Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BSCE ‐ 5
1. What is Economics? How is this intertwined with the issue of scarcity
and resource allocation?
Economics is the allocation, purchasing and selling of resources. The
scarcity of resources is the main cause of economics. Fuel, food and water are
only some of these limited resources. Because of these being limited, there is a
need to allocate these resources. Resource allocation will ensure that these
resources will be handed over to individuals and organizations that will create
goods.
Because of the issue of scarcity, there must be basis for the acquisition of
such goods, as for our society it is usually monetary.
2. What is Social Justice? Trace the history of Social Justice as it is
embedded in our Constitutions. Trace the history of Philippine Agrarian
Reform Laws. What happened to the Hacienda Luisita has it been
subjected to Agrarian Reform?
Social justice is defined as "... promoting a just society by challenging
injustice and valuing diversity." It exists when "all people share a common
humanity and therefore have a right to equitable treatment, support for their
human rights, and a fair allocation of community resources." In conditions of
social justice, people are "not be discriminated against, nor their welfare and
well‐being constrained or prejudiced on the basis of gender, sexuality, religion,
political affiliations, age, race, belief, disability, location, social class,
socioeconomic circumstances, or other characteristic of background or group
membership" (Toowoomba Catholic Education, 2006).
● The 1935 Constitution ‐ The promotion of social justice to insure the
well‐being and economic security of all the people should be the
concern of the State
● The 1973 Constitution ‐ The State shall promote social justice to
ensure the dignity, welfare, and security of all the people. Towards
this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use,
enjoyment, and disposition of private property, and equitably
diffuse property ownership and profits.
● The 1986 Freedom Constitution ‐ ARTICLE XIII
. Social Justice and
Human Rights
The History of Agrarian Reform dates back to the American Era . American
commonwealth tried to distribute the lands to the tenants and farmers through
Philippine Bill of 1902 .
During Pres.Manuel L. Quezon’s term(1935 ‐ 1944) he enacted RA 4054 or
the Rice Tenancy Law, The 1935 Constitution’s provision on Social Justice ,
Commonwealth Act No. 461 and Commonwealth Act No. 608.
During Pres.Diosdado Macapagal term(1961‐1965) R.A. No.3844 was
enacted. This Act abolished share tenancy in the Philippines. It prescribed a
program converting the tenant farmers to lessees and eventually into
owner‐cultivators.
Pres.Ferdinand Marcos enacted P.D. No. 27
.It provided for tenanted lands
devoted to rice and corn to pass ownership to the tenants, and lowered the
ceilings for landholdings to 7 hectares.
Corazon Aquino(1986‐1992) passed Proclamation 131,EO 129‐A,EO 228
and etc.
The Hacienda Luisita was subjected to Agrarian Reform. The Supreme
Court had ruled that the land should be distributed, however it is still to be
distributed.
3. What is taxation? Why is this considered and inherent power of the
State? Give the types of National Taxes. Give types of Local Government
Taxes.
Taxation is the process whereby charges are imposed on individuals or
property by the legislative branch of the federal government and by many state
governments to raise funds for public purposes.
It is the inherent power of the state to raise revenues to defray the
expenses of the government or for any public purpose. This can be done
through the imposition of burdens or imposition on persons, properties,
services, occupations or transactions.
The importance of taxation derives from the unavoidable obligation of the
government to protect the people and extend them benefits in the form of
public projects and services. Taxation is based on necessity and the reciprocal
duties of protection and support between the state and those that are subject
to its authority.
National Taxes:
● Income tax
● Estate and donor's taxes
● Value‐added tax
● Other percentage taxes
● Excise taxes
● Documentary stamp taxes
Local Taxes:
● Tax on Transfer of Real Property Ownership
● Tax on Business of Printing and Publication
● Franchise Tax
● Tax on Sand, Gravel and Other Quarry Resources
● Professional Tax
● Amusement Tax
● Tax on Business
● Community Tax
4. Why is there an imprisonment for non‐payment of tax when the
Constitution provides for non‐imprisonment due to ones failure to pay
debts?
26 R.C.L. 25‐26: "It is generally considered that a tax is not a debt, and that
the municipality to which the tax is payable is not a creditor of the person
assessed. A debt is a sum of money due by certain and express agreement. It
originates in, and is founded upon, contract express or implied. Taxes, on the
other hand, do not rest upon contract, express or implied. They are obligations
imposed upon citizens to pay the expenses of government. They are forced
contributions, and in no way dependent upon the will or contract, express or
implied, of the persons taxed." .
Tax, which is not in a form of a debt, so it follows that you can be
imprisoned if you have tax liabilities.
SEC. 254. Attempt to Evade or Defeat Tax. ‐ Any person who willfully
attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any tax imposed under this Code or
the payment thereof shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, upon
conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not less than Thirty thousand
(P30,000) but not more than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000) and
suffer imprisonment of not less than two (2) years but not more than four (4)
years: Provided, That the conviction or acquittal obtained under this Section
shall not be a bar to the filing of a civil suit for the collection of taxes.
5. From the following publication discuss all the taxation concepts that are at
play:
Miriam vows to speed up prosecution of ‘pork’ cases
PDAF Scam or more commonly known as ‘Pork’ cases is the allegedly
misuse by the several members of the Congress of their PDAF. This fund was
supposed to be used to
fund small‐scale infrastructure or community projects
which fell outside the scope of the national infrastructure program.
PDAF(Priority Development Assistance Fund) which came from the taxes of the
Filipinos. People entrusted their money to the government for the benefit of the
public. However, the otherwise happened.
‘Casinos weak link vs laundering’
Money laundering is the process of transforming the proceeds of crime
into ostensibly legitimate money or other assests. Money that came from drugs
did not have taxes paid because it is not within the scope of BIR. Casinos is
usually what these people uses to avoid these government checks and taxation.
References:
2013 FAQs on Agrarian History
http://businesstips.ph/local‐taxes‐in‐the‐philippines/
http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1968/dec1968/gr_26521_1968.html
http://www.bir.gov.ph/index.php/tax‐code.html
http://gjs.appstate.edu/social‐justice‐and‐human‐rights/what‐social‐justice