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 Jeasika Jeyakumar  June 12, 2016  Structures

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REINFORCEMENT (R/f)

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Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used structural material in engineering construction. Although Learn all basic aspect of civil engineering.

concrete is strong in resisting compressive stress, it is weak intention. Hence to withstand tensional stresses, Follow

steel is need in concrete. The reinforcement in concrete may be simple bars or rods bend and tied to a given
schedule with stirrups. The nominal diameters of bars used at site were Y10, Y12, Y16, Y20, Y25 and R6.

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Indication of Reinforcement in Drawings

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Engineering drawings is a language to communicate with details. Therefore there is a standard to indicate
reinforcement in drawing such as,
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5Y10- 001- 150:-Which means 5 Number of Tor steel, 10mm Diameter, Bar mark 001, At 150mm CRS. At            
                                         bottom face.
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Bar location can be vary as follows:
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Notation for Slab-

T1 -Top outer layer, T2 -Top second layer

B1 -Bottom outer layer, B2 -Bottom second layer

Cutting and Bending of Bars

      There is a steel yard in the site for storing, cutting and bending of bars. Reinforcement bars are cut into
required lengths and bent into required shapes shown on the bar schedule either manually or by means of
machinery.

       In manual operations, laborers used the bar bending bench on which strong nails are xed and GI pipes
with suitable lengths to bend the bars. That is used for smaller diameter bars. For bending of larger diameter
bars, bar bending machine is used. After bending all reinforcement bars were bundled and clearly numbered
according to the bar mark so that steel xers will not face any di culty when xing them.

Fig.1 :- Bar bending work

Prepare bar schedule (important considerations)

 Reinforcement Bar Schedule

      Reinforcement Bar Schedule  is prepared in a standard manner. The bar bending schedule should be
prepared and it should be submitted to the steel bar steel yard to cut and to bend the bars for purposes,
because bar bending schedule is the simplest of details what is in the drawings which can easy to under stand
for bar benders. It contains all the details needed for fabrication of steel.Those details are bar mark, bar type
and size, number of units, length of a bar, shape code, distance between stirrups (column, plinth, beam) etc.

Advantages of the Bar Schedule:

By preparing a bar schedule, and arranging them according to the lengths, it will lead to an economical
bar cutting, reduce the bar cutting wastages.

It is easy to manage the reinforcement stock required for identi ed time duration.

It will help to fabrication of R/F with structure.

Calculating weight of the steel

 While prepared the bar schedule, we used the unit weight of reinforcement bar.

Nominal Diameter of the bar (mm) Unit weight (kg/m)

R6 0.222

R10 0.610

T10 0.617

T12 0.888

T16 1.580

T20 2.469

T25 3.858

T32 6.313

Table- Unit weight of the bar

It is necessary to be careful about length when preparing bar schedules. In case of bending, bar length will
increased at the bending positions.

Minimization of bar cutting wastage

 In the site several steps were adopted for that purpose. Those are, Use of 12m long r/f bars rather than using
shorter bars. For example 6m bars o cuts of 12m bars were used to prepare stools, separators etc.

O cuts of larger diameter (25mm) bars-for spacer bars

O cuts of smaller diameter (10mm) bars-for stools

Lapping

     Lapping is required when a bar isn’t long enough or a joint is required. Bars may be deliberately left short
for constructability and transportation concerns. The preferred method of lapping where the two bars overlap
each other for some minimum distance. This distance is called Lap length. These two bars are in physical
contact and wired together. It does not represent an actual bend in the bar.

Fig 2: Lapping and cranking detail

Other material used In Reinforcement Works

Binding Wires

R/f bars are jointed with using wires which is called “binding wires”. Hackers are used to bind these wires.

Cover Blocks

     They were made up of 1:3 ratio of cement mortar. Cover blocks should be immersed in water for 28 days to
get the maximum strength.All the beams were checked to ensure adequate cover blocks are provided to the
bottom and sides of the beam reinforcement. Main bars of the columns were adjusted to ensure the covering
requirements before concreting. Stools of correct height were used to maintain the require gap between top
and bottom reinforcement nets and cover blocks were also provided to bottom reinforcement.

Fig 3: Cover blocks

Cover to Reinforcement

Concrete cover for steel bar is much necessary to protect the steel against corrosion (rusting) and to
provide resistance against re.

For R.C.C. Slab and staircase the cover is 20 mm.

For RCC column the cover (To stirrups) 30mm.

In case of underground structures the cover is 50 mm.

In case of beams in superstructure (To stirrups) the cover is 25mm.

In case of ground resting oor slab (Top surface) and retaining walls the cover is 50m.

Stirrups

        Stirrups will be required at areas of high shear, such as bearing points and below large point loads. 
Increasing concrete beam spans, to reduce the need for additional piers, has resulted in the need for the use
of steel stirrups. Concrete beams vary in depth.   The deeper the beam, the more shear  capacity.   When the
depth is not adequate, steel stirrups must be added to increase the shear capacity of the beam.

        These stirrups are usually one piece of steel that is bent into a rectangular shape.  The stirrup typically
wraps around the bottom and top bars of the beams. A designer should specify the size, spacing and location
along the length of the beam where the stirrups are required.  In my site specify the stirrup dimensions in our
section drawings, so that the stirrup can be manufactured prior to installation. The installer should be careful
to fabricate the stirrup from one piece of steel and adequately overlap each end.

Fig 4: Bar Schedule for stirrups

Stools

Stools are used to separate the top reinforcement mesh and bottom reinforcement mesh. Dimension of the
Stools could be change as requirement. Those should be strength enough to bear the loads without changing
the gap of two layers. 12 mm or 16 mm bars are used to make the stools.

Fig 5: Stools

Important  points to be checked.

Size of the bar

Length of the bar

Location of the bar

Position of the bar

Number of bars

Lap lengths

Correct cover of reinforcements and cover blocks

Spacing (in slab reinforcements and stirrups)

Direction of the bars (in slabs)

Dimensions of the element thickness of a slab, depth and width of a beam, etc…)

Columns, Beams, Slab Reinforcement

Column Reinforcement

      The column reinforcement bars should be stared from the Footing. The upper column reinforcement bars
are cranked at the laps and connected. Special care should be taken in this to ensure the lap lengths. After
erection of main reinforcements, cover blocks were attached to column reinforcements to maintain the
required cover for column reinforcement. Most of Columns centers were located at intersections of grid lines.

Stirrup spacing

        According to the Column reinforcement details drawing the reinforcement detail for a typical internal
Column, from to basement to ground oor is as follows.

       Column stirrups were tightened up to beam bottom level and rest is tightened once beam reinforcement
is fabricated. So Bar benders was instructed how to provide the stirrups. Mark the stirrup spacing from the
basement oor level in the Column main bars with a chalk as follow the detail drawing.

E.g.:

Fig 6:  Section of column Reinforcement

Bar Schedule for Footing, Column up to DPC and Column.

E.g-

Footing

Size – 1000 x 1000 x 250

R/f Details – Y10 at 225 C/C (B) Both ways

Table 1: Schedule for Footing, Column up to DPC and Column

Beam Reinforcement

   Beam is a horizontal structural member resting on two or more supports. It is used to transfer the load to
the columns.Beam reinforcements are arranged after the construction of beam and slab formwork.

The method adopted for the arrangement of beam reinforcements is as follows:

    First the top most reinforcement bars are hung over the beam formwork and then the stirrups are placed
and bound at correct positions. Thereafter the bottom reinforcement bars are placed and bound to the
stirrups. After that the rest of the reinforcement bars and tension bars are inserted into the cage according to
structural drawings. Then cover blocks are xed to bottom and side reinforcements before placing the
concrete.

Consideration for give lap length

Fig 7: Reinforcement for beams

    Top reinforcement of the beam shall be lapped at the middle of the span of between two supports. Bottom
reinforcement of the beam shall be lapped at the end of the span of the two supports. Considering the region
where the maximum bending movement is existing.

       Lapping is did the place which the tension is didn’t act. Normally 2/3 of the length is choosing for lapping.
When lapping top & bottom re-bar, it is better to follow the following method.Otherwise, it might cause to
reduce the concrete covering thickness of the topmost& bottom most slab reinforcement.

Fig 8: Reinforcement  for beams

Anchorage (bond) in concrete

Because the actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in a zone of tension. The main
requirement for safety against bond failure is to provide a su cient extension of the length of the bar beyond
the point where the steel is required to develop its yield stress and this length must be at least equal to its
development length. However, if the actual available length is inadequate for full development, special
anchorages must be provided, such as bends, hooks.
E.g- (Anchorage length 45 d (for top bars),12 d (for bottom bars)) where “d”, “Ø”  is diameter of the Bar.

Anchorage length Calculation

E.g.:-  20 mm diameter bar

Fig 9: Anchorage length

Bending length = 112.5- (Cover (25 mm)+ Stirrup (10 Ø))

= 72.5mm

Anchorage length (x) = 45 x diameter of the bar(20 Ø)

= 827.5 mm

Bar schedule for Beam

Table 2: Bar Schedule for Beam

Slab Reinforcement

Slab reinforcement is the most important part of the structure. It is important to have an idea on slab
reinforcement detailing. Following basic thing could be studied in drawing on slab reinforcement detailing.

Distribution bar reinforcement

Small diameter bars, usually at right angles to the main reinforcement, intended to spread a concentrated load
on a slab and to prevent cracking.Standard method used for indicated the slab top & bottom reinforcement.

First step of the xing of slab reinforcement was placed the bottom most R/F (B1) of the slab. Before placing
the re-bar, correct spacing given in the detailing drawing were marked by using piece of choke on the slab
formwork. After placed the (B1) R/F then placed the (B2) R/F and bound both R/F layers together by using
binding wire. Then cover blocks for bottom most R/F were xed. Finally, Top R/F (T2), Topmost R/F (T1)&
distribution bars were placed according to the drawing and xed together by using binding wire. Then Stools
were xed to separate the both top & bottom R/F net as ful lled the thickness.

Fig 10:  Reinforcement of a slab

Bar crank

Bar cranking is the process of bending up the bottom steel bars in upward direction. It is mainly to prevent
upward bending moment near the joint. Also useful for attaching stirrup bar e ectively. Cranking is also used
in two way slabs.

Bar schedule for Slab

Table 3 : Bar schedule for Slab

Bar schedule for some other structures

 Bar schedule for Plinth 

Table 4: Bar schedule for Plinth

Bar schedule for Sti ener column, Sill beam and Lintel beam

Table 5: Bar schedule for Sti ener column, Sill beam and Lintel beam

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Frank Nwodo · Managing Director at Self-employed

good work keep it up
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Sutharsan Vaithiyanathan · CEO & Founder at All Ceylon

Thank you
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Chiransi Malhari Chithrasena · Pasdunrata National College of Education

Woow.thaxx that knowledge
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Sutharsan Vaithiyanathan · CEO & Founder at All Ceylon

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Nagu Kotagi · Civil Engineer at Nandi builders and constructions

good details thnk u
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Sutharsan Vaithiyanathan · CEO & Founder at All Ceylon

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Mark Legasie · 2 universty at Student

yes yes
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Venkat Chalapathy · Assistant Engineer at Cauvery Neeravari Nigam Limited (CNNL)

good information keep it up
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