = 100 ) dBm + 20log
Pr ( d 0 ) d =
in dBm: Pr ( d ) dBm = 10log
d
+ 20log 0
0.001W d 100
−24.5 + 20log = −24.5dBm − 40dB = −64.5dBm
10000
Question 4 Co-channel interference
If a signal to interference ratio of 15 dB is required
for satisfactory forward channel performance of
a cellular system, what is a frequency reuse
factor and cluster size that should be used for
maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is
a) n = 4,
b) n = 3.
Assume that there are six co-channel cells in the first
tier, and all of them are the same distance from
the mobile. Use suitable approximations.
Signal to interference Plugging the values (n=4)
( )
−n n
d S S S ( D / R)
n
3N
Pr = P0 = i0 = =
d0 I I i0 6
Ii
−n i =1 S = 15dB = 31.63
R I
Desired power:S = P0
( ) ( )
d0 n 4
S ( D / R)
n
3N 3N
−n 31.63 = N = 4.59 N = 7 should be used
Interference: I = P0
D = = 6
d0 I i0 6
N =7 S = 75.3 = 18.66dB
I
Plugging the values (n=3) Assignment for home

(homework!)
( )
n
S ( D / R)
n
3N
= = • Repeat the same problem when 120o
I i0 6
sectored antennas are used instead of omni
S = 15dB = 31.63
I directional antennas.
( )
3
3N
31.63 = N = 11.01 N = 12 should be used
6
N = 12 S = 36 = 15.56dB
I
Question 5 Given Parameters
• Assume a receiver is located 10 km from a 50 W • d=10 km, distance from the transmitter
transmitter. The carrier frequency is 900 MHz,
• Pt=50 W, Transmitter power
free space propagation is assumed, Gt=1, and
Gr=2, find • Gt=1, Transmitter antenna gain
• (a) the power at the receiver, • Gr=2, Receiver antenna gain
• (b) the magnitude of E-field at the receiver antenna, • f=900 MHz λ=c/f=0.333 m,
• (c) the rms voltage applied to the receiver input
assuming that the receiver antenna has a purely real • Rant=50 Ω, Receiver antenna resistance
impedance of 50 Ω and is matched to the receiver.
Solution to a) Solution to b)
• The power received at the distance d=10 km • The magnitude of the received E field is
is
4π Gλ2
G= Ae Ae =
Pt Gt Gr λ2 50 × 1× 2 × 0.332 −10 λ2 4π
Pr (d ) = = = 7.02 ⋅10 W
(4π ) 2 d 2 L (4π ) 2 × 10000 2
E( d ) E( d )
2 2
t t rλ
2
PG PGG
7.02 × 10 mW −7 Pdf ( d ) = t t
= Pr ( d ) = Ae =
4π d 2 120π 120π ( 4π )
2
Pr (d )[dBm] = 10 log = −61.53dBm d2
1mW
Pr (d)120π P (d )120π 7 ×10−10 ×120π V
7.02 × 10 −10 W E( d ) = = r 2 = = 0.0039
Pr (d )[dBW ] = 10 log = −91.53dBW Ae Grλ /4π 2 × 0.332 /4π m
1W
Solution to c) Question 6
The received power is given • A receiver in an urban cellular radio system detects a
1 mW signal at d=d0=1 m from the transmitter. In
2
V ant order to mitigate co-channel interference effects, it is
Pr (d ) = required that the signal received at any base station
4 R ant
receiver from another base station transmitter which
operates with the same channel must be below –100
where Rant is the resistance of the matched receiver. dBm. A measurement team has determined that the
The open circuit rms voltage at the receiver input is average path loss exponent in the system is n=3.
Determine the major radius of each cell if a 7-cell
reuse pattern is used. What is the major radius if a 4-
V ant = Pr (d ) × 4 R ant = 7 × 10 −10 × 4 × 50 = 0.374mV
cell reuse pattern is used?
Given Parameters An Example for the 7-cell Cluster
• The received power from the cell operating with
• Pr(d0)=1mW ⇔ 0 dBm the same channel has to be less than –100 dBm
• d0=1 m, Reference distance
• Pr(D)= -100 dBm, D
• n=3, Path loss exponent < −100dBm
• N=7, N=4, Cluster size
Solution to Q6, cont.

Solution to Q6, cont.
• Applying the formula for the received power at a
distance D • For N=7
2154.4
D D R= = 470.13m
Pr ( D) = Pr (d 0 ) − 10n log
d0
−100 = 0 − 30 log
d0
3× 7
D = d 0 10100 / 30 = 2154.4m • For N=4
2154.4
D
= 3N R=
D
R= = 621.93m
R 3N 3× 4

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Question 1

Typical Cellular System About cellular system

About cellular system (2) Some geometry

Erlang B table shortened for GOS =

Friis free space equation Antenna gain

Path loss and close in Plugging the values

Signal to interference Plugging the values (n=4)

Plugging the values (n=3) Assignment for home

Solution to Q6, cont.

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