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­ DRAFT – 
 

 
 
DESIGNS AND TECHNICAL 
GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY 
INFRASTRUCTURE 
 
August 2011 

 
 

Table of contents: 

Page
Sr. Description no.
1 Streets/roads 3
2 drains 13
3 Dug well 16
4 Water tank 22
5 Water pound 30
6 Water channel 31
7 Aqua duct 35
8 Culvert 40
9 Causeway 50
10 Foot bridge 57
11 Suspension bridge 58
12 Retaining wall 64
13 Gabion wall 69
14 Protection bund 71
15 Bioengineering Measures for slope & streams stabilization 72
16 Washing pad 77
17 Wetland 80
18 Micro hydral plant 84
19 Annexure A 85
20 Annexure B 87
General Guidelines for the Rehabilitation of Rural Community Basic Infrastructure
21 94

   2 
 

1.STREETS : 
• Brick Pavement 
• P.C.C Pavements 
1.a.BRICK PAVEMENTS  
 Specifications: 
• Preparation of sub grade of designed width, grade and camber including compaction to achieve
95% Modified AASHTO density.
• Lying of 3’’ thick coarse sand including compaction.
• Laying first class burnt bricks on edge.
• Filling of joints with sand.
• Provision of side drains according to the given specification.
• Another option if not sand filling, use the mortar of PCC(1:4) instead of sand filling
Dos: 
• Use herring bone bond for heavy load.
 
 

 
   

   3 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dry Brick Street Pavement 
Length =  100', Width = 8' 
Sand  Crush  Bricks  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit Quantity 
(Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Preparation of Sub Grade  Sft  3008              4.25 
2  Compaction of Earth  Cft  2158           2  12.444 
3  Sand Filling 2"  Cft  136  136           0.8296 
4  Brick Pavement 8'  Cft  375  30     5062.5  4.125  14.55625 
   Total         93.75  0  5062.5  6.125  32.07985 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  409.5521  2343.8     25312.5  3675  9623.955 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  404.8646  1875     25312.5  3675  9623.955 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  630.434  1875     34425  4287.5  22455.895 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  480.8021  1875     32906.25  3675  9623.955 

   4 
 

 
Use of dry brick pavement: 
This kind of pavemnet can be used in area where sand is available easily and less rainfall occurs,as the technique used is of sand filling with in bricks
whree in areas where rain fall is more then average then instead of using sand filling use PCC(1:4). Flexible brick pavements are most suitable in
areas where sub grade soil is clayey i.e. Sindh, Punjab and some parts of Baluchistan. Clayey soil experiences more expansion and contraction upon
water intrusions and in regularly flooded areas it may cause differential settlement in cement concrete pavements causing these rigid pavements to
crack and settle down. It may not always be possible to provide gravel as base and attain maximum compaction so it is better to use flexible brick
pavement not only to reduce cost but it also minimizes the chances of cracking caused by settlement due to its flexible nature.
Similarly in hilly areas like KP and upper parts of the country due to steep slopes cement concrete pavements can perform better under flash flooding
conditions and other wear and tear effects.  
Patterns for brick pavement:  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   5 
 

   6 
 

Dry Brick Street Pavement With Side Drain 
(Street  Length =  100', Width = 8') ( Drain Size = 1.75'x1.25') 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Bricks Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit Quantity 
(bags) (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  687.5                 7.8 
2  Preparation of Sub Grade  Sft  800                 0.7808 
3  Sand Filling 2"  Cft  128     128        2  12 
4  Brick Pavement 8'  Cft  271.875              1.19  1.33 
5  P.C.C (1:3:6)  Cft  37.3  4.595  17.228  34.465     1.268  1.417 
   Total         4.595  145.228  34.465  0  4.4582  23.3282 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                   
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  144.07  2044.775  3630.7  1102.88  0.00  2674.92  6998.46 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  136.46  1975.85  2904.56  1068.415  0.00  2674.92  6998.46 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  231.48  1975.85  2904.56  792.695  0.00  3120.74  16329.74 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  138.88  2113.7  2904.56  1309.67  0.00  2674.92  6998.46 
 
 
1.b. PCC STREET: 
SPECIFICATIONS: 
• Preparation of sub grade of designed width, grade and camber including compaction to
achieve 95% modified AASHTO density.
• PCC 1:4:8 using ¾’’ to 1.5’’ gauge (1000PSI) as base course 4’’ thick.
• PCC 1:2:4 using ¾’’ to down gauge (2250psi at 28 days) in panels.
• provision of side drains according to the given specification
Dos: 
• Pour the concrete in panels leaving ½’’ expansion joint.
• Fill the joints with sand
• Maintain the slope of the drain.

   7 
 

• This option is used in area which have hard strata and does not undergo expansion and contraction and have very less chances of differential
settlement.this kind of starta is present in KPK and some area of Baluchistan.

 
 
 
 
 

   8 
 

P.C.C Street Pavement With Side Drain 
(Street  Length =  100', Width = 8') ( Drain Size = 1.75'x1.25') 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Bricks Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit Quantity 
(bags) (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  687.5                 8.9375 
2  Preparation of Sub Grade  Sft  800                 4 
3  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  264  25.019077  62.547692  156.3692     0.66  10.032 
4  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  264  46.464  232.32  580.8     0.66  10.032 
5  P.C.C (1:3:6)  Cft  37.3  4.59536  17.2326  43.0815  0  1.3  1.4 
   Total         76.078437  312.10029  780.2507  0  2.5882  34.4189
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                   
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  586.3683103  32713.728  4681.5044  9363.009  0  1552.92 10325.7
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  673.1692088  28909.806  4681.5044  21847.02  0  1552.92 10325.7
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  912.5296404  38039.218  4681.5044  22627.27  0  1811.74 24093.2
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  765.8259784  32713.728  4681.5044  27308.78  0  1552.92 10325.7

   9 
 

1.c.Roads: 
Specifications: 
• Subbase of screened bajri of approved grade of size 19mm to 4.8mm,
• Surface dressing in two coats with bitumen blinded 80/100 or anyother approved grade using 25 lb
or bitumen blended with 6cft of of ½” standard size bajri %sft (1.22kg of bitumen binded with 0.018
cm of 13mm standard size bajri per sq.m( 219 kg of bitumen with 001 cm of 6.4 mm satnadard size
of baj per sq.m)in second coast of road surfce with rolling on the surface.
• The hot mix asphalt layer It is also known as blacktop or bitumen, and sometimes just hot mix. Hot
mix pavements are classified mainly as dense-graded mixes, stone matrix mixes and open-graded
hot mix asphalt.
o Hot Mix Asphalt: Dense­Graded Mixes: this type of asphalt is ideally for all traffic conditions,
and has great performance under structural conditions, friction, and for surfacing and repairing needs
o Hot Mix Asphalt: Stone Matrix Asphalt: Due to its high costs, it is recommended to be used
on high volume interstate highways to get benefits from its durability and endurance. It will
also increase driver’s safety due to the impressive friction capabilities with tires; it will also
reduce tire noise and will reduce reflective cracking.
o Open­graded friction course‐ Air voids minimum requirement is 15%, and no maximum air
void percentage is specified. This mix is only used for surface courses. It has a smoother
surface finish than the dense-graded. It’s low cost of placement counteracts the high cost of
producing it. Caution: Clogging or sealing the pores will dramatically reduce and will
degrade asphalt performance and stability.
o Asphlt treated permeable bases - It is used only under dense-graded, stone mix or
Portland cement concrete for drainage. It is used for drainage purposes below dense-
graded, stone mix, or Portland cement concrete. 
 

   10 
 

 
 

   11 
 

 
Bitumen Road  
 (Assumed Length = 100', Width(topping) = 12')  
Cement  Sand  Crush  Stones  Stones  Bitumen  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit Quantity 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  6" (Cft)  4‐1/2" (cft)  Kg  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Preparation of Sub grade  Sft  1200                       9.6 
2  Compaction of Earth  Cft  200                       2 
3  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  129  12.23  61.13  122.25           0.3225  4.902 
4  Stone Soiling 6"  Cft  600              600        4.5 
5  Stone Soiling 4‐1/2"  Cft  450              450        3.375 
6  Bitumen   Sft  1200                 1200     8.04 
   Total         12.22523  61.13  122.25  0.00  1050  1200  0.3225  32.417 
Cost  
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/rft                         
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  1220.491  5440.228  1528.1538  3912.073846  0.000  5250  96000  193.5  9725.1 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  1217.003  5256.849  1222.5231  3789.821538  0.000  5512.5  96000  193.5  9725.1 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  1345.088  5256.849  1222.5231  2811.803077  0.000  6300  96000  225.75  22691.9 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  1237.103  5623.606  1222.5231  4645.587692  0.000  6300  96000  193.5  9725.1 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

   12 
 

2.Drains:
Types of Drains: 
• Stone Masonary
• Brick Masonary
• P.C.C
• Precast Sections
2. a. STONE MASONARY: 
Specifications: 
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal including
dressing of the soil to acquire designed slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 using 1.5 -2’’ inch gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 4’’ thick.
• Coursed rubble stone masonry with 1:4 C/S mortar.
• PCC 1:2:4 using ¾’’ and down gauge in water way 3’’ thick.
2. b. BRICK MASONARY: 
Specifications: 
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and dispose it safely, including dressing of the soil to acquire designed slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation using brick or stone ballast 1.5 -2 inch gauge in bed 4’’ thick.
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 cements sand mortar.
2. c. P.C.C Drains: 
Specifications: 
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and dispose it safely, including dressing of the soil to acquire designed slop.
• PCC 1:4:8 using brick or stone ballast 1.5 -2 inch gauge in bed 4’’ thick.
• PCC 1:2:4 using ¾’’ and down gauge (2250PSI)
 
2.d.PRECAST SECTIONS: 
Specifications: 
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal, including dressing of the soil to acquire designed slope.
• Laying of sand to acquire designed slope.
• Precast section of RC 1:1.5:3 of required shape and size.
Dos:.  
• Maintain the longitudinal slope of the drain.
• Use stones at 4ft horizontal and 2ft vertical Joint should not be wider than 3/8inch.

   13 
 

• Drain with circular center and square center depend upon the effulent kind as circular concrete linning drain is for the sludge low in volume
whereas the one with just PCC in the base is good for main drain around the community and the one where all the sludge whether green or
brown sludge goes in the one drain.
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   14 
 

Rectangular Drain Brick Masonry  
 
Size = (100'x1'x1.25') 
 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Bricks  Labour (MD)   
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity 
(bags) (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill   
1  Excavation  Cft  525                 6.825   
 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  115.5  10.94585  54.72923  109.4585     0.28875  4.389   
3  P.C.C (1:3:6)  Cft  20  2.464  9.24  18.48     0.05  0.76   
4  Brick Work (1:4)  Cft  175.5  7.13232  35.6616     2369.25  4.914  7.8975   
 
5  Plaster Work (1:4)  Sft  350  2.8448  14.224        3.01  8.05   
   Total         23.38697  113.8548  127.9385  2369.25  8.26275  27.9215   
Cost   
 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                     
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  425.2795  10407.2  2846.371  4094.031  11846.25  4957.65  8376.45   
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  414.7993  10056.4  2277.097  3966.092  11846.25  4957.65  8376.45   
 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  567.1595  10056.4  2277.097  2942.585  16110.9  5783.925  19545.05   
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  466.3099  10758  2277.097  4861.662  15400.125  4957.65  8376.45   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   15 
 

Circular Drain P.C.C Base 
Size = (100' x 1.5' x 7") 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Bricks  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity 
(bags) (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  324                 4.212 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  75  7.107692  35.53846  71.07692     0.1875  2.85 
3  P.C.C (1:3:6)  Cft  46.92  5.780544  21.67704  43.35408     0.1823  2.77096 
4  Brick Work (1:4)  Cft  126  5.12064  25.6032     1701  3.528  5.67 
5  Plaster Work (1:4)  Sft  218  1.365504  6.82752        0.585812  3.85012 
   Total         19.37438  89.64622  114.431  1701  4.483612  19.35308 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                   
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  315.2564  8621.599  2241.156  3661.792  8505  2690.1672  5805.924 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  306.7236  8330.984  1792.924  3547.361  8505  2690.1672  5805.924 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  410.0831  8330.984  1792.924  2631.913  11566.8  3138.5284  13547.16 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  346.0611  8912.215  1792.924  4348.378  11056.5  2690.1672  5805.924 
   

   16 
 

3. DUG WELLS:
• Brick Lining
• Precast Rings
3.a.Brick Lining 
SPECIFICATION:  
• Digging of the well to achieve required dia and depth in all type of soils including lifting and
removal of soils to safe place.
• PCC 1:4:8 in bottom.
• Providing 1st class brick lining according to the given design and wall thickness.
• Providing MS bar ladders embedded in lining with PCC for accessibility.
• PCC 1:2:4 for platform.
• Fixing stout and pulley.

3.b.PRECAST RINGS: 
Specifications: 
• Providing precast RCC (1:1:2) rings of specified dia.
• Providing MS bar ladders embedded in lining with PCC for accessibility.
• Caulking of the joints with 1:2 CS mortar.
• Fixing of stout and pulley
STOUT TYPES:
a. Wood lowering supports                             b. windlass: 

 
 
Dos: 

   17 
 

• Keep the walls in true plumb.


• Use helmets during work.
• Frequently inspect the rope and lowering assembly.
• Use temporary bracing for loose soils.
• Raise the parapet walls higher than flood level.
• One person should always be available outside the well.
Don’ts: 
• Don’t work during rains or immediately after rains.

   18 
 

   19 
 

   20 
 

• Dug well with brick masonry does not go beyond the depth of 50’as it becomes difficult mostly for the construction and widstanding of brick wall
in depth, whereas the rings of precast rings is good enough for the depth of more than 50’ and soil conditions are loose or ad that doesn’t
matter the ring type of construction.
Dug Well (Brick Masonry) 
50' Depth and 4' internal dia 
S.N Cement  Sand  Crush  Bricks  Bamboo   Wood  Steel rings  Labour (MD) 
Description  Unit  Quantity 
(bags) (Rft) (Rft) (Nos)
o  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  886                          11.518 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  24.255  2.2986277  11.493138  22.98628             0.0606  0.9217 
3  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  6.04  1.063  2.6576  5.3152              0.19186  0.24527 
4  Brick Work (1:4)  Cft  270.06  6.43  32.16     3645.81           7.224  11.61 
5  Bamboo for Rope  Rft  5.125              5.12             
6  Wooden Posts  Rft  6.125                 6.125        0.25 
7  Steel ring for steps  Nos  33                    33  1  0 
   Total         9.7916277  46.310738  28.30148 3645.81  5.12  6.125  33  8.4764975  24.54496 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                            
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  854.49373  4357.2743  1157.7685  905.6473 18229.05  81.92  593.64 4950  5085.8985  7363.488 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  846.56394  4210.3999  926.21477  877.3458 18229.05  92.16  593.64 4950  5085.8985  7363.488 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  1186.8023  4210.3999  926.21477  650.934  24791.508  102.4  593.64 4950  5933.54825  17181.47 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  965.87782  4504.1487  926.21477  1075.456 23697.765  97.28  593.64 4950  5085.8985  7363.488 

   21 
 

Dug Well (Reinforced ring) 
50' depth and 4' internal dia 
Reinforce  Cost iron  Steel 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Bamboo  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity  Ring   Post  rings 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  (Rft)  (Rft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  886                          11.518 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  24.255  2.2986277  11.493138  22.98628              0.0606  0.9217 
3  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  2.25  0.396  0.99  1.98              2.0606  4.9217 
Reinforce Ring 4'             
4  Internal dia  Nos  61                
5  Bamboo for Rope  Rft  5.125           61  5.125  6.12  30       
6  Wooden Posts  Rft  7.5                          0.2500 
Steel ring for             
7  steps  Nos  30           1    
   Total         2.6946277  12.483138  24.96628  61  5.125  6.12  30  3.121275  17.61138 
 Cost  
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                            
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  197.06575  1199.1093  312.07846  798.9209 305  82  0  0  1872.765  5283.414 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  296.89253  1158.6899  249.66277  773.9546 320.25  92.25  593.64  4500  1872.765  5283.414 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  441.15151  1158.6899  249.66277  574.2244 366  102.5  593.64  4500  2184.8925  12327.97 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  303.02208  1239.5287  249.66277  948.7185 366  97.375  593.64  4500  1872.765  5283.414 

   22 
 

4.WATER TANKS: 
Specifications: 
• Excavation in foundation.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation and floors.8’’ thick
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar in foundation, plinth and superstructure.
Or
First class brick masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar in foundation, plinth and super structure.
• Installation of GI wash out pipe, overflow and out let pipe.
• RCC1:2:4 for slab.
• Mild steel deformed bars 40ksi.
• MS open able cover 1.5ftx1.5ft minimum.
• cement plaster with 1:3 cement sand plaster at inner side of ¾ inch thick for stone and 1/2inch
thick. for brick work,
• cement plaster with 1:6 cement sand plaster at outer side of ¾ inch thick for stone and 1/2inch thick for brick work,
• PCC 1:2:4 flooring 4’’ thick.
Dos: 
• Provide easy accessibility for cleaning.
• Thick walls reduce the temperature affects.
• Make sure corners are strong

RULE FOR THE CALCULATING CAPACITY OF WATER TANK 

Volume (imperial  Cft (volume/6.24)  possible section(with free 


gallons)  board included)(LxWxH) 
1000  160.2564103  8x6x4 
2000  320.5128205  8x8x5.5 
3000  480.7692308  8x10x6.5 
4000  641.025641  9x9.5x8 
5000  801.2820513  10x10x8.5 
6000  961.5384615  11x10x9 

   23 
 

   24 
 

   25 
 

Water Tank  
6'x6'x4.5' 
Steel 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Bricks  Steel  Pipes  Form Work  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity  Cover 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  (Kg)  (Rft)  (Sft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  67.5                             0.878 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  13.5  1.3  6.4  12.8                 0.034  0.513 
3  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  27.2  4.8  12.0  24.0                 0.068  1.035 
4  Brick Work (1:4)  Cft  167.1  6.8  169.7     2255.3              3.341  13.532 
5  Plaster  Sft  253.2  2.1  10.3                    2.178  5.824 
6  Pipes   Rft  5.5                 5.5        0.250  0.500 
7  Mild Steel G‐40  Kg  47              47           0.094  0.188 
8  Form Work  Sft  51                    51     0.500  1.000 
9  Manhole Cover  Nos  1                       1       
10  Back Filling  Cft  29.51                             0.180011 
   Total         14.9408  198.4037  36.7562  2255.3438  47  5.5  51  1  6.4646  23.6490 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/cft                               
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  253.40  6648.6623  4960.0918  1176.1999  11276.7188 3619  220  1377  800  3878.761  7094.703 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  244.36  6424.5501  3968.0734  1139.4436  11276.7188 3407.5 220  1377  800  3878.761  7094.703 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  331.30  6424.5501  3968.0734  845.39366  15336.3375 3619  220  1377  800  4525.221  16554.306 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  271.78  6872.7745  3968.0734  1396.7374  14659.7344 3760  220  1377  800  3878.761  7094.703 

   26 
 

Option #2 for capacity of 5000 gallons: 

         

   27 
 

Option #1 for construction: 

   28 
 

Option #2: 

   29 
 

OPTION #3 FOR WATER TANK: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The above mentioned are options for the water tank construction as the seismic band is present in the third option which is applicable for the seismic
zones only.
 

   30 
 

5.   Water pounds; 
Specifications: 
• It generally is constructed with a area having pitched stones at the slope.
• This water is generally collected of the rain and its mostly in the region where water availability
for the cattles, humans and irrigation is a problem.

water ponds is a storage reservoir used to harvest rainwater. In few parts of the country, irrigation
water is also stored in ponds for future use. This water is used for drinking purpose as well without any
treatment. Small ponds are made in northern parts where frequency of rains is more and rainwater
supplements other sources while in the areas where frequency is less and major source of water is
either rainwater or irrigation water, ponds are constructed very large.
   

   31 
 

6.WATER CHANNEL: 
• Brick Masonry
• Stone masonry
• Cement Concrete
• Brick Linning
• Precast Segments
6.a.BRICK MASONARY: 
Specifications: 
•  Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 in bed.
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 cements sand mortar.
• PCC 1:2:4 in water way bed.
• Fixing of modules of specified diameter at specific location.
• Plaster the channel internally
6.b. STONE MASONARY: 
Specifications: 
• Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 in bed.
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar.
• PCC 1:2:4 using 3/4 ‘’ and down gauge in water way bed.
• Fixing of modules of specified dia. at specific location.
6.c. CEMENT CONCRETE: 
Specifiations: 
• Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope.
• PCC 1:4:8 in bed.
• PCC 1:2:4 complete in all respect.
• Fixing of modules of specified diameter at specific location.
6.d.BRICK LINNING: 
Specifications: 
• Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope including compaction.
• Brick lining with flat bricks lay with 1:4 CS mortar.
• Reshaping and dressing of the berms including compaction.
 
6.e.PERCAST SEGMENTS: 

   32 
 

Specifications: 
• Excavation in foundation to required depth and slope, including removal of soil from site and safe disposal, including dressing of the soil.
• Laying of sand for cushion.
• Lying of precast section of RC 1:1.5:3 of required shape and size.
Dos: 
• Consult with the users for the location and size of modules.
• Fix module properly.
• Cut the slopes in required design.
• Compact the ground.
Slope ratio in channels: 
Material Side slope
  rock
 
Nearly vertical
Stiff clay ½:1 to 1:1
Firm soil 1:1

Sandy loam 3:1

Loose 2:1
sandy soil

   33 
 

                                                         
 

   34 
 

Water Channel Trapezoidal (P.C.C Lining) 
L = 100', W = 4', H = 1.25' 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Stone  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Cft)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  553                 6.083 
2  Stone Dressing  Cft  250           250  7.75  14 
3  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  172.26  30  76  152     5.85684  6.54588 
   Total         30  76  152  250  14  27 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                   
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  457.66768  13350  1900 4864  9500  8164.104  7988.664 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  442.84768  12900  1520 4712  9000  8164.104  7988.664 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  430.10896  12900  1520 3496  6250  9524.788  9320.108 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  447.48768  13800  1520 5776  7500  8164.104  7988.664 
Water Channel  Rectangular (Bricks Lining) 
L = 100', W = 2', H = 1.25' 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity  Cement  Sand  Crush  Stone  Bricks  Labour (MD) 
            (bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  658                    7.238 
2  Stone Dressing  Cft  350           350     10.85  19.6 
3  Brick Lining   Cft  374.25  14.97  74.85  0     5052.375  10.479  16.84125 
   Total         14.97  74.85  0  350  5052.375  21.329  43.67925 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/rft                      
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  729.9595  6661.65 1871.25    13300 25261.88  12797.4 13103.775 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  716.9715  6437.1  1497     12600 25261.88  12797.4 13103.775 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  812.582875  6437.1  1497     8750  34356.15  14930.3 15287.738 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  775.236375  6886.2  1497     10500 32840.44  12600  13200 
 

   35 
 

 
Water Channel Rectangular (Stone Lining) 
L = 100', W = 1.5', H = 1.25' 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Stone  Bricks  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  800                    8.8 
2  Stone Lining (1:4)  Cft  812.5  45.5  227.5  0  812.5     8.125  16.25 
   Total         45.5  227.5  0  812.5  0  8.125  25.05 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/rft                      
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  692  20247.5  5687.5     30875  0  4875  7515 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  657.55  19565  4550     29250  0  4875  7515 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  676.5  19565  4550     20313  0  5687.5  17535 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  547.3  20930  4550     24375  0  4875  0 

   36 
 

7.AQUADUCT: 
• R.C.C Aquaduct
• Masonary Aquaduct
7.a.R.C.C Aquaduct 
SPECIFICATIONS: 
• Excavation in foundation to required depth, including compaction.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation.
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 CS mortar.
• RCC 1:2:4 3000 PSI
• Mild steel deformed bars grade 40, according to the specified dia.
7.b.MASONRY AQUADUCT: 
SPECIFICATIONS: 
• Excavation in foundation according to design, including compaction.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation.
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 CS mortar.
• RCC 1:2:4 3000 PSI
• Mild steel deformed bars grade 40 according to the specified diameter.
Dos: 
• Consult engineer for design.
• Consider for earthquake load in earthquake prone areas.
• Siphon can be option.
• All the Dos and Don’ts of RCC Masonry.
• Construct arches’ to true radius or rigid centering.
Don’t: 
• Don’t restrict water course.
• For masonry aquaduct, don’t adopt this type of construction unless skill of arch masonry is good.

   37 
 

TABLE FOR THE AQUADUCT REINFORCEMENT DETAILS & SECTION: 
Velocity non-silting and non-scouring= 3ft/sec Q = AV clear span=10 ft

DISCHARGE  SECTION  REINFORCEMENT DETAILS THICKNESS


(CUSEC)   (w x h)  SLAB                                               SIDE              
4  2 ‘x 1’  Main reinforcement  #4@5”c/c,  Main reinforcement  #4@5”c/c, 4.5”
Distribution bars #3@8”c/c,  Distribution bars #3@8”c/c, 
3  1.75’  x 7”  As above Main reinforcement#4@5”c/c, distribution  4.5”
bars#3@5”c/c 
2  1.2’ x 6.5”  As above Main reinforcement#4@5”c/c, distribution  4.5”
bars#3@5”c/c 
1  1’ x 4”  As above Main reinforcement#4@5”c/c, distribution  4.5”
bars#3@3”c/c 

Use of Aquaduct:
This is mainly use for the delivery of water for mostly irrigation purposes, delivery of water for the areas where water feasibility is kind of
difficult.sometimes these are used for the hydral power production.

   38 
 

   39 
 

   40 
 

Aqua Duct 
Length = 10', Width = 2', Height = 1.25' 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Bricks  Steel  Form Work  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  (Kg)  (Sft)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  82.88                       1.08 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  18.23  1.73  8.64  17.28           0.05  0.69 
3  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  194.65  34.26  171.29  342.58           6.62  7.40 
4  Brick Work (1:4)  Cft  262.81  16.02  80.11     3547.97        7.36  11.83 
5  Mild Steel G‐40  Kg  226.04              226.04     0.44  22.32 
6  Form Work  Sft  96.23                 96.23  1.00  2.00 
   Total         52.01  260.04  359.86  3547.97  226.04  96.23  15.46  45.32 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                         
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  10254.59  23143.262  6500.916 11515.61  17739.844  17404.81204  3368.05  9278.70  13594.71 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  9908.86  22363.152  5200.733 11155.747  17739.844  16387.6477  3368.05  9278.70  13594.71 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  12328.59  22363.152  5200.733 8276.8444  24126.188  17404.81204  3368.05  10825.15 31720.98 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  11018.51  23923.372  5200.733 13674.786  23061.797  18082.9216  3368.05  9278.70  13594.71 
   

   41 
 


8 CULVERTS: 
• Slab Culvert
• Box Culvert
• Pipe Culvert
best option for the culverts: 
slab culvert is used where water level is low and diversion is easy and this kind of culvert is box kind but
in box is precast and parts are assembled at the site where in slab culvert all construction is assembled
.slab culvert construction takes time where as box culvert takes time.
8 a. SLAB CULVERT
SPECIFICATIONS: 
Option1: Stone abutment: 
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 using brick or stone ballast 2 – 3’’ gauge in foundation 9’’ thick.
• PCC 1:2:4 (2250Psi). (water way and bed plate)
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (toe wall and abutments)
• CR stone masonry with 1:6 C/S mortar (wing walls and parapets)
Option 2:  Brick masonry: 
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (abutment and Toe wall).
• First class brick masonry with 1:6 cement sand mortar (wing walls, and parapet)
• Mild steel deformed bars of specified diameter free form rust and mill scaling (billet steel, 40ksi)
• RCC 1:2:4 for slabs (2250psi).
• Back filling beyond abutments and wing walls including compaction. 
Option 3: Reinforced cement concrete: 
• RCC (1:2:4) abutments  
• Mild steel deformed bars of specified diameter free form rust and mill scaling (billet steel, 40ksi)
• Parapet walls ,wing walls should be made of RCC(!:2:4)
Do’s:
• Use the salvage bricks/stones.
• Keep the height of the abutments above the highest flood level.
• Reuse the salvage material except concrete and steel.
• Use stones at 2ft vertical and 4ft horizontal.
• Provide the weep holes at every 4ft interval in both directions.
• Deepen the foundation to the scouring depth or Keep the foundation on hard stratum.

   42 
 

Don’ts: 
• Don’t restrict the natural water course.
 
8. b. BOX CULVERT:   
SPECIFICATIONS: 
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• Providing and laying PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3 inch gauge in foundation 4’’ thick.
• RCC 1:2:4 (2250psi).
• Mild steel deformed bars 40Ksi, free from rust and mill scaling.
• Re handling of the soil including compaction.
• Stone pitching grouted with 1:4 CS mortar for apron.
OPTIONS FOR REINFORCEMENT IN THE TOP SLAB CULVERT* 
 
 
BOX CULVERT REINFORCEMENT 
Clear  slab  option #1 of alternate  option #2 of no bent up reinforcement 
span   thickness bent up  reinforcement 
top bars  bottom bars 
main  distribution  main  distribution  main  distribution bars 
bars  bars  bars  bars  bars 
3'  7.7”  #4@3"c/c  #4@8"c/c  #4@11"  #4@11"  #4@3"c/c #4@8"c/c 
4'  8"  #4@3"c/c  #4@8"c/c  #4@11"  #4@11"  #4@3"c/c #4@8"c/c 
5'  9"  #5@4"c/c  #4@8"c/c  #4@11"  #4@11"  #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c 
6'  9"  #5@4"c/c  #4@8"c/c  #4@11"  #4@11"  #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c 
7'  9.5"  #5@4"c/c  #4@8"c/c  #4@11"  #4@11"  #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c 
8'  10.6"  #5@4"c/c  #4@8"c/c  #4@11"  #4@11"  #5@4"c/c #4@8"c/c 
9'  11"  #5@3"c/c  #4@8"c/c  #4@11"  #4@11"  #5@3"c/c #4@8"c/c 
10'  11.6"  no bent up option  #4@11"  #4@11"  #6@5"c/c #4@7"c/c 
12'  12.5"  no bent up option  #4@11"  #4@11"  #6@5"c/c #4@7"c/c 
 
*not applicable for box culvert

   43 
 

   44 
 

   
 
 

   
 
 

   45 
 

 
 

     
                     
   

   46 
 

  
6 feet Span Culvert with Brick Masonry Abutments 
Span = 6' , Slab Size = ( Length =  12', Width = 9') 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Stone  Bricks  Steel   Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  (Kg)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  255.25                       3.31825 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  179.25  16.9874  84.9369  169.8738           0.448125  6.8115 
3  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  148.2895  26.099  130.495  260.9895           5.042  5.635 
4  Brick Work (1:4)  Cft  736.5  29.9314  149.657        9942.75     20.622  33.1425 
5  Plaster (1:4)  Sft  67.5  0.05486  0.27432              0.16875  2.565 
6  Mild Steel G‐40  Kg  224.11                 224.105  0.448  0.896 
   Total         73.0726  365.363  430.8634  0  9942.75  224.105  26.72893  52.368671 
Cost  
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost                         
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  154156.7804  32517.3  9134.07  13787.63  0  49713.75  17256.085  16037.36  15710.601 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  149794.5421  31421.2  7307.26  13356.76  0  49713.75  16247.6125  16037.36  15710.601 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  188873.4188  31421.2  7307.26  9909.857  0  67610.7  17256.085  18710.25  36658.07 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  171597.675  33613.4  7307.26  16372.81  0  64627.875  17928.4  16037.36  15710.601 
Note: Excavation and Back filling work quantities depends on site condition , it will be desided as per site condition or as directed be the Engineer. 
 
   

   47 
 

6 feet Span Culvert with Stone Masonry Abutments 
Span = 6' , Slab Size = ( Length =  9', Width  = 12') 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Stone  Bricks  Steel   Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit Quantity 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  (Kg)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  241.25                       0.039 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  173.625  16.45  82.27  164.54           0.434063 6.59775 
3  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  139.3765  24.53  53.41  122.65           4.491  5.296 
4  Stone Maosnry in Abutments (1:4)  Cft  632.344  29.0322  145.161              19.60266 35.411264 
5  Brick Work (1:4) for parapet wall  Cft  33.75  2.0574  10.287              1.04625  1.89 
6  Plaster (1:4)  Sft  67.5  0.003048 0.01524     632.34 455.625  224.11  0.009375 0.1425 
7  Mild Steel G‐40  Kg  224.11                    0.448  0.896 
   Total         72.07722 291.14  287.194 632.34 455.625  224.105 26.0313  50.273241 
Cost  
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Sft                         
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  1516.137392  32074.36 7278.51  9190.22 24029  2278.125  17256.1 15618.78 15081.972 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  117709.9133  30993.2  5822.81  8903.03 22764  2278.125  16247.6 15618.78 15081.972 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  1641.945655  30993.2  5822.81  6605.47 15809  3098.25  17256.1 18221.91 35191.269 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  1487.071009  33155.52 5822.81  10913.4 18970  2961.5625  17928.4 15618.78 15081.972 
Note: Excavation and Back filling work quantities depends on site condition , it will be desided as per site condition or as directed be the Engineer. 
 

   48 
 

8. c. PIPE CULVERT:  
Specifications:  
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• Providing and laying PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’ gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 9’’ thick in
required slope.
• Providing and laying RCC pipe1:1.5:3 of required dia, confirming the ASTM.
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 CS mortar for toe wall, catch pit and parapet.
• PCC 1:2:4 (2250psi) around pipes.
• Re handling of excavated soil
 Do’s: 
• Join the pipes to each other.
• Maintain the slope of the pipes.
• Provide concrete around pipes.
Don’ts: 
• Don’t use pipe without cushion.
SEPARATION BETWEEN ADJACENT PIPES IN CULVERT: 
 
 
 
•   D N  D
•    
•  
 
 
 

PIPE DIAMETER INCHES (D)  SEPARATION INCHES (N)  
 
15”­24”  12”
 
30”­96”  Half diameter of the pipe  

102”­120”  48”  
 
 
 

   49 
 

   This type is used for the drainage for upstream and downstream part,in pipe culvert we know the exact amount of flow passing under road or pathways. 
Pipe culvert is more easily constructed and its feasibility ,durability is more then the slab culvert/box culvert. 

   50 
 

Pipe Culvert 
 ( Length = 10', Width = 3') ( H = 3.5' it is assuming) 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Stone Pipes Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit Quantity 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Cft)  Nos  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  105                    1.365 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  15  1.4215385  7.1076923  14.215385        0.0375  0.57 
3  P.C.C (1:3:6)  Cft  37.6  4.63232  17.3712  34.7424        0.094  1.4288 
4  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  9.9  1.7424  8.712  17.424        0.337  0.376 
5  Back Filling  Cft  70                    2.000 
6  Reinforce Concrete Pipes  Rft  10              2  0.250  3.000 
   Total         7.7962585  33.190892  66.381785  0  2  0.7181  8.74 
Cost  
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Sft                      
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  582.539481  3469.335  829.77231  2124.2171  0  8000  430.86  2622 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  17126.90431  3352.3911  663.81785  2057.8353  0  8000  430.86  2622 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  672.122001  3352.3911  663.81785  1526.781  0  8000  502.67  6118 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  594.1821518  3586.2789  663.81785  2522.5078  0  8000  430.86  2622 
Note: Excavation and Back filling work quantities depends on site condition , it will be desided as per site condition or as directed be the Engineer. 
 
9.CAUSEWAYS:  
SPECIFICATIONS:  
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 or using 2-3’’gauge brick or stone ballast/gravel in foundation 8-9’’ thick.
• PCC 1:4:8 above the gravel 8” thick
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (drop wall and toe wall )
• PCC 1:2:4 (2250Psi).
• Slope 1:12 longitudinal and transverse slope (maximum).
• Temperature reinforcement should be added in the area where temperature is extreme. 

Do’s: 
• Provide the gauge stick for flood level.

   51 
 

• Build on hard strata whereas provide apron on D/S whereas built on loose strata 
• Divide the concrete into panels not more than 10’x10’ leaving expansion joint of ½”. 

1. a. CAUSEWAY­PCC (1:2:4):  

   52 
 

This type of PCC causeway is used on the areas/nullahs where the water flow is less then usual that keeps the traffic flow smooth. this is low cost
and it is constructed more quickly.

   53 
 

Cause Way P.C.C Topping 
 ( Length = 20', Span = 14') (14' is width of road) 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Gravels  Bricks  Steel  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  (Kg)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  1393.403                       18.114233 
2  Gravels for Sub base  Cft  210           210           1.575 
3  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  291.25  27.601538  138.0077  276.0154           0.728125  11.0675 
4  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  187.6  33.0176  82.544  165.088           6.378  7.129 
5  Back Filling  Cft  312.5                 0     1.159 
6  Brick Work (1:4)   Cft  600  36.576  182.88        8100     16.8  27 
   Total         97.195138  403.4317  441.1034  210  8100  0  23.90653  66.044533 
Cost  
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                         
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  484.9139296  41793.91  6051.475  5293.241  7980  40500 0  14343.92  19813.36 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  498.4957054  36934.153  6051.475  12350.89  7560  42525 0  14343.92  19813.36 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  658.0599394  48597.569  6051.475  12792  5250  48600 0  16734.57  46231.173 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  544.0759933  41793.91  6051.475  15438.62  6300  48600 0  14343.92  19813.36 

   54 
 

9. b.CAUSEWAY­RCC PIPE CULVERT: 

   55 
 

This type of causeway is used for the nullahs which have continuous flow of water.its expensive in construction and more time is consumed in its
construction as compared to PCC causeway.

   56 
 

   57 
 

Pipe Cause Way  
 ( Length = 20', Span = 14') (14' is road width) 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Stone Bricks  Pipes  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit Quantity 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Nos  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  1202.46                       15.63198 
3  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  332.625  31.522615  157.6131  315.2262           2.086313  31.71195 
   P.C.C (1:3:6)  Cft  365.4  45.01728  168.8148  337.6296           0.8925  13.566 
4  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  140  24.64  61.6  123.2           12.138  13.566 
5  Back Filling  Cft  312.5                       1.159 
6  Brick Work (1:4)   Cft  605.256  36.896406  184.482        8170.956     16.94717  27.23652 
   Reinforce Concrete Pipes  No  6                 8     0.748 
   Total         138.0763  572.5099  776.0558  0  8170.956  8  32.06398  103.61945 
Cost  
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                         
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  799.1767467  61443.954  14312.75  24833.78  0  40854.78  32000 19238.39  31085.835 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  778.7847831  59372.809  11450.2  24057.73  0  40854.78  32000 19238.39  31085.835 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  968.6185432  59372.809  11450.2  17849.28  0  55562.5008  32000 22444.79  72533.615 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  856.753045  63515.099  11450.2  29490.12  0  53111.214  32000 19238.39  31085.835 

   58 
 

10.FOOT BRIDGE/ WALKWAYS: 
• R.C.C Deck
• Suspension Foot Bridge
10. a. R.C.C DECK 
 Sub structure: 
Specifications: 
Option 1 Stone Masonry 
• Excavation in foundation including removal of soil from site and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 9’’ thick.
• CR stone masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (abutments)
• CR stone masonry with 1:6 C/S mortar (wing walls and approach steps)
• PCC 1:2:4 (2250Psi). (bedplate and bands)
Option 2 Brick Masonry 
• First class brick masonry with 1:4 cement sand mortar (abutment).
• First class brick masonry with 1:6 cement sand mortar (wing walls and approach steps)
• PCC 1:2:4 for bed plate and bands.
Option 3 Plum concrete 
• Plum concrete using 60% PCC 1:3:6 and 40% stones.
Decking: 
Specifications: 
Option 1 RCC Slab:  
•  Mild steel deformed bars of specified dia free form rust and mill scaling ( 40ksi)
• RCC 1:2:4 for slabs (2250Psi).
• Back filling beyond abutments and wing walls including compaction.
• Railing of approved design made of either RCC, GI pipe of wood which ever material is
appropriate to climate.
Option 2 Wooden Structure:
• Fixing of steel anchor bolts of specified dia and length.
• Wooden beam of specified size of deodar/kail wood or any other hard wood like shesum, keeker etc.
• Wooden runners of specified size of soft wood kail/deodar.
• Wooden planks 2’’ thick.
• Wooden railing. 2-6’’ high

   59 
 

11.b.SUSPENSION FOOT BRIDGE: 
SUB STRUCTURE: 
Specifications: 
•  Excavation in foundation including compaction.
• PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 9’’ thick.
• Plum concrete using 40 % stones and 60% PCC 1:3:6. (abutments, WG anchor, main anchor)

SUPER STRUCTURE & DECKING: 
Specifications: 
• RCC 1:2:4 (3000 Psi) for towers.
• Mild steel deformed bars of specified dia. and shape (grade60).
• Steel eye bar anchored in concrete.
• CR stone masonry 1:6 CS mortar for wing walls.
• Steel wire ropes made up of cable and strands as following
o ½ steel wire ropes with breaking strength not less than 9.18 ton and weight per meter is0.569 kg.
o ¾’’ steel wire roped with breaking strength not less than 21.18 and weight per meter is 1.31 kg.
o 1’’ steel wire roped with breaking strength not less than 36.6 to and weight per meter is 2.28 kg.
• ‘U’ clamps of specified strength and size.
• Gusset plate of specified size and strength.
• Steel hooks of specified size and strength.
• Saddles of specified size and thickness.
• Wooden load carrying members (transom and runners) of specified soft wood without knots and checks. (Hard wood that are difficult to
receive nails are not recommended.)
• Wooden planks 10 wide of deodar or kail wood 2’’ thick.
• Fixing of wooden railing according to the design.

Dos: 
• Take earthquake load in to account in earthquake prone areas.
• Design for cyclone resistant in coastal areas.
• Keep the height of the deck above the highest flood level.
• Provide the weep holes at every 4ft interval in both directions.

   60 
 

• Use the seasoned wood

DON’T: 
• Don’t restrict the natural water course
11. SUSPENSION BRIDGE (JEEP ABLE): 
SUB STRUCTURE: 
Specifications:  
• Excavation in foundation including compaction
• PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’gauge brick or stone ballast in foundation 9’’ thick.
• Plum concrete using 40 % stones and 60% PCC 1:3:6. (Abutments, WG anchor, main anchor.)

SUPER STRUCTURE: 
Specifications: 
• RCC 1:2:4 (3000 Psi) for towers.
• Mild steel deformed bars of specified dia and shape (grade60).
• Steel eye bar anchored in concrete.
• CR stone masonry 1:6 CS mortar for wing walls.

 DECKING: 
Specifications 
• Steel wire ropes made up of cable and strands as following confirming AISC.
o ½ steel wire ropes with breaking strength not less than 9.18 ton and weight per meter is 0.569 kg.
o ¾’’ steel wire ropes with breaking strength not less than 21.18 and weight per meter is 1.31 kg.
o 1’’ steel wire ropes with breaking strength not less than 36.6 to and weight per meter is 2.28 kg.
• ‘U’ clamps of specified strength and size.
• Gusset plate of specified size and strength.
• Steel eye bar anchored in concrete.
• ‘U’ bolts of specified dia.
• Steel hooks of specified size and strength.
• Saddles of specified size and thickness.
• Steel girders 8’’ web and 3’’ flange for transom and 5’’ for runners 2’’ flange 2/8’’ thick.
• Wooden planks 10 wide of deodar or kail wood 3’’ thick.
• Fixing of deodar wooden planks’’ 3 ‘thick.

   61 
 

• Fixing of wooden railing according to the design.


• Weather resistant paint on railing.
• Nuts and bolts of required dia. and length.
Dos: 
• Use throughout stones at 2ft vertical and 4ft horizontal.
• Deepen the foundation of toe wall to the scouring depth or Keep the foundation on hard stratum.
• Get it design by structural engineer.
 
Use: 
Foot Bridge of wooden or concrete structure is used for the passage way of the humans and animals only not cars,trucks etc.wooden and RCCor PCC
or steel bridge structure will depend on the feasibility and construction expertise if on have in such foot bridge.

   62 
 

   

   63 
 

  
 
 

   64 
 

 
*source: PWD office (Muzzafarabad) 

   65 
 

 
12.RETAINING WALL:  
• Stone Masonary
• Plum Concrete
12.a.STONE MASONARY: 
Specifications:  
• Excavation of foundation according to design including compaction and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 using 2-3’’ gauge stone or brick ballast or gehra in foundation.
• CR stone masonry with 1:6 CS mortar.
• CR stone masonry dry masonry.
• PCC 1:2:4 Topping.
• Back filling hand packed. 
12. b. PLUM CONCRETE:  
Specifications: 
• Excavation of foundation according to design including compaction and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:6:12 in foundation.
• Plum concrete using 40% stones of size not more than 6’’ and 60% concrete 1:3:6
Dos: 
• Provide weep holes at 4ft interval along both directions.
• Lay stone in header and stretcher fashion.
• Area where water is scarce, do dry stone masonry with concrete band at 4ft.
• Make through stone by overlapping long stones.
• Drain the water away from walls.
• Seek the advice of geotechnical engineer for unstable land.
• Leave sufficient space between stones for concrete.
• Use sand stone or lime stone.
Use: 
The retaining wall major concept is on the protection of the house and areas from land sliding or protection from stone falling down etc .stone
masonry and brick retaining wall depends upon the material presence and the height restriction as stone masonry wall can’t be made more than 8 ft
height.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   66 
 

 
 
 
 
 
         Table for the gravity retaining wall design   
Height  base width  minimum top 
width 
12  6  3 
14  7  3.5 
slope 
16  8  4  (1:2)H:V 
18  9  4.5 
20  10  5 
24  12  5.5 

   67 
 

   68 
 

Step Retaining Wall Brick Masonry Type. 
 Size  is  (L = 20', W = 4.5', D/H = 3') 
Cement  Pvc 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity  Sand  Crush  Bricks  pipe  Labour (MD) 
(bags) (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  (Rft) Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  360                    4.68 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  39.6  3.75286 18.76431 37.528615       0.099  1.5048 
3  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  85.694  11.8448 29.612  59.224        2.91360 3.256372 
4  Brick Work (1:4)  Cft  1063.05  28.6776 143.3881    14351.175     29.7654 47.83725 
5  PVC Pipe 2" dia  Rft  72              72     0.5 
   Total         44.2753 191.7644 96.752615 14351.175  72  32.778  57.778422 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft                      
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  6853.445  19702.5 4794.11  3096.0837 71755.875  720  19666.8 17333.5266 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  6767.459  19038.4 3835.288 2999.3311 71755.875  720  19666.8 17333.5266 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  9339.822  19038.4 3835.288 2225.3102 97587.99  720  22944.6 40444.8954 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  7944.074  20366.6 3835.288 3676.5994 93282.6375  720  19666.8 17333.5266 
Note: Filling work will be done at site as per specifictions or as directed by the Engineer. 

   69 
 

 
Slope Retaining Wall Stone Masonry Type. 
 Size  is  (L = 20', W = 2'‐4", D/H = 3') 
Cement  Pvc 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity  Sand  Crush  Stones  pipe  Labour (MD) 
(bags) (Cft)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Rft) Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  360                    4.68 
2  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  39.6  1.45736 7.286806 14.573612        0.099  1.5048 
3  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  51.25  9.21712 23.0428  46.0856        1.7425  1.9475 
4  Stone Masonry (1:4)  Cft  824.525  28.3139 141.5694    824.525     23.0867  37.103625 
5  PVC Pipe 2" dia  Rft  72              72  ‐  0.5 
   Total         38.9884 171.899  60.659212  824.525  72  24.9282  45.735925 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Rft    
                 
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  3973.035 17349.8 4297.476 1941.0948  26474.6  720  14956.92 13720.7775 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  3828.116 16765  3437.981 1880.4356  25081.2  720  14956.92 13720.7775 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  4460.026 16765  3437.981 1395.1619  17417.5  720  17449.74 32015.1475 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  3698.819 17934.6 3437.981 2305.0501  20901  720  14956.92 13720.7775 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   70 
 

13.GABION WALLS: 
Specifications: 
• Excavation of foundation according to design including compaction and safe disposal.
• PCC 1:4:8 in foundation.
• Fabricating GI wire crate with 10 Nos wire triple knot, mesh not exceeding 6’’ in each side.
• Filling of wire crates with closely hand packed stone of size 8’’ to 12’’.
Dos:  
• Sew the crates tightly.
• Pack the stones tightly.
• Plant shrubs around gabions.
• Drain the storm water away safely.
Don’t:   
• Don’t use the stone smaller than mesh size.
• Don’t fill earth in crates.
• Don’t leave gap between adjacent crates.
 
Use: 
Gabion wall is useful for the areas where stone is available in abundance as it can be used for the
protection around the rivers,streams etc for the flood case if any.

   71 
 

 
   

   72 
 

14.PROTECTION BUND: 
Specifications: 
• Protection bund can be of earthen fill whole or earthen fill with stones layer over the
earthen at the downstream and upstream side.
• Another options is to grow vegetation at the upstream side for the protection of erosion
and stabilizng the slope.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   73 
 

 
15.Bio engineering Measure for  slopes and streams stabilization: 
• Vegetative soft gabion retaining walls
• Live brushwood retaining wall
• Brushwood mattress
• Brushwood and hedges layering
• Brush wattles fascines
15.a.Vegetative soft gabion retaining wall: 
Specifications: 
• Construction by empty gunny bags of moderate size of usually 50kg capacity filled with the available landslide rubble as building blocks and
brush wood and placed across the slope with mouth open touching the slope.
• Dimensions of the design is:
o Length : according to the width of the land slide
o Height: should be more than 1.5 meter.
o Width : according to the length of the gunny bags (0.6-0.8 meter)
• Giving step of 20cm and place another layer of bags but not more than 1.5m of height

 
 
 
 
 
Front Elevation & cross-sectional views   Soft gabion retaining wall with fencing
 
 
 

   74 
 

 15.b.live brushwood retaining wall: 
Specifications: 
• Poles of fast growing tree species like poplar, willow and mulberry of 1.5m to 2m in length and 8-15cm diameter of keeping the space between
poles of 0.6m

• Dimensions of the design


o Length: According to the width of the landslide.
o Height: Should not be more than 1 meter.
o Width: 0.5-1.0 meter (depending on the slope of the landslide).

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Front Elevation & cross-sectional views
  Brush wood retaining wall at numli maira
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   75 
 

 
 
 
15.c.Brush Wattles Fascines: 
 
 
 
   

Brushwood wattles/ fascines 1


Brushwood wattles/ fascines

   76 
 

15.d. Brushwood and Hedge Layering 

                                                           

     

Cross‐sectional view of brushwood layering                                        Three dimensional view of brushwood layering 
15.e. Brush Wood Mattress:  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   77 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   78 
 

16.WASHING PADS: 
Specifications: 
• Surface dressing and excavation for bed.
• Excavation of soak away
• PCC 1:6:12 in bed.
• PCC 1:2:4 for pad and drain
• PVC pipe 3’’ dia.
• Disposal of water on some distance with sump or soak away.
Dos: 
• Plant tree around washing pad
• Drain out water from hand pump or in soak way properly
  
Use: 
Its use for the washing of clothes for women in areas where womens have to go far away for washing .if parda systm is required then walls around
the washing pad can be build.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   79 
 

   80 
 

Washing Pad  
(11.75' X 5.5') 
Brick 
Cement  Sand  Crush  Bricks  Compaction  Steel Cover  Labour (MD) 
S.No  Description  Unit  Quantity  Ballast 
(bags)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  (Cft)  (Cft)  (Nos)  Skill   Un Skill 
1  Excavation  Cft  44.0625                          0.572813 
2  Compaction   Cft  88.125                 88.125        3.34875 
3  Brick Ballast  Cft  88.125              88.125           0.25 
4  P.C.C (1:4:8)  Cft  88.125  1.653  8.264  9.448              0.2203  3.3488 
5  P.C.C (1:2:4)  Cft  101  1.764  4.409  25.976              0.2525  3.8380 
6  Brick Work (1:4)  Cft  2  0.08128  0.4064     27           0.04  0.162 
   Total         3.49828  13.0794  35.424  27  88.125  88.125  0  0.5128125  11.52031 
Cost 
S.No  Provinces   Toal Cost/Sft                               
1  Cost in Punjab  PKR  89.754863  1556.73  326.985  1133.6  135  440.625     0  307.6875  3456.094 
2  Cost in Sindh  PKR  88.535585  1504.26  261.588  1098.1  135  462.65625    0  307.6875  3456.094 
3  Cost in KPK  PKR  158.029673  1504.26  261.588  814.75  183.6  528.75     0  358.96875  8064.219 
4  Cost in Balochistan  PKR  93.6815227  1609.21  261.588  1346.1  175.5  506.71875    0  307.6875  3456.094 

   81 
 

17. Constructed wetland:  
Specification: 
• There are two procedures for the treatment of contaminated sludge, primary is the anaerobic
baffle reactor and secondary is the macrophytes growth of plants and the absorption of
dangerous/hazardous contaminants in it.
• The sludge comes from the grit chamber to the distribution chamber to the wetland
constructed in such a way that it had 3”thick PCC (1:4:8) over compacted earth then plastic
membrane layer below the gravel 40-80mm.
• The vegetation generally growing are of two types: aquatic macrophytes and emergent
macrophytes.
• After the wetland cleaning n standing time it goes out via the 6”dia perforated pipe to the
outlet of 5x5 and later from outlet to the fields or pond.
• Distribution chamber includes baffle walls in which sludge goes from one chamber to other
chamber.
• Having fence around the wetland for the safety of animals and children.

Use: 
Wetland are provided for environmental protection for the areas where waste water is
treated and water can be further used for cattles ,irrigation purpose etc.

   82 
 

   

   83 
 

   84 
 

   85 
 

 
18.Micro hydral plant: 
Specifications: 
• The Microhydral plant in which it is a water channel (60 feet) and having atleast 1GF flow of water
with 20-30ft gravity.
• The plant have a four bay water tank with trash racks having size of 5x5x6but size may vary that
depend on the production of the eclectricity and area topography.
• The capacity of the micrihydral plant of the given sizes etc is around about 10-30kw and maximum
500 KW.
• The penstock pipe size ,cross flow turbine ,generator, panel board, gate wall, four core cable,trash
rack ,earthern set band,distribution of electricity,four bay water tank, sand ,gravel,
boulder,brick,steel,door windows.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   86 
 

 
ANNEXURE­A: 
GENERAL DO’S : 
• Grout masonry to fill all the joints.
• Use strong form work and scaffolding.
• Compact the concrete manually or use vibrator.
• Cure the slab up 14 days.
• Use clean sand, aggregate and water in concrete and mortar.
• Use Bach box for measuring the ingredients’ quantity.
• Provide shadow on pouring place and Bach mixing area if temperature is higher than 35C*.
• Use Bach box (1’x1’x1.25’) for measuring the ingredients’ quantity.
• Compact the surface.
• Cure the cement work.
• Use the mortar/mix within 30 minutes after adding water.
• Mix the concrete with mixer.
• Cure the work for 7 days minimum.
• Cure the cement work.
• Use the mortar/mix within 30 minutes after adding water.
• Use 30liter of water per bag of cement.
• Use Bach box for measuring the ingredients’ quantity 
•  Reuse the salvaged bricks.
• Maintain the camber in case of roads.
• Cure the cement work.
• Use the mortar/mix within 30 minutes after adding water.
• Break the vertical joint
• Reuse the salvage stones  
• Soak the brick before use.
• Break the masonry joints.
• Bricks joints should not be more than 3/8’’

 
 
 

   87 
 

General Don’ts: 
• Don’t use the under burnt bricks.
• Don’t use substandard brick.
• Don’t leave wider joints in bricks.
• Use salt resisting cement in the areas prone to salinity.  
• Don’t use cement which does not give powdery form.
• Don’t reuse the steel in slab as main bars.
• Don’t use the round stone.
• Don’t use water more than 30 liter per bag of cement.
• Don’t use gap graded aggregate.
• Don’t leave joints in shuttering.
• Don’t leave the concrete cover less than ¾ inch in any case, in areas prone to salinity cover should not be less than 1.5’’.
• Don’t remove the formwork of slabs earlier than 16 days for spans>14ft and 10 days for span<14ft.
• Slump should not be more than 4’’.
• Don’t exe cute substructure’s work during rainy days.
• Don’t drop concrete freely from >3ft height. Don’t use cement whose manufacturing date is older than two months.
• Don’t use cement which gives gritty feel while rubbing between fingers.
• Don’t use cement which manufacturing date is older than two months.
• Don’t use round stones.
• Don’t pin the stones.
• Inter lock the stones.
• Don’t use the silt/clayey sand.
• Don’t use excessive water.
 
    ANNEX B: 
Specifications for Civil Works 
         1.SITE CLEARANCE: 
The whole site area needs to be grubbed and clean to remove all the vegetation and other loose material from the surface. It includes clear of
obstructions, cutting of trees and bushes, grubbing off plantation roots. Later the earth surface is properly dressed, consolidated and
compacted. The cleared material should be disposed off and is not recommended for anything.
 
 
 2.EXCAVATION & BACK FILLING: 

   88 
 

   Excavation for foundation trenches and drains in all kinds of soil shall be done according to the sizes given in drawings. Excavated material
should be carefully disposed off or otherwise shall be used as back fill in foundation, plinth or under floor including breaking clods. Back filled
material is properly placed, water and then consolidated by ramming in layers not exceeding 9” in thickness. Back filling should be done in
pace with masonry work in such a manner that no back filling is done when the masonry is green. 
3.EARTH FILLING (FROM BORROW PITS): 
The fill material must be free from all vegetables, alkali and other deleterious matter. Earth which contains greater than 0.5% of salt and greater
than 0.15% of sulfate is not recommended for any kind of fill purpose. Filling from borrow pits shall be in 6” layers each being well watered and
rammed.
4.CONCRETE WORK: 
a.P.C.C (1:4:8): 
Measurement and mixing of ingredients (Cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water) shall be carefully done (material specifications will be
provided separately). Screened and graded coarse aggregate of size 1 ¼”and down gauge shall be used. Concrete shall be prepared on a dry,
water tight plate form. Cement, sand and coarse aggregates shall be thoroughly mixed in dry state before addition of water to it. Prepared
concrete shall be used within 30 minutes after adding water in it. (1:4:8) concrete shall have a minimum compressive cylinder strength of
1000psi.
b. P.C.C (1:3:6): 
Measurement of ingredients by volume shall be done carefully and thorough mixing shall be ensured on a dry and water tight plate form.
Aggregate size shall not exceed ¾”. Concrete should have a slump not more than 3 inches and minimum compressive cylinder strength of
1200psi. 
c. P.C.C (1:2:4): 
All ingredients should be thoroughly mixed in required proportion in dry state before addition of water. Screened and graded aggregates of ¾”
and down gauge shall be used. For mass concrete, machine mixture is recommended and mixing time should not be less than 2 minutes. For
hand mixing, water cement ratio shall be 0.55 to 0.6 (provided that aggregates are immersed in water before use). For machine mix water
cement ratio shall not exceed 0.5. (Slump should not exceed 3”). Concrete should be compacted properly. A minimum curing period
recommended is 7days. Concrete should have minimum compressive cylinder strength of 2250psi after 28 days. Under normal circumstances
(where temperature is above 20 degree Celsius) form work can be removed after; 

o Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 48 hours


o Side of slab (shores of props left under) 6days
o Beams soffits (shores or props left under) 12 days
d. REINFORCEMENT: 

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All deformed reinforcing bars shall have minimum yield strength of 40 KSI. Reinforcement shall be free from all loose flaky rust and mill scale or
coating that may reduce or destroy the bond. Reduced section steel reinforcement shall not be used. Bars shall be stacked and stored in racks
or platforms above the surface of ground and should be protected from scaling, rusting, damage and structural defects prior to placement in
works. Fabrication should be done according to drawings and designs. The cutting tolerance of all bars shall be 1 inch + or -. Reinforcement
shall not be bent or straightened in a manner that will injure the material. No bars shall be bent twice in the same place, nor shall they be
straightened after bending. Reinforcement is to be accurately placed as shown in drawings and secured against displacement by using high
tension steel wires (binding wires). Concrete clear cover for reinforcing steel shall be as follows: 
o Concrete component permanently exposed to earth = 3”
o Slabs = ¾”
o Beams and columns = 1 ½”
o Lap length shall be equal to 48xdia of bar (minimum)
 
5.BRICK MASONARY: 
All burnt bricks to be thoroughly soaked in water before being laid in cement mortar. Burnt bricks build in mud mortar will only be dipped in
water before use. The joints of bricks work shall not exceed 3/8” in thickness. Unless otherwise specified the bond shall be English and no half
bricks or brick blasts shall be used than those necessary to complete the bond and joins should be staggered. Each course of brick shall be laid
quite level and perfect in bond with frog on top, that every brick is well bedded and flushed solid in mortar. All horizontal and vertical joints shall
be filled up completely. Brick masonry walls shall not be constructed more than 4ft high in a day. Brick masonry in cement sand mortar should
be constantly kept wet for a 7 day period.  
6.STONE MASONARY: 
Course rubble masonry shall be laid in horizontal courses not less than 6 inches in the height. All stones shall be set full in specified mortar in
beds and joints. Through stones shall be provided after every 4ft in horizontal and 2ft in vertical courses. All side joints shall be vertical and
beds horizontal. No joints shall be more than 3/8” in thickness. All stones shall be soaked in water for two hours before being laid in cement
mortar and should be cured for 7 days minimum after laying.
a.BLOCK MASONARY:
Hollow blocks used should have a net area compressive strength of 800psi. Only well dried blocks should be used in construction. Mortar used
shall not be stronger than the concrete mix for the manufacture of blocks. Succeeding courses of blocks are laid in such a manner so as to
break the verticality of joints. Thickness of joints should be 3/8” to ½”. Block masonry should not be done more than 3ft high in one day. When
the difference in height of two adjacent walls is more e.g. when a main wall meets a compound wall, the two walls should be separated by a
joint.
 
 

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SUB GRADE PREPARATION 
Preparation of sub grade over top of already compacted embankment up to at least 95% modified AASHTO, maximum dry density with
required dressing including cutting to required grade, camber (1:48) and side slopes (1:2 or above) and disposal of surplus earth to suitable
sites.
7. BRICK PAVEMENT: 
Brunt bricks shall be laid on edge (4.5” thick) over compacted sand layer of 2 to 3 inches thick. Brick shall be laid using herring bone pattern
with joint thickness not more than ½”. Sand should be filled in joints and edge restraints (berms/compacted earth fill) shall be provided to
restrict lateral displacement of brick during vehicular movements. Water shall be sprinkled after completing the brick pavement to remove
surplus sand from the top and set the sand in joints.
8. CEMENT SAND PLASTER: 
The cement sand plaster shall be of cement sand in proportions specified in the item of work. Mixing of mortar shall be carried out on properly
cleaned water tight platform. Cement and sand shall be mixed dry to a uniform color. The water will then be added to get the desired
consistency. The whole mix will then be shoveled a number of times to ensure proper mixing of the material. Masonry wall on which plaster is
to be applied directly shall be clean and dry, but before applying the rendering coat surface must be damped evenly to control suction. The
rendering coat shall be trowelled on hard and tight being forced into, surface depressions to obtain a permanent bond. The rendering coat will
be allowed to set for two days before the second coat is applied. Before applying the second coat, the surface of rendering coat shall be
dumped evenly. It shall be brought to true even surface by treating it with a wooden float. Surface should be kept wet for at least 7 days.
9. CEMENT SAND MORTAR: 
Measurement and mixing of ingredients (Cement, sand and water) shall be carefully done. Cement and sand shall be thoroughly mixed in dry
state before adding water to it. Water shall be sprinkled slowly on dry mix to make the mortar workable. Only such quantity of mortar shall be
prepared as can be used before initial setting time. A mortar which is not used within 45 minutes of addition of water to it shall be discarded.
Mortar shall be off ready workable consistency having a slump of 2.75”.
10. Demolition & Dismantling: 
 No damage or injury should be done to the part of work which is to be retained. Separate and stack the material which can be reused. Dispose
the surplus material and debris safely with consultation of community and engineer and clean the site. Dismantle the work carefully so that
maximum material could be reused. Use safety goggles, helmet and gloves while dismantling. Before dismantling sewage containing
structures, remove the foul fluids first, stop inflow and then commence the dismantling work. Burry the foul and septic material in ground.
Provide diversion before dismantling of the culverts and pavements. Use barricade or any sign to inform users about work in progress
especially for the culverts.

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MATERIAL PRICES IN FLOOD AFFECTED AREAS ACCORDING TO OCTOBER’2011 
            All prices in PKR 
KPK  SINDH PUNJAB Balochistan 
ITEM DESCRIPTION 
SR#  QTY  UNITS  PRICE  PRICE  PRICE  PRICE 
1  1  No.  6.8  5  5  6.5 
Fired Bricks 
1  No.  8  ‐  7  7.5 
2  Sun Dried Bricks(Adobe Bricks)  1  No.  1  ‐  1.5  1.5 
3  Solid  Concrete Blocks  1  No.  48  22  47  47 
4  1  No.  ‐  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
Hollow Concrete Blocks  1  No.  41  0  43  45 
1  No.  46  ‐       
5  40  Kg  3080  2920  3080  3200 
40  Kg  3080  2920  3080  3200 
Deformed Steel Bars (40,000 Psi) 
40  Kg  3080  2920  3080  3200 
40  Kg  3080  2920  3080  3200 
6  Sand  1  cft  20  20.0  25.0  30.0 
7  Crush (Gravel)  1  cft  23  31  32  38 
8  Portland Cement (Best Way)  1  bag  415  430  445  460 
9  Lime(20 KG)  1  bag  200  240  240  240 
10  1  No.  1584  1650  1520  1488 
1  No.  2376  1650  2280  2232 
Steel Girders 4"x8" approx. 16 ft long 
1  No.  3168  3200  3040  2976 
1 No. 4752 3600 4560 4464 
14  Door (Wood)  1  No.  3200  3000  2800  4200 
   Door (Steel)  1  No.  4500  4000  4200  5000 
16  Window (Wood)  1  No.  2500  2200  2200  2800 
Window (Steel)  1  No.  3500  3000  3000  3500 
19  1  Kg  115  120  120  120 
Nails 
1  Kg  115  120  115  115 

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20  Skilled Labor        700  600  600  600 


21  Unskilled Labor per day  350 300 300 300 
NOTE: Above mention prices don't include transportation cost.     

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General Guidelines for the Rehabilitation of Rural Community Basic Infrastructure 
(CBI) ‐ DRAFT 1 

Participatory Approach in Project Identification, Design and Implementation, Monitoring & Evaluation.

The planning and implementation of the rural CBI must be built upon the consultation with the local population and must be democratic in nature. At
the same time, there should be no compromise on the objective and professional approach to identifying maintenance interventions and the definition
of priorities of CBI.

Consultations with the local stakeholders must begin during the preparatory and identification phases. The consultations must bring in the direct
beneficiaries of the planned works and also must organize collective meetings bringing together the technical services, local communities (both men
and women) and the representatives of the civil society.

The local relevant line department(s) must be taken on-board. The Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) of handing-over must be carried out.

Enhancement of the Local Markets


Construction materials should be procured locally as much as possible.
The project activities must involve the local communities, largely through manual labor.
Skilled people from the community should be encouraged to be the part of project. Efforts should be made to enhance the technical capacities of the
local population.

Resettlement
The rehabilitation of CBI must avoid land acquisition or relocation of houses since rehabilitation will be within the right of way.
The provision of small amounts of land for the rehabilitation of CBI will be based mainly on voluntary rather than involuntary basis.  
Gender
• There should be a system in place to address the cross cutting issues of gender and protection through the inclusion of as many female workers as
possible. At the same time it is important that attention should be paid the general cultural, religious and social sensitivities. The projects may seek

                                                            
1 Rural Infrastructure Support to the PNPM Mandiri II Project, ADB, 2009 and CR Cluster Working Group Meetings on CBI Standards.
 

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to engage women in at least 15% of livelihood infrastructure works and promote more effective representation of women in decision making and
consultation process
• The projects will emphasize gender parity and contribute in correcting the existing gender imbalance. Project may adapt either Task work / Piece
work payment scheme for community workers to encourage women participation. This will also allow some flexibility that will take into
consideration communities’ sensitivities to organize how they want to participate in this project (some women may want to work in the mornings or
in the afternoon to be able to care for children or do their house work, etc).

• Special efforts should be made to strengthen the capacities of the women.

Environment 
Due to a small scale of expected CBI rehabilitation works, the negative environmental impacts include increased dust, noise, wastes and soil erosion.
These environmental impacts are short term and temporary and following mitigation measures can helpful in minimizing the impacts.

• The project activities must involve locally available and environmentally safe materials.
• Construction activities will be avoided during the rainy season as much as possible.
• Close coordination with the local government units in charge of environment should be sought to monitor any illegal excavation activities in the river
or embankment areas. Permission from the district government (environment) must be taken to excavate sand from streams.
• All road cuttings and embankment fills will incorporate soil and slope stabilization measures, vegetation on the shoulders and adequate drainage
provisions; construction and major earthworks during the rainy season will be avoided.
• To avoid any potential contamination of drinking water sources a site for a drinking water supply system will keep at least 10 meters distance to
septic tanks and leach fields.
• Prior to construction of the well or pipe water supply system, water quality sampling will be conducted to test the quality at the lab in the local
department of health and ensure that the groundwater or surface drinking water will meet the drinking water quality standards.
• For a deep well, a permit will be obtained from the local relevant department prior to construction.

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S# Community Potential negative environmental Proposed mitigation measures


Infrastructure impact
1 • Slope cutting for roads widening • Incase of new alignments avoid ecological significant areas
Link roads and paths may trigger landslides; and ensure that minimum possible trees are cut if it goes
• Improper disposal of debris of through a forest area;
blocked roads like disposal into • Identify proper debris dumping site away from streams and
rivers and streams, which may rivers probably in depressions that need filling;
result in sedimentation of • Stabilize the disturbed slopes through bioengineering and
freshwater; engineering measures;
• Ensue trees planting along the paths and roads;
2 Street pavement • Drainage system may be blocked, • Ensure that proper drainage system is an integral part of the
which may result in stagnant water; street pavements;
• Improper disposal of the debris; • Dispose of debris in an environment friendly way; try to sort
• Material (stones, gravel, sand) may out debris and reuse the salvage material if possible and
be extracted from an ecological then dispose of the remaining through land fills in areas
significant area such as freshwater where there is minimum environmental risk.
streams, rivers or stone quarrying • Extract material (stones, sand, gravel) from safe areas;
from vulnerable slopes, which may material can be extracted from the river and stream beds
lead to landslides; where it is accumulated by floods and hinders the
• freshwater flow but pollution of water should be avoided
through movement of machinery (trucks, excavators etc.)

3 Bridges (wooden, • Wooden bridges may lead to • Try to avoid timber cutting from an ecologically important
suspension,) excessive forest cutting especially forest such as national park or an important habitat;
near the forested areas; • Timber should be acquired according to the rules and
• Selection of wrong site and design regulations of the forest departments;
may cause obstruction to • Encourage reuse of salvage material including timber, steel
freshwater flow and hence etc.
movement of aquatic life; • Extract material (stones, sand, gravel) from safe areas;

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• Gradient of stream may be material can be extracted from the river and stream beds
changed and thus may change the where it is accumulated by floods and hinders the
morphology of a stream and river; freshwater flow;
• Extraction of material (stones, • While extracting material avoid use of environment
gravel and sand) from an unfriendly ways such as use of dynamites, dust making
ecologically important area and machines etc.
through environment unfriendly • Give ample space for free movement of freshwater down the
techniques (use of excessive stream; do not obstruct water flow;
dynamites, dust making machines • Do not give too much gradient to the river or stream beds so
etc.) that movement of the aquatic fauna is obstructed;
• To avoid excessive stream cutting and erosion treat the
upstream and downstream portions with check dams
(gabion combined with trees and in case the flow is less
even brushwood check dams and live spurs;
4 Culverts • High risk of water obstruction and • Select proper site and design to allow free movement of
hence restricted movement of freshwater and aquatic fauna;
aquatic fauna; • Encourage reuse of salvage material including such as
• Extraction of material (stones, steel, stones etc.
gravel and sand) from an • Extract material (stones, sand, gravel) from safe areas;
ecologically important area and material can be extracted from the river and stream beds
through environment unfriendly where it is accumulated by floods and hinders the
techniques (use of excessive freshwater flow;
dynamites, dust making machines • While extracting material avoid use of environment
etc.) unfriendly ways such as use of dynamites, dust making
machines etc.
• To avoid excessive stream cutting and erosion treat the
upstream and downstream portions with check dams
(gabion combined with trees and in case the flow is less
even brushwood check dams and live spurs;
5 Water channels, Water • Cutting of slopes, which may lead • Avoid realignment in slope and mountainous areas; If
mills, Micro-hydal power to soil disturbance and landslides; unavoidable then avoid areas where trees are needed to be
units • Improper disposal of debris, may cleared and use sound equipment that result in minimum
lead to water contamination; slopes disturbance;
• Identify proper debris dumping site away from streams and

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• Improper diversion bunds in rivers probably in depressions that need filling;


streams and rivers at source may • Stabilize the disturbed slopes through bioengineering and
hinder the freshwater flow engineering measures;
downstream; • Construct diversion bunds in an environment friendly way;
• Extraction of material (stones, allow sufficient flow of water downstream, use combination
gravel and sand) from an of engineering and bioengineering measures (gabion
ecologically important area and structures combined with live spurs);
through environment unfriendly • Treat the streams from where the water is diverted with
techniques (use of excessive plantation of trees;
dynamites, dust making machines • Encourage reuse of salvage material (bricks, stones etc.)
etc.) • Extract material (stones, sand, gravel) from safe areas;
• . material can be extracted from the river and stream beds
where it is accumulated by floods and hinders the
freshwater flow;
• While extracting material avoid use of environment
unfriendly ways such as use of dynamites, dust making
machines etc.

6 Dug wells • Water could be contaminated; • Before repairing an existing dug well test the water samples
• May not fall within safe distance and ensure that it is according to the approved standards;
from a sewerage point or solid • If it falls at a distance less than 10 m from a sewerage or
waste disposal point; waste disposal point then change the location to a safer site;
• Improper design, which may lead • Design the well in such a way that ensures safe water
to excessive handling and thus withdrawal and use to avoid chances of contamination
lead to water contamination; through human handling;
• Develop the surrounding of the dug well as green spot
through planting of some local tree species;
7 Bore (Hand pumps etc.) Same as for the dug wells Same as for the dug wells
8 Water ponds • Improper design and structure may • Proper design according to the available slope and quantity
lead either to flash floods in case of and duration of rainfall should be ensured;
breach or blockage of downstream • Steep slopes should be avoided;
flows in case heave structure and • Plant trees along the dykes not only to strengthen them but
less water availability. also to create green belt;

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• Improper techniques may lead to • Extract material (stones, sand, gravel) from safe areas;
excessive land and soil material can be extracted from the river and stream beds
disturbance, which may lead to soil where it is accumulated by floods and hinders the
erosion; freshwater flow;
• Ponds on steep slopes have the • While extracting material avoid use of environment
risk of breach and thus may result unfriendly ways such as use of dynamites, dust making
in flash floods; machines etc.

9 Flood protection • Improper structures may obstruct • Proper designs should be adopted to ensure that water
Embankments/ Bunds water flows downstream; flows are not obstructed but only the banks are protected;
• To many flood protection walls and avoid unnecessary changes in rivers’ and streams’ sinuosity
spurs at inappropriate sites may as it is highly important from ecological and flood protection
reduce the nutrient zones along the point of view; Where there is no or very less need do not
banks for the aquatic life; construct flood protection walls;
• Construction of flood protection • Encourage live spurs which use plants and biological
spurs only on one side may material and are hence environment friendly; they also
redirect to water flow to the other provide shelter and food to aquatic life;
side and thus may lead to banks • Try to use salvage material in case engineering structures
cutting on the opposite side of the are unavoidable;
rivers and streams;
• Extraction of material (stones,
gravel and sand) from an
ecologically important area and
through environment unfriendly
techniques (use of excessive
dynamites, dust making machines
etc.)

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Disaster Risk Management 
• The identified interventions must not enhance the exposure of disaster risk and/or add to the existing vulnerabilities.
• Adaptation measures to reduce the risk of disasters must be mandatory part of the process.

DRR Guidelines for Housing, Community Infrastructure and Governance

• In order to set the design criteria for a risk reduction project, the hazards, the current risk and level of risk that is socially acceptable must be
identified. A multi-hazard appraisal should be carried out at an early stage to identify the types of hazards, their likely severity and recurrence
• An evaluation of the current risk includes identifying locations most likely to become unsafe in the event of a natural hazard (e.g., areas prone
to flooding, landslides or earthquake-induced liquefaction) and assessing their land use, as well as assessing the ability of local construction to
resist the identified hazards.
• If, for the identified hazards, the level of current risk is greater than that which is socially acceptable, then the need for hazard-proofing (and/or
re-siting) is established, and the socially acceptable risk and identified hazards become the design criteria for the new construction or
strengthening works.
• A technique to strengthen constructions or make them hazard-safe should consider all potential hazards,. In many cases, design features
intended to enhance resilience to one type of natural hazard will augment resilience to others, for example, the provision of good connections
between foundations, frames, walls and roofs of buildings. However, in certain cases, design features that help resist one type of hazard may
be detimental to the resistance of another.
• Consider different performance objectives for critical facilities and infrastructure, in particular factoring in the potential impact on the users who
would be negatively affected to varying extents by loss of service
• Determine whether additional works are required to render the site viable for development or whether land use should be restricted to reduce
vulnerability to natural hazards. Also consider whether re-siting to a location of reduced risk is an option. Topographical features and
landscape can be used to reduce the impact of potential natural hazards (e.g., to minimise flood risk or modify wind-speed and wind direction)

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GLOSSARY: 
Abutment:  It is the part of the culvert/bridge which bears the load. Length of abutment at top is generally equal to the formation width of the road.
Aqueduct: A channel conveying water. An artificial channel in water flows with ‘free surface, constructed across a valley, river, drains, road or railway, may be below
or above the ground level.
Apron: A floor of brick or concrete around well to prevent erosion and water accumulation adjacent to the walls of the well. 
Anchor angle: Angle of ropes from tower to anchor. 
Anchor Block: is also called main anchor block. It is constructed beyond the towers to anchor the main cables. Location of the anchors cable is guided by the
distance of the tower from the anchor blocks and tower height to maintain the anchor angle. Load of the bridge is transferred to anchor block through main cables.
Therefore it is the weight of the block which resist against loading.
Brick Ballast/Stone Ballast: Broken pieces of stones or bricks ranging from 1.5 to 2’’ in size used in lean concrete.
Breast wall: It is similar structure to retaining wall built to protect the freshly cut surface of a natural ground.
Berms/ Shoulders: Surface adjacent to the carriage way, often made by the compacted earth. Shoulders protect the edges of the carriage way from erosion and
damages.
Base course: The immediate surface below the wearing coat, which transmit vehicular load to the sub base and is subjected to the direct loading affects.
Catch Pit: a constructed pit made to collect and guide water to drain through pipe culverts. 
Culvert: A drainage structure, usually used to convey flows through it. Culvert’s span is significantly less than or maximum 20ft.It has three types; pipe culvert, slab
culver and box culvert masonry arch culvert. 
Causeway: A small submersible bridge constructed by providing a paved dip across a shallow drainage course, at or about the bed level. It can be submersible or
partly submersible.  
Camber: A transverse slope of the road section to drain the water away. 
Decking: An arrangement which provide surface for pedestrian or vehicles to move on the bridge skeleton.  
Free board: A margin between channel/water tank’s top and the full supply/storage level. 
Gabion wall: a retaining wall typed structure used to retain or protect the filled material or embankment. Groynes and spurs are also made by gabions where stone
are available nearby. A basket of GI wires is knitted in form of crates and filled with stones. This type of structure best suits the sites which are prone to sink. Or
A gabion wall is a retaining wall made of rectangular containers fabricated of heavily galvanized wire, which are filled with stone and stacked on one another, usually
in tiers that step back with the slope rather than vertically.
Guy Links: these are ropes which are used to brace the wind guy to the bridge.
Main Cables: Main cable are stretched over tower and anchored in anchor block. All the loads are transmitted through these cables.
Parapet Wall: A dwarf wall constructed on the edges of the culvert or bridge for protection of pedestrians and vehicles.
Protection Bund:  This is bund constructed alongside the river bank to protect the surrounded area from flooding. 
Retaining Wall: A retaining wall is a wall built to resist the pressure of earth filling or backing, deposited behind it, after it is built.
Runners:  Wooden members fixed on transom, upon which wooden planks or GI sheet is fixed to provide deck surface.
 Suspension Bridge: A form of bridge which mainly consists of set of cables, one on either side from which a deck is suspended by rope slings. Deck is made by
wooden planks fixed over iron transoms. It can be Foot Bridge for pedestrian or for vehicular movement. 
Span: A horizontal distance between the face of the abutments (supports) of a bridge or culvert.

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OR
The extent or measure of space between two points, two edges or extremities, as of a bridge or roof.
Suspenders/Slings: Suspenders are the ropes which transfer the bridge load to main cables. Transoms are suspended by these ropes. 
Suspension Angle: Angle of main cable form tower to mid of the bridge.
Sub Grade: the lowest part of the road purposes as the foundation of the road.
Sub Base: If the sub grade is stabilized by the external material it is call sub base. 
Soakage Pit: It is also called soak away, cesspool or seepage pit. It is used to dispose of the foul water safely. Water is filtered through passing it before meeting the
underground water.
Toe Wall: A stepped wall constructed across the flow to prevent scouring and undermining of the abutments and wing walls of the culverts.  
Tower: A vertical RCC or Masonry structures constructed to provide the required angle to main cables and resist load of both axis.  
Transom: Transverse members to the road/ walk way, which transmit load to the main cables via suspenders. Bridge decking is supported by these members and
those are made up of steel girders. 
 Wing Wall: A wing wall is a splayed extension of the abutment of a culver or bridge and it retains the side slope of the embankment and to guide the water through
opening where required. 
Washing Pad:  A place in rural area where women wash clothes. Idea of washing pad comes from spring- (Chashma) where women used to wash clothes on stones
sills.  
Weep Holes: Holes are the small openings left in retaining structure (retaining walls, breast walls, wing walls or abutments) to drain the water off. Presence of water
in back filing induces water pressure on the structure which needs to be drained immediately.  
Wind Guy: Wind guys are ropes anchored in constructed in masonry/concrete blocks and connected with bridge decking to prevent the swaying/swinging of the
bridge by wind. 
Wind Guy Anchor Block: This block is constructed to anchor the wind guy ropes and functions similar to above.
Wearing Course: The top most layer of the road which provides a smooth riding to vehicles.

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