THE ERA OF

LIVING SERVICES
LIVING SERVICES
ARE THE RESULT
OF TWO FORCES
DIGITIZATION OF EVERYTHING
AND LIQUID EXPECTATIONS
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
01 05
LIVING SERVICES: PREPARE TO ATOMIZE
DESIGNED FOR LIFE Page 66
Page 04

02 04 06 07
CREATIVEWHERE
DESTRUCTION:
WILL LIVING DESIGNING FOR ONE:
PRIVACY AND ETHICS:
HOW LIVING SERVICES WILL
SERVICES EMERGE? SERVICESNAVIGATING
MADE TO MEASURE
OUR
CHALLENGE BUSINESSES Page 74 CHANGING VALUES
Page 18

03 07
05 APPENDIX
A BRAVE NEW WORLD PRIVACY AND ETHICS:
PREPARE TO ATOMISE
FOR BRANDS NAVIGATING OUR
Page 26 CHANGING VALUES
Page 86
04
WHERE WILL LIVING SERVICES
06
EMERGE?
Page 32 DESIGNING FOR ONE:
SERVICES MADE TO
MEASURE
 01
LIVING SERVICES:
DESIGNED FOR LIFE
What are Living truly transformative for business
and society alike. Some call it the
Services? ‘Internet of Things,’ but in our view
this does not accurately describe the
inherent benefits this age will bring
Living Services are and its key characteristics. We think
the result of two this is the era of Living Services.

powerful forces: Over the next five years, sensors,

the cloud, connected smart devices
the digitization and realtime analytics will combine
of everything and to deliver a new layer of connected
intelligence that will revolutionize
‘liquid’ consumer the ability of brands and
expectations. organizations to offer interesting
and increasingly indispensable
digital services to consumers.
Living Services respond by
wrapping around us, constantly
Living Services are highly
learning more about our needs,
sophisticated and able to constantly
intents and preferences, so
learn and evolve, almost as if they
that they can flex and adapt to
are alive. They will transform and
make themselves more relevant,
improve the way we live, both
engaging and useful. Consumers
by removing mundane tasks and
demand this now as the standards
offering services that surprise and
are being set by the best of
delight us. By being physically close
breed across the entirety of their
to us and wrapping themselves
experiences, not restricted by
around the everyday things we do,
sector—hence liquid expectations.
Living Services will intuitively learn
our habits, likes and dislikes and
This is an incredibly exciting time,
become tailored to our individual
as we are on the cusp of the next
and changing needs. The result is
major wave of transformative digital
digital services that are contextually
services. We are already seeing
aware and able to react in real time
the integration of smart digital
to changes in the environment or our
technology into many inanimate
patterns of behavior—creating once
objects, devices and machines.
unimaginable engaging experiences.
Just like the previous two waves—
the desktop Web in the 1990s and
mobile in the 2000s—this will be

LIVING SERVICES 5
A defining characteristic of Living Services
is that they will be designed around the
needs of individuals, as opposed to generic
services defined by an organization for
mass consumption.
Living Services will profoundly affect
brands (see Chapter 3) and design (we
consider how in Chapter 6). The challenge
will be that design must become tailored,
responsive and able to adapt quickly to
changing circumstances. Visual, screen-
based design will retain a central role, but
designers will have to engage more with
human senses including voice, gesture
and sensors on the body, and recognize
ambient circumstances such as temperature
and location inputs. The role of design will
become more important than ever.
Designers will need to focus not only on
ergonomic and operational concerns (what
is the user’s physical context/what do we
need to deliver to him now?), but also on
emotional and physiological concerns (how
is this person feeling physically/what is her
state of mind?). This will be increasingly
possible as technology delivers the data
required to understand these factors.
With so many considerations to take into
account when designing Living Services,
it’s important that designers exploit the
full capabilities of the technology at their
disposal to incorporate elements in their
services that amaze and excite consumers,
and help build a lasting relationship with the
brand in question.
LIVING SERVICES: THE THIRD
WAVE OF DIGITAL
It’s tempting to simplify the arrival of Living
Services as a single shift in technology (by
reference to smart devices, for example).
In fact, Living Services are the next wave
of digital transformation that has been
challenging businesses for the past 20 years.
Each digital wave has added to and built
on the previous one. The first wave was the
desktop Web. It started in the early 1990s and
hit the commercial mainstream in the second
half of the decade, triggering the dot-com
boom and bust. Its impact has been powerful.
The desktop Web revolution ushered in
Internet services such as eBay and Amazon,
which disrupted the way in which consumers
buy and sell products. These businesses are
still powering the digital economy. Similarly,
Google revolutionized how people searched
for information, while early social media
channels such as Friendster began to change
the way in which we connect and interact with
friends and family.
THE MOBILIZATION OF
DIGITAL SERVICES
The second wave has been happening over the
past 10 years and is all about the relentless rise
of mobile. The first decade of the 21st century
has seen the inexorable spread of mobile
phones across the world and the acceptance
of some mobility fundamentals, such as
texting, payments and the mobile Internet.
From 2007, the launch of the iconic iPhone
accelerated both consumer take-up of smart
mobile devices and sparked an intense period
of innovation. Established handset technology
and computer brands began competing with
new entrants such as Google and Microsoft,
offering alternative operating systems.
Smart mobile computing is approaching
ubiquity in developed markets. As of press
time, the Pew Research Internet project,
reports that 64% of U.S. adults own a
smartphone.
LIVING SERVICES 6
In 2014, mobile firmly replaced desktop
as the primary means of accessing digital
services. A U.S. study by ComScore found that
smartphones and tablets accounted for 60% of
total digital media time spent, up from 50% the
previous year.
Smartphones also spawned a whole new
mobile software ecosystem in the form of
apps, which introduced new mass-market
brands such as Minecraft and Angry Birds, and
a new tech lexicon.
The consumer’s love affair with smartphone
technology means that social media such as
Facebook and Twitter have become multi-
channel services, and mobile has prompted the
creation of social channels such as WhatsApp,
Tinder, Instagram and Snapchat.
This wave has also been transformative
through smartphone geolocation capabilities
and technologies that can contextualize
information in real time. Most consumer service
sectors have been influenced by, or evolved in,
what they offer as a result of the mobile app
revolution.
In mobile banking and payments, innovative
services such as Venmo and Square are
emerging forces. For navigation, Google Maps
has become indispensable, while research
platforms Yelp and AroundMe are becoming
common location-based reference points;
Dropbox is a favorite for data storage and
sharing; Skype for low-cost calls; Evernote for
personal information—the list is endless.
WAVE THREE: BEYOND THE
INTERNET OF THINGS
The third wave of digital innovation has
naturally progressed to the point where
businesses are actively integrating connected
technology into other objects.
The ‘Internet of Things’ is the term now
commonly used to describe a future where
everything—from fridges to milk cartons,
medicine dispensers, wearable technology
and cars—will talk to us, our smart devices
and each other. Some of the projections
feel pointless (egg cartons? Really?) others,
highly disruptive.
Living Services are a step beyond the limited
descriptor ‘Internet of Things.’ In effect, they
breathe life into what will become a vast
network of connected machines and objects,
enabling branded services to flow through
and utilize this connected environment. This
will also accelerate the “atomization” of
services, something we explore in Chapter 5.
AroundMe is one of the
common location-based
reference points.
LIVING SERVICES 7
Living Services are a natural evolution
from desktop and mobile. It is the growing
infusion of digital technology into the
hardware and built environments that
surround us in the modern world.
WHY NOW?
THE BREAKING WAVE
It is true that many of the conceptual ideas —
from challenging to pointless—behind Living
Services have been with us for a decade or
even longer. ‘Smart’ objects that are able
to help us by understanding what we need
and when, the arrival of artificial intelligence,
ubiquitous access to computing, the fusion
of physical and virtual reality, and seamless
supply of information are all ideas that were
being actively discussed in the late 1990s.
So what is new? The answer is that all of
the concepts above are now deliverable at
scale. It is not only possible to create true
Living Services, but it is becoming a business
imperative that is driven by consumer
expectations.
We are very close to Living Services
becoming mass-market phenomena. In
the next two years we will see Living
Services start to transform a wide range
of industries and markets in different
ways. Current investor interest in sectors
like ‘wearables’ will shortly broaden into
sustained widespread investment in the
services that flow through new devices
and a diverse mix of companies becoming
involved in their development, rather than
individual companies carrying out isolated
experimentation.
But the key driving force behind Living
Services is changing consumer expectations
across two areas: cultural and commercial.
Culturally, consumers, particularly in the
younger age groups, are placing greater
emphasis on the importance of life outside
work, than older generations. A report by
the White House on the millennial generation
(those born between 1980 and the mid-
2000s), found that a greater number of this
group valued life goals such as having time for
recreation and finding new ways to experience
things than those from ‘Generation X’ or the
‘baby boomer’ generation. This cultural shift
is driving the development of Living Services,
which not only simplify and improve our lives
but also provide the tools to help us enjoy our
leisure time more fully, by offering innovative
‘Smart’ objects that are able
to help us by understanding
what we need and when.
LIVING SERVICES 8
and delightful ways for us to discover new
music, friends, fashion and hobbies.
When it comes to consumers’ commercial
expectations, these have become truly
liquid across different product and service
categories. In the past, banks competed
with banks for excellence in experience (if,
indeed, they paid attention to it). But now
if an organization’s experience fails to meet
standards set by companies that do not
directly compete with it, then it will be seen
to fail. Consumers no longer compare their
brand experiences of two different banks;
rather they make comparisons between their
brand experience of their bank with a best-
in-class airline, or worse, a design-driven
startup such as Uber. What’s more, as their
experience of connected digital services
grows, consumers can see for themselves
how technology and digital services could
be improved across a wide variety of
sectors. They can imagine how services
could evolve to make their lives easier and
better. They will be attracted to the services
that leap forward and transform markets,
reshaping their expectations in the process.
Once a new way of doing things takes root,
consumers’ interest and usage will coalesce
around the services capable of delivering it.
In some ways, we are all designers now!
In this age of liquid consumer expectations,
businesses have a choice: either reshape the
way they deliver their services or products,
or continue to see the control of every
aspect of the customer experience slip from
their grasp. We give our thoughts on how to
do this in Chapter 2.
To avoid the erosion of customer relationships,
businesses will need to know their customers
as individuals and then flex their services over
multiple delivery touch points to meet those
individuals’ needs according to the ever-
changing context they find themselves in. As
we have seen in previous waves, some sectors
will be affected by Living Services more
quickly than others. Healthcare is one area
where we will see Living Services emerge first,
led by quantified self-health tracking devices.
Similarly, the connected car is fast becoming
a reality, while in the home, we can expect to
see people start to manage more and more
aspects of their lives remotely from their
devices. We will begin to see Living Services
on a city scale emerge by 2020; however,
because of the complexities involved, this
is likely to be limited to a handful of leading
‘landmark’ connected cities emerging in
regions such as the Middle East and Asia.
It is not only possible to
create true Living Services,
but it is becoming a
business imperative that
is driven by consumer
expectations.
By 2020, we can expect Living Services to
have a significant impact on the services
and maintenance of buildings, equipment,
factories and machines, which will result in
a move away from a maintenance schedule
based on averages to individually tailored
schedules. This will have a profound impact
on the economics of running a wide variety
of businesses and industries. Economics will
be a key catalyst: businesses that don’t invest
in Living Services to help them become more
efficient and cost-effective will find themselves
at a competitive and commercial disadvantage.
Another important spur for the mass
adoption of Living Services will be growing
consumer demand for tailored services
that combine into new benefits, in terms
of saving time and money or improving
LIVING SERVICES 9
quality of life. For example, consumers will
opt into a service that connects sensors on
their car to discounts on their car insurance
for safe driving (as proved by the sensors).
Consumers are likely to choose a utility
provider that offers not just advice on energy
efficiency but the ability to optimize it,
allowing them to save money and reduce their
energy consumption and carbon footprint at
the same time.
HOW WILL LIVING SERVICES
CHANGE OUR LIVES?
Living Services will initially automate many
of the small, low-maintenance decisions we
consciously make in our everyday lives. At
home, personalized Living Services could
adjust the heating, lighting or music volume to
fit with the preferences of the person walking
into the room, and take into consideration the
time, temperature and daily behavioral pattern
of that individual or family group. As well as
taking over boring and everyday tasks, Living
Services have the capability to help us get
the most out of our leisure and downtime. By
continually learning and forging long-term,
(and if they are to be successful) meaningful
relationships with us, Living Services will
come to know what we enjoy doing, and will
understand the context of our lives including
our time and financial restrictions, how happy,
healthy and fit we are, and with whom we are
spending our leisure time.
Designed to learn through realtime analytics,
they will be able to curate choices and deliver
personalized recommendations tailored to
the weather, our location, mood, health and
even our bank balance. The best designed of
these will have the potential to enhance our
lives by injecting elements of surprise, delight
and wonder into our daily routines. These
could range from automatically downloading
a playlist of our favorite boyband’s hits to our
smartphone as we travel to their concert, or
spontaneous recommendations for accessible,
nearby tearooms suitable for the elderly
relative who is visiting.
Living Services will be powered by our data,
collected from sensor-rich objects and devices
we interact with, apps and everyday services
we use, such as banking, as well as historical,
behavioral (if we permit this) and third-party
contextual data, including weather or travel
information. It will be the responsibility of
organizations from business to government
to non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
to create Living Services that are suitable and
helpful to their customers, citizens and users.
Much of this will happen in the background
so consumers won’t necessarily consciously
engage, even as they reap the benefits Living
Services bring.
So Living Services have the potential to touch
most aspects of our home and work lives—
we cover this more in depth in Chapter 4.
Automated learning services that streamline
decision-making have the potential to impact
leisure, business and industrial operations.
In each scenario it is the shift from a one-
size-fits-all solution to customized services
to fit the individual, delivered with a level
of automation and contextual integrity that
enables them to act and feel intuitive.
As Living Services become more mainstream,
they will unleash new competitive forces in
business and the public sector, which will
require companies and organizations to rethink
their business structures and practices in the
same way as we have seen with the desktop
Web and now mobile. From manufacturing and
service delivery to sales, customer relationship
management, marketing and branding,
the opportunity to create and enhance
interactions with customers and suppliers
will fundamentally transform the way we do
business and organize public sector bodies.
LIVING SERVICES 10
WHERE WILL WE EXPERIENCE
LIVING SERVICES?
OUR HOMES:
Managing energy, shopping,
security, environment,
entertainment, our diaries and
budgeting.
OUR FAMILIES:
Everyday schedule management,
diary coordination, location and
status updates and cultural and
social event recommendations.
OUR CARS/TRANSPORT:
Driving management and support,
maintenance management, route
planning, traffic information,
insurance assessments, roadside
attractions and services, media and
work communications, fuel and
energy management, social media
and entertainment.
OUR SHOPPING:
Automated ordering, price
comparisons, discount or
promotion research, budget
advice, automated search and offer
comparisons and social sharing.
OUR LEISURE TIME:
Realtime, contextually appropriate
recommendations, content curation,
bespoke offers, information on
travel/parking options, decision-
making tools.
OUR BODIES:
Fitness and dietary advice, training,
illness diagnostics and personal
health diary planning.
OUR JOBS:
Coordinating travel arrangements,
diary workload management,
learning and reading
recommendations, resource
management and decision-making
advice.
OUR MONEY:
Balance management, moving
money, shopping decision-making,
investment advice, mortgage
advice and borrowing.
OUR LEARNING:
Learning and career plans tailored
to the individual child’s specific
developmental needs, right down
to realtime monitoring of her mood
and alertness; automatic recording
of students’ presence or absence
from a class; realtime parental
involvement in classrooms.
OUR CITIES:
Managing congestion, combatting
crime, street lighting, infrastructure,
the environment, building repairs,
waste collection and planning.
In theory at least, by cumulatively removing
many mundane aspects from our lives
and making other tasks we perform/daily
challenges we face much easier and more
enjoyable, we will have far more freedom
to enjoy creative, social or educational
aspects of our lives. There is a clear risk
here of techno-utopianism, and we should
emphasize that Living Services bring
ethical challenges to society that will need
resolution by all stakeholders —you can read
more about this in Chapter 7.
Which technologies are
enabling the rise of
Living Services?
THE GROWTH OF
CONNECTED DEVICES
There are six main technological innovations
that are paving the way for Living Services.
The first is the predicted future growth of
connected devices. Latest estimates from
Gartner suggest that there will be 30 billion
connected devices by 2020 (up from 2.5
billion in 2009).
Mobile technology will be a critical element
powering the evolution of Living Services.
Between 2013 and 2017, mobile phone
penetration will rise from 61.1% to 69.4%
of the global population according to an
eMarketer report: “Worldwide Mobile Phone
Users: H1 2014 Forecast and Comparative
Estimates.” Mobiles will often play the
role of a remote control that makes other
connected devices meaningful, responsive or
even visible at all.
These devices will not only be connected to
each other and the Internet, but will feature
a huge array of sensors with the ability to
capture and analyze vast amounts of data,
often in realtime.
CONNECTED SENSORS
So the second enabler is the widespread
availability of sensors—increasingly cheap,
durable, small and connected. The ‘Internet of
Things’ has already moved beyond speculation.
Cisco IBSG estimates the ‘Internet of Things’
was ‘born’ sometime between 2008 and
2009. It predicts that by 2020 there will be
50 billion connected devices: an average of
almost 6.6 per person worldwide.
However, according to Acquity Group’s
Internet of Things Report 2014, although
mass adaption of connected technology
is likely in the long term, the majority of
consumers (87%) hadn’t heard of the term
the ‘Internet of Things’ prior to the study. In
fact, the top barrier to mass adaption of this
technology is a lack of both awareness and
value perception among consumers.
A report by Markets and Markets states that
the market value for sensors that translate
physical information into data, for example
flow sensors, dissolved oxygen, temperature,
pressure and touch, is expected to generate
revenue of $10.46 billions by 2020, growing
at an estimated Compound Annual Growth
Rate (CAGR) of 36% from 2012 to 2020.
We are already used to sensors in smart
mobile devices and increasingly wearables
on our wrists, such as Pebble, Jawbone,
Fitbug Orb and the Apple Watch. We will
soon become used to these sensors woven
into more and more everyday scenarios.
These small sensors can detect a wide
range of different variables from “is the
light on?” and “is there movement here?”
to “what is the location?” and “what is the
speed of movement?”
LIVING SERVICES 12
We are already used to sensors in smart mobile devices and increasingly wearables on our wrists, such as
Pebble, Jawbone, Fitbug Orb and the Apple Watch.
Sensors will also travel with us. An early
indication of the kind of uses they may be
put to was evident with the Copenhagen
Institute of Interaction Design’s smart umbrella,
which measures air pollution levels including
nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide as well as
temperature and humidity.
The ‘sensing umbrella’ prototype can share
the information it collects via Wi-Fi networks,
allowing pollutant levels—together with time
and location data—to be uploaded to the cloud
and used for analysis.
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
The third core enabler is low-cost, ubiquitous,
fast network connectivity. Sensors on their
own are not transformative: Fast networks and
increasing bandwidth enable smart devices
to transmit data collected and receive large
volumes when required.
A report by Strategy Analytics, titled
Broadband and Wi-Fi Households Global
Forecast 2012 predicted that worldwide
household Wi-Fi connectivity would grow from
439 million households worldwide, equivalent
to 25% of all households, to 800 million by
2016, 42% of households.
Continued investment in the rollout of hyper-
fast data delivery infrastructure is critical to
the creation of Living Services that blend
seamlessly into our lives.
THE CLOUD
From a business and marketing point of view,
the number of digital touch points generating
data from consumers and employees is
increasing exponentially. And as the number
of digital applications used by stakeholders’
increases, storing the vast amount of data
generated by them is becoming a significant
challenge for enterprises.
LIVING SERVICES 13
Cloud Computing is the fourth key enabler of
Living Services.
Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile
Data Traffic Forecast Update 2014-2019
predicts cloud applications will account for
90% of total mobile data traffic by 2019,
compared with 81% at the end of 2014.
Storing data is just part of the problem.
Enterprises and public sector organizations
require data to be consistent in form and
also easily accessible. Using cloud computing
creates a centralized and secure place from
which organizations can draw, cross-reference
and analyze information. Data in a consistent
standard form can be integrated into business
operations in a transformative way.
A centralized, standard data facility that can
be plugged seamlessly into every aspect
of a corporation’s operations is a critical
step towards facilitating Living Services. To
function, learn and evolve, a Living Service
must be able to reference information from
every part of the organization delivering it.
In addition, that organization or business
must be able to draw in data from third-party
sources such as social media or other service
providers and integrate that information into
its own cloud-based pool of data.
Using cloud-based data management systems
will also help future-proof businesses.
Providing access to information down through
all levels of an organization will enable faster
decision-making and stimulate creative
solutions to business challenges.
This is particularly true for product
innovation. If data access is democratized
across an organization, teams in a position
to be objective about a particular service or
business unit are more likely to spot patterns
in data that may help improve operations or
even create a new service point. In short,
cloud data systems will help businesses
become more nimble, efficient and creative.
DATA AND ANALYTICS
As mentioned previously, the number of
digital touch points creating data is rapidly
increasing. Naturally, that means the data that
is being generated is also rampantly growing,
which is creating new and urgent challenges
for analytics. The fifth element in the delivery
of Living Services deals with both the data and
analytics that such services create and use in a
symbiotic fashion.
Even a simple visit to the grocery store can
now include data captured via the loyalty
program about preferences (a low-calorie diet,
passion for Asian fusion recipes or a peanut
allergy), visit intent (QR codes scanned) and
even the type of customer journey each visit
represents (store path captured via beacons).
To function, learn and
evolve, a Living Service
must be able to reference
information from every
part of the organization
delivering it.
The sheer breadth of the data, not simply
size, can create enormous challenges as the
proverbial haystack gets larger with each
question we ask. Designing with data in
mind, captured in depth in Chapter 6, can
help scope which data is needed to create
a digital experience personalized to each
individual and event. Yet, questions will still
arise, such as why traffic in the store has
declined this year versus last, which still
need advanced analytics to solve.
LIVING SERVICES 14
As the data breadth grows, techniques such
as pivot tables and traditional segmentation
efforts will fail to tackle the data deluge.
Instead, companies are turning to artificial
intelligence to replace manual evaluations.
Analysts will look back over many weeks with
automated analysis that can evaluate millions
of scenarios an hour with much greater depth.
As we continue to gather data elements across
sensors, mobile apps, social and ecommerce
platforms and emails, the need for automated
advanced analytics will continue to grow to
meet that need.
In Chapter 6, we also discuss the need for
designing for human bandwidth, which is
critical given that consumers are wrestling
with a growing number of choices. Analytics
are not only critical for helping consumers
find what they are looking for, but helping
them do so with more confidence, less regret
and more uniqueness. The latter is critical as
consumers continue to express their niche
preferences through the long tail of digital,
yet can only do so if they can efficiently dig
through the ever-growing digital assortment
made available to them.
One key element often overlooked is the
impact of Living Services on the operational
side of the enterprise. Enhancing customer
experiences, improving selling and
marketing effectiveness, plus increasing
brand equity are all readily accepted
benefits. Yet, combining the supply and
demand chains together and leveraging
the ever-growing number of digital touch
points also provides unprecedented
business agility. In the past, excess
inventory would often be sold at massive
and untargeted discounts to the public,
eroding margins, or even worse sold to a
third party at pennies on the dollar. This
often was the result of niche products that
had trouble finding their target audience
in traditional offline markets, which are
dominated by a handful of high-volume
products.
The enormous amount of data and advanced
analytics not only enables finding consumers
who would be most interested in the niche
products, but also makes reaching them both
extremely quick and very inexpensive. This
allows for Living Services to not only have an
impact on the demand side of the business,
but to have a significant and measurable
impact on operations in a manner not
previously feasible.
The second field where
innovations in user interface
are blossoming is in the
new emerging area of
automation design.
USER INTERFACES
The sixth ingredient in the Living Services
enabler mix is the evolution of user
interfaces beyond a focus on screens and
keyboards to play a more intimate yet less
visible role in our lives.
The development of dynamic user interfaces
will occur across different aspects of our
work and day-to-day activities; we are
already seeing the rise of natural user
interfaces where physical interfaces and
devices such as keyboards and pointing
devices are replaced by parts of our bodies
or our unique genetic makeup to get
things done faster and more intuitively. In
areas ranging from marketing to medicine,
innovators are experimenting with how
human bandwidth, from fingerprints to
facial and voice recognition, can simplify
everyday actions and even make clinical
diagnoses. PayPal, for example, is using
facial recognition linked to credit cards to
LIVING SERVICES 15
allow wallet-less transactions. Meanwhile,
Aston University mathematician Max Little
is working on a project to detect Parkinson’s
disease, including the severity of symptoms
from voice recordings, with an accuracy rate
of up to 99%.
The second field where innovations in user
interface are blossoming is in the new
emerging area of automation design. Here
we will see designers working closely with
software developers and data scientists in
order to focus on designing the algorithms
which enable Living Services to adapt in
realtime to meet human needs within a
given context.
This ranges from offices automatically
adjusting the heating and lighting or
switching on a computer when an employee
gets to work in the morning, to interaction
with physical materials that are connected to
the Web. These are known as Tangible User
Interfaces (TUI).
Recent examples of user interface innovation
include Sifteo Cubes, an interactive game
system based on Siftables (developed at
MIT Media Lab by David Merrill and Jeevan
Kalanithi). Sifteo Cubes are small computers
that display graphics on their top surface
and sense one another and how they are
being moved.
Another TUI system known as InfrActables
allows the tracking of multiple input-devices
on a front- or back-projection surface such as
a desk or table. These devices, which could
take the form of an electronic pen or pointer,
are identified uniquely and their position,
state (button presses) and orientation can be
detected in realtime.
Many TUI systems are at an experimental,
early market stage or have been applied
to niche activities such as product design.
However, their potential to transform
the way we control physical objects or
information or both together is already clear.
The wave of digital
transformation we are now
entering will usher in more
and deeper change than
we have seen in the first
20 years of digital.
HUMAN-ASSISTED LIVING
SERVICES
In discussing Living Services it’s easy to
get carried away with a scenario where
human intelligence takes a back seat and
sophisticated machines increasingly make
automated, data-driven decisions. While the
technologies listed above are crucial to the
development of Living Services, humans will
continue to drive the creation and delivery of
smart digital services. Most Living Services will,
in effect, be human-assisted Living Services,
where human experts work with the algorithms
to curate the choices to offer to consumers
and to manage their experience of the service
to ensure it flexes appropriately across
different touch points to meet that consumer’s
personalized realtime needs. Current examples
of human-assisted digital services include
Beats Music, which combines human curators
and state-of-the-art technology to deliver
tracks tailored to consumers’ realtime mood
and location. Meanwhile, Trunk Club is a
digital men’s clothing service where a human
personal stylist handpicks a trunk of high-end
clothes and ships it to the consumer. Similarly,
Birchbox curates beauty and lifestyle products
for consumers, offering monthly deliveries
of beauty and grooming products tailored to
consumers’ individual profiles.
LIVING SERVICES 16
A TRANSFORMATIVE FORCE
IN SOCIETY
The fusion of our digital and physical lives
has been discussed for years. The wave of
digital transformation we are now entering
will usher in more and deeper change than
we have seen in the first 20 years of digital.

For good or bad—and people will have

plenty of views on the desirability of all
this—we now have the capability of making
this a reality.

Thanks to their ability to embrace consumers’

lives and adapt to needs in realtime, Living
Services will usher in a new era of personal
service, similar to what was available to
wealthy consumers in department stores and
at home 100 years ago.

This doesn’t mean turning back the clock

on 200 years of industrialization: One of the
benefits of Living Services is that they will
harness principles of mass production, creating
and delivering products and services on a large
scale. But by tapping into the capabilities of
smart technology, brands and organizations
will be able to deliver mass customization
rather than generic services defined purely by
economies of scale.

Businesses that know their consumers as

individuals and gear themselves to continually
flex their services to match people’s needs
will remain competitive through constant
innovation. The continual liquidity of
consumers’ expectations will provide the
pressure to do so.

LIVING SERVICES 17
 02
CREATIVE
DESTRUCTION:
HOW LIVING SERVICES WILL
CHALLENGE BUSINESSES
From transport
to retail, from
healthcare to
utilities, every
business must now
be a digital business.
The first two digital
waves—desktop
computing and
mobile devices—
have added layers
of operational
challenges to most
organizations.
Some have become more efficient
as a result. Others are still
muddling their way through. The
past 20 years has seen the rise of
complexity go hand in hand with
digital opportunity.
The arrival of Living Services
opens up vast potential (and yet
more challenges) for businesses,
both in terms of commercial
opportunities and in speeding
up and simplifying internal
processes and operations,
but also in transforming and
reinventing the products and
services they supply.
Are established businesses
structured in a way that enables
them to embrace the commercial
and organizational benefits of
Living Services? While the first and
second waves of change disrupted
how businesses operated, they
also began to challenge silo-
based corporate structures as an
organizational principle in most
large corporations. The third wave
and the design requirements
of Living Services (know your
customer, flex your technology,
design what you need to flex and
know) will usher in a period of
accelerated digital transformation
for companies that looks likely
to signal an end to traditional
organizational structures.
As boundaries blur between
physical resources and digital
assets, new internal divisions will
probably emerge within many
companies. They will be forced by
necessity to rethink organizational
structures that are based either
on product categories or clearly
defined roles such as production,
sales, marketing, IT, distribution,
research and development.
LIVING SERVICES 19
CHALLENGE ONE:
LIVING OPERATIONS
Over the course of a year or two, because
of its nature, a Living Service is going to
dramatically change—moving, shifting and
molding itself around the user. In order
to construct a Living Service and have it
connect with its constituents, customers,
clients or employees, there needs to be a
concerted force or operation behind it. This
kind of operation cannot be fixed in the way
that many organizations are used to, so we
need to consider the concept of a ‘Living
Operation’ too.
The problem is, moving, shifting and molding
are not the sorts of things many large
organizations are well-attuned to doing, so
a radical shift in business and organizational
culture will be crucial. Senior managers will
need to regularly ask themselves whether
they’re taking the necessary operational steps
to drive a Living Service forward, rechecking
and revalidating on a weekly and monthly
basis, not yearly.
Approaching functions in an overly
‘siloized’ way, and prioritizing efficiency for
efficiency’s sake will need to be replaced
with a far greater degree of flexibility.
Equally, as organizations allocate their
budgets at the end of the year, there will
need to be a proportion designated for
functions that we haven’t even considered
yet, taking into account the rapid
organizational evolution Living Services
will necessitate.
Another important part of this cultural
shift will involve employees being given
more responsibility and the skills required
to respond to the demands of a living
operation. Instead of telling employees what
to do, senior managers will need to put
in place key principles and guiding lights
and allow them to act according to their
intuition, making sure their workforce has
the necessary capabilities. Priorities must
shift toward sensing versus procedure and
having intuition versus needing instruction.
Some companies are already showing how
living operations might be maintained
through a more flexible approach to
corporate structure and the products and
services they offer to their customers. Take
Nike, for example, a company that’s changed
dramatically since it first launched its Nike+
tracking device in 2006. Originally intended
as a sensor embedded into the shoe, the
project has morphed into the wrist-worn
FuelBand and accompanying app, taking
Nike deeper into consumer electronics and
the Quantified Self movement.
Priorities must shift toward
sensing versus procedure
and having intuition versus
needing instruction.
If you look at the arc of change in its service
from 2006 through to 2014, the types of
capabilities and functions Nike would have
to have built in-house, particularly around
realtime analytics and data visualization, let
alone cross-platform experience support, have
spurred a dramatic shift in the company.
Equally, look to IBM and its transition
from hardware to software; Apple
developing world-leading expertise in chip
manufacturing, when only a short time
ago it had none; or Google’s expansion
into driverless cars through its Google X
Life Sciences division. It’s this principle
of maintaining a clear north star, but not
being too prescriptive or rigid in how
you get there, that will be essential for all
LIVING SERVICES 20
organizations in a world dominated by
Living Services.
CHALLENGE TWO:
EMBRACE CONTINUAL DESIGN
The focus of conventional business
strategies developed in the 19th century
and propagated throughout the 20th
century is to build a profitable business
based on selling products against long-
established needs. Soap-powder brands will
constantly innovate, producing new product
variants, but ultimately they’ll continue to
deliver a mass-produced product category
that has been around as long as washing
machines. As a result, their business is
structured to deliver this mass-product as
efficiently as possible. It makes sense (for
now) to have specialized business silos to
deliver a product that is designed once and
then delivered.
But what if your product is constantly being
designed? Not just every year, but every day,
hour or minute? To deliver such a product,
your business must be geared to constantly
follow and interact with people across every
part of their journey or relationship with that
service. This will require a significant change
in the corporate mindset.
CHALLENGE THREE: REINVENT
YOUR MARKETING—
INTRODUCING THE CXO/CDO
One striking example of how Living
Services will require businesses to change
is the growing fusion of the roles of
chief marketing officer (CMO) and chief
information officer (CIO) traditionally
charged with IT operations.
From today’s conventional sales and
marketing point of view, the concept of
Living Services can appear challenging.
Dynamic services are designed to adapt,
evolve and pivot around customer experience
rather than around visual brand consistency
or product sales. They willfully connect a
consumer with other brands that may be
convenient to the customer. They do not
attempt to force consumers to use a full stack
of service options. Meanwhile, branding should
not stand in the way of enabling consumers to
achieve the best value.
Disney’s visitors are always by nature
exceptional, not routine. Disney
has invested $1 billion enriching the
theme park experience through
implementation of wearable technology
like the ‘Magic Bands’.
LIVING SERVICES 21
This fusion is already apparent in the corporate
world. Cosmetics retailer Sephora has taken a
lead in the integration of its digital marketing
efforts into its overall operational strategy
and has a single executive who serves as both
chief marketing officer and chief digital officer.
Sephora’s approach has been to establish
digital strategy at the highest level of business
planning and to ensure that marketing and IT
teams are operating as teams with a single
focus: to achieve continual evolution of the
consumer experience.
Meanwhile, Zappos, the online shoe retailer
owned by Amazon, has broken down
decision-making silos across customer
service teams, enabling each customer
service agent to act autonomously to deal
with customer problems. Likewise, customer
interaction systems prioritize individuals
rather than categorizing them by complaint
or query type.
Research by Accenture Interactive (2014
CMO-CIO Alignment survey), states that
CMOs and CIOs say they are working more
collaboratively than in the past to take
advantage of digital opportunities.
Surveying more than 1,100 marketing and
senior IT executives across the globe,
Accenture Interactive found that 43% of
marketers and 50% of IT leaders think their
relationship with the other has improved over
the past year. But companies still need to work
hard to bridge the gap, and the delivery of
Living Services will make this an imperative
and act as a catalyst to hasten change.
CHALLENGE FOUR:
UNDERSTAND YOUR
CUSTOMERS AND
ANTICIPATE THEIR NEEDS
Living Services are inherently consumer-
centric; they flow from the question “how
can we improve consumer’s lives?” rather
than “how can we sell our clearly defined
product more profitably?” This is what
startups offering the first breed of Living
Services understand so well. Their business
models are based on identifying a specific
consumer need and designing a solution in
an elegant way by producing services that
consumers appreciate and begin to find
indispensable.
Zappos, the online shoe
retailer owned by Amazon,
has broken down decision-
making silos across customer
service teams.
LIVING SERVICES 22
For example, If This Then That, understands
that consumers might want to connect their
favorite apps by moving content from one
service to another, such as moving photos on
their Instagram account into their Dropbox.
The service is transformative in that it saves
its users time and effort. Meanwhile, Evernote
anticipated how the increasing complexity of
digital lifestyle makes it hard for consumers to
remember things and stay organized across
a range of devices. In reinventing personal
organization for the digital age, Evernote is
also affecting a small transformation in the
lives of its customers. Indeed, Evernote’s
ambition level goes way beyond this to “make
you better at everything.” What all these
digital startups have in common is a deep
understanding of their customers and (initially)
small but significant ways in which they can
add value to their lives.
Google and Amazon are two examples of
established companies poised to take a lead
role in Living Services with offerings such as
virtual assistant Google Now and Amazon’s
anticipatory shipping patent. Both have
embedded customer understanding and
anticipation of their needs at the core of what
they do. Companies wishing to emulate their
success should take note.
CHALLENGE FIVE:
BUILD TRUST
A further challenge for existing organizations
looking to evolve their business models
through Living Services is that they require
brands to get very close to consumers, to the
point where they are seamlessly blended into
people’s lives.
This requires trust and an approach to
customer services and dialogue that truly puts
the client first. However, trust is a commodity
that many large institutions, such as banks,
utilities and energy companies, have struggled
to grow and maintain.
Building or rebuilding this trust to the point
where consumers believe organizations have
their best interests at heart will require a long-
term, concerted effort where marketing and PR
are matched by real actions and a realignment
of corporate priorities.
CHALLENGE SIX:
TACKLE COMPLEXITY
Coming hot on the heels of the desktop
computing and mobile waves, the emergence
of Living Services introduces yet another
layer of complexity for businesses wishing to
exploit the opportunities that this latest wave
of digital disruption offers. What’s more, the
complexity comes from many sources:
• As the number of smart devices
proliferates, customer touch
points are multiplying all the time.
Customers don’t just expect, they
increasingly require a consistent
fluid service experience across a
growing number of touch points.
• The challenge for businesses
transitioning from a one-size-fits-
all or lowest-common-denominator
approach to service experiences,
to highly personalized services
introduces considerable complexity
into the design process.
• The growing web of sensors and
rapidly expanding data creates the
need for businesses to make sense
of the data and transform it from
pure data into knowledge, insights
and appropriate action.
• The traditional, silo-driven structure
of organizations that launched in
the pre-digital age often results in
a fragmented customer experience
instead of a fantastic one.
LIVING SERVICES 23
Organizations must tackle complexity head-
on in order to enable customers to have
seamless and delightful experiences. They
must invest in systems that help prioritize and
simplify processes and must obsess about
customer value in order to deliver a consumer
experience that is elegant and simple.
CHALLENGE SEVEN:
AIM FOR NOTHING LESS THAN
TRANSFORMATIONAL SERVICES
In the 1999 influential book, “The Experience
Economy,” authors B. Joseph Pine II and
James Gilmore heralded the arrival of a new
era in which it would no longer be enough for
companies to offer consumers products and
services. To truly differentiate themselves from
their competitors, connect with customers and
build loyalty, businesses would have to offer
consumers memorable experiences.
The concept may have been conceived 15
years ago, but it is only now that we are in
a position to bring this transformative idea
to fruition.
Pine and Gilmore used a five-tiered pyramid to
illustrate the upward progression of economic
value they were describing. The pyramid
showed a progression from commodity at
the bottom (lowest value, high volume), up
through brand or product, to service and
then to experience. They opined that the
economic winners of the future would create
experiences. But they took the theory one
stage further—at the top of the pyramid was
‘transformation.’ Experiences that transformed
users would have the highest value (and be the
rarest) of all.
While the concept of a product or service
being transformative can sound somewhat
messianic, the transformation need only be
very small. For example, Nespresso’s Zenius
machine uses SIM card technology to remotely
connect with the customer relationship centers
to reorder coffee capsules. This provides
proactive services that react to the machine
status and coffee consumption.
When it comes to making a difference
to consumers’ lives, coffee capsules may
not seem like a big deal, but imagine the
collective impact hundreds of smart objects
and devices we encounter every day could
have on our lives.
The music and media industry is a case
study of what can happen when multiple
transformative innovations emerge. Between
1999 and 2009, Forrester Research reported
music industry revenues in the U.S. dropped
from $14.6 billion to $6.3 billion. This rapid
erosion began with the emergence of Napster
and other free music file-sharing services and
continued with the arrival of iTunes and other
paid online music services. In the space of a
decade, consumers had shifted wholesale from
hard copy music, bought in stores, to online
music services.
In the TV and film industries, the growth
of streaming services such as Netflix and
Amazon Prime Instant Video, as well as the
rapid growth of online video is also causing
disruption to linear broadcast models, film-
viewing habits and DVD sales.
In the music industry, a further wave of
services such as Spotify is changing people’s
consumption of music by enabling users to
access a vast pool of recordings wherever they
are without the need for hardware storage.
Spotify has also atomized its service to make it
available through multiple access points rather
than a single brand entry point. In other words,
Spotify has expanded the range of music
people can access and is removing the barriers
to doing so and is genuinely transformative.
Established companies are also starting to
LIVING SERVICES 24
Spotify is changing people’s consumption of music by enabling users to access a vast pool of recordings
wherever they are without the need for hardware storage.
experiment with the concept of experience
transformation. Train travel is arguably
a commodity service; however, French
train company SNCF is starting to offer its
passengers end-to-end journey management
by providing a car for consumers on their
way to and from the railway station. By
doing this, the rail operator is not just adding
a service, it is arguably transforming the
entire journey experience.
Similarly, taxi app Uber has revolutionized
the taxi and minicab sector by connecting
passengers with available taxis and vetted
minicabs in their immediate area. Customers
needing a taxi can use their smartphone to
book one in their vicinity, sparing them the
hassle of calling for a cab or hailing one in a
street. Payment happens automatically via a
credit/debit card when customers register for
Uber, therefore saving passengers the trouble
of a cash transaction.
Pine and Gilmore were particularly prescient
in that they understood that the Web
would drive beneficial experiences and
transformative services, albeit without
predicting the technology that would enable
this shift. The technology is now available to
make this happen.
Living Services sit at the top of the experience
economy pyramid. They are, by definition
designed to be transformative, opening up
opportunities for a vast range of improved
experiences in the same way that the arrival
of the Internet opened up huge opportunities
for enterprising businesses to disrupt and
challenge traditional business sectors.
LIVING SERVICES 25
 03
A BRAVE NEW WORLD
FOR BRANDS
As the digital
revolution continues
to accelerate, brands
face major challenges
when it comes
to attracting and
keeping consumers’
attention and
loyalty. Consumers
are becoming
digitally dizzy, as
they experience a
proliferation in digital
touch points and
services to engage
with and have limited
time in which to
interact with them.
Brand owners can look to British
anthropologist Robin Dunbar, who
discovered that there is a limit to
the number of people with whom
we can maintain meaningful social
connections. Dunbar maintains
that in societies across the world,
that limit is 150. Anything above
this number and relationships stop
being meaningful or authentic.
SO WHAT DOES THIS
MEAN FOR BRANDS?
It is highly likely that there is a
Dunbar number for the maximum
number of brands consumers can
relate to in a meaningful way. This
is certainly the case with mobile
apps if recent research by Nielsen is
anything to go by. Nielsen tracked
app usage of U.S. Android and
iPhone users for two years and found
that while time spent on mobile apps
increased by 65% over that period,
the number of apps they engaged
with remained consistently static at
around 25.
With this in mind, brand owners need
to be highly self-critical to determine
if they are genuinely interesting
enough to earn and keep consumers’
attention in an increasingly
connected and always-on world.
What’s more, as Living Services start
to change the dynamic between
customers and brands, from one that
is based on intrusive marketing and
isolated transaction points to one
that is more consumer-centric and
relationship-based, brands will need
to start mapping where they stand
with individual consumers.
LIVING SERVICES 27
 opening line for the
chapter section
Fjord has created a Dunbar number
map for brands (see above) that divides
consumers’ relationships with brands into
one of four quadrants:
1. Brands that I love that I don’t often
engage with
2. Brands I love and engage with often
3. Brands that I don’t love that I don’t
often engage with
4. Brands that I don’t love but engage
with often
It’s important to note that each consumer’s
map will be different and constantly shifting as
her relationship with brands changes.
If you accept there is a Dunbar-style limit to
the number of brands or organizations that
consumers can feel affectionate towards,
the map poses interesting strategic
questions including:
• Which quadrant can my brand
realistically expect to be in?
• Can my brand move towards the
desired quadrant?
• How do I deal with consumers who
place my brand in more than one
quadrant?
Although the map is individual to each
person, on-balance digital brands are more
likely than non-digital brands to inhabit the
second quadrant: brands that I love and
engage with often. Millward Brown’s BrandZ
Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands study
2014, for example, placed Google and
Apple, both digital brands, in the No. 1 and
No. 2 slots, ahead of brand giants such as
McDonald’s.
Our love for digital brands is partly a
simple result of frequency and proximity.
LIVING SERVICES 28
Our phones are close to us and give us
immediate access to digital brands such as
Evernote or Instagram.
SO HOW CAN BRANDS MAKE
CONSUMERS SHORTLIST THEM?
Personalization and purpose are key for
brands to win consumer affection in this
digital age. The good news is that the
sophisticated, realtime technology powering
Living Services has the capability to meet
the individual needs of consumers. Of
course, meeting that potential needs know,
flex and design.
Brand owners who spend time really getting to
know their customers and who embrace Living
Services that are individually customized to
their consumers’ needs will have the best
chance of occupying the second quadrant
on the Dunbar number map, where not
coincidentally most profit lies.
But should this offer be a product or a service?
The answer will vary from sector to sector
and from brand owner to brand owner. One
broad trend worth being aware of is that, as
brand owners seek to grow and extend their
relationships with consumers, the boundaries
between product and service are blurring.
After all, selling products to consumers tends
to revolve around single transactions without
offering much opportunity for brands to build
a relationship with them.
By contrast, selling a service involves a
value exchange over time; consumers pay
to get something that they can access for
the duration of the contract. Of course,
different types of services prompt very
different levels of contact. Currently, few
people talk to their utility companies
unless they are changing suppliers or
have a problem, while social media or
entertainment channel access is continual.
Brand owners who are traditionally and
purely product-focused are increasingly
seeing the need to offer services that can
extend the longevity and perceived value
of their products, as well as forming the
foundation for an ongoing relationship with
the consumer.
EVERY PRODUCT IS A SERVICE
WAITING TO HAPPEN
The digital revolution has already
empowered brand owners of all types to be
much more innovative about how they build
and sustain relationships by providing a wide
range of channels for communicating with
consumers and facilitating much greater
interactivity and personalization. Within this
context, extending a product into a service
is much more straightforward than it would
have been in pre-Internet days.
The trend of toys
connected to services
that grow and evolve
as children grow is one
that is likely to gather
momentum.
Within the toys and gaming sector,
Disney leads the way when it comes to
diversification in the digital space, by
creating digital experiences around its
physical products with online gaming in the
form of Disney Infinity. Toys R Us followed
suit with the (now-defunct) ToysRUsmovies.
com, a family focused media streaming
service. Meanwhile, toy brand Hasbro has
teamed up with 3D printing marketplace
Shapeways to launch Super Fan Art, a
website that allows fans to create and
sell 3-D designs based on Hasbro brands,
including My Little Pony, Transformers,
LIVING SERVICES 29
Monopoly and Scrabble. The trend of toys
connected to services that grow and evolve
as children grow is one that is likely to
gather momentum.
The arrival of Living Services will see
breakthrough services (those that
consumers really love and use frequently)
fall into one of two categories. The first
category is likely to include traditionally
product-focused companies such as Nestlé,
HP and Nike mashing their existing brand
clout, resources and know-how with new
technology and innovative startups to
meet their consumers’ needs in completely
different ways. Daimler, owner of Mercedes-
Benz, is a good example here. The luxury
car marque is addressing the dual problems
of declining car sales/traffic congestion in
towns and cities with its moovel mobility
platform, which enables customers to
compare the prices and journey times of a
range of different transport options such
as car2go, public transport, taxis, rail, ride-
sharing and even rental bikes. The company
recently expanded this offer by acquiring
taxi booking app mytaxi and North
American ride-sharing app RideScout. In a
completely different field, notebook brand
Moleskine has found a way to bridge the
gap between its analogue world of beautiful
notebooks with consumers’ growing need
to record and store notes digitally. The
company has teamed up with smart pen
manufacturer Livescribe to launch a range
of Livescribe Moleskine notebooks, which
allows users writing with a Livescribe
smart pen to record handwritten notes and
images digitally to their phone or laptop via
a Livescribe app.
The second category will feature new
brands born of the digital age ferociously
challenging the established players.
Think Uber, Airbnb, JustPark and bike,
skis and snowboard rental site Spinlister
for the latter case; all of the former
have dispensed with creating products
at all—the product is the service. They
have identified the services that people
need and developed the infrastructure to
connect them to that service in a highly
tailored and engaging way.
There is a word of warning, however. In
the rush to move into providing ‘services,’
brands—both established and new—need to
RideScout, a North American
ride-sharing app.
LIVING SERVICES 30
ensure they are developing something that
genuinely adds value as opposed to merely
amplifying the virtual noise and clutter of
consumers’ lives.

In the always-on digital world, the companies

that are best placed to benefit from the
opportunities Living Services present will be
those that deliver the right value at the right
time and place to connect with, help and
delight customers.

LIVING SERVICES 31
 04
WHERE WILL LIVING
SERVICES EMERGE?
The transformative
effect of Living
Services will
eventually have an
impact on all areas of
our home and work
lives as consumers
and organizations
start to rely on
their capability to
continually learn and
adapt to a realtime
context and automate
decision-making.
So imagine being able to monitor
and manage many important
aspects of your own physical and
mental health that previously
were left to your GP or physician.
And imagine communicating with
your home from anywhere in the
world—to monitor security and
remotely control any appliance you
like, from checking the heating is
switched off to making sure your
favorite show is set to record. Or
how about the enhancing effects
of Living Services in the office,
where advanced performance
data could help managers to make
better operational decisions and
help employees better manage
their workloads and stress levels?
Living Services are likely to bring
huge benefits to all these areas
and many more.
Here we examine nine areas where
Living Services are already starting
to emerge: health and wellness,
car, travel and hospitality, media
and entertainment, education,
our homes, shopping and finally
our cities, workplace and industry.
This, of course, is to identify Living
Services by notionally independent
environments, but over time this
will be increasingly hard to justify
as barriers merge and traditional
categories become meaningless.
SERVICING THE MIND
AND BODY
Living Services will have a profound
impact on health and wellness,
enabling the shift from reactive
treatment of issues to proactive
prevention of problems, and a
simultaneous shift from population-
based diagnostics and prescriptions
to those based on individuals. The
concept of appointments at doctors’
surgeries and hospitals as we know
them will shift, as Living Services
will enable both consultation and
care to expand into your living room.
Advances in technology will allow
us to take far greater responsibility
in monitoring our own health and
LIVING SERVICES 33
managing long-term medical conditions.
This healthcare revolution will occur
from two directions. The Quantified Self
(QS) movement started in San Francisco
in 2007 and has been adopted by an
enthusiastic minority across the globe. We
will see QS grow into a mainstream trend,
as wearable health monitoring and sports
technology become more widely accepted
and accessible through lower prices
and availability (notwithstanding recent
skepticism over wearables and QS from
some observers). In Fjord’s view, the gradual
accumulation of awareness of the personal
and private benefits, plus better devices and
design will lead to breakthrough. The Apple
Watch, with its inbuilt health sensors, looks
poised to take QS over the watershed.
After all, it’s not like we aren’t interested.
Studies by Pew Research Center’s Internet &
American Life Project on self-tracking in the
US reported 60% of U.S. adults track their
diet, exercise or weight, while 33% track their
blood pressure or glucose levels, and 21% use
technology to do this tracking.
As the collection of personal health data
becomes a part of everyday life, operating
often in the background, we will begin to
expect health professionals to look at this
information and use it to assess our general
health and spot irregularities to identify
potential issues.
Globally, people are living longer and getting
fatter. This is a major issue for healthcare
providers and governments. When this is
coupled with rapidly growing healthcare
costs and our increasing demand and high
expectations for smart medical technology,
it creates a delta. The gap between what
we expect and what societies can afford is
widening each year.
As of the date of this report, more than 1
billion people in the world are overweight
and at least 600 million of those people are
clinically obese. This is having a huge impact
on long-term health conditions, in particular
diabetes, heart disease and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease.
Advances in technology
will allow us to take far
greater responsibility in
monitoring our own health
and managing long-term
medical conditions.
Within the EU, people aged 65 years and older
will account for almost 30% of population
by 2060, up from 17.4% in 2010. Healthcare
providers are going to be pushed to the limits.
There is a growing imperative from the top
down to revolutionize the way in which
healthcare is delivered to citizens. Digital
technology has the potential to tackle the
gap between our expectations and the
affordability of meeting them. With it, the
onus shifts towards enabling the public
to track and improve their health through
simple and engaging tools.
In order to make this information meaningful,
local medical practices and hospitals must
create systems to receive personal health
data, distribute it and coordinate necessary
action. This has the potential to be incredibly
powerful, and existing businesses and
innovative startups have the opportunity to
claim their place in this space.
Currently, the consumer technology industry
is leading the charge towards health-
orientated Living Services. Advances in digital
technology are transforming mobiles, watches
LIVING SERVICES 34
and wristbands into realtime, personalized,
portable health monitors.
The potential for ‘smart’ health is evident
from the explosion in mobile apps. There
are already more than 100,000 health
and wellness apps available worldwide.
Figures from Nielsen suggest there is real
consumer demand for these apps with
almost one-third of U.S. smartphone owners
(about 46 million people) using health
and fitness apps on average 16 times a
month. Meanwhile, Acquity Group’s 2014
Internet of Things study, which surveyed
2,000 US consumers, found that 7% of
consumers own a wearable tech device.
This figure is expected to quadruple by
2016, when 28% of consumers are expected
to adopt wearable tech. Acquity Group’s
This reinvention is defined by the shift from offering
purely physical products to the creation of a package
of interlinked products and services geared to the
individual customer.
report also forecasted that wearable
fitness applications and technology will
see the fastest rate of take-up, with 33%
of consumers planning to adopt wearable
fitness devices in the next five years.
The wellness space is currently dominated
by companies with a vested interest in
fitness. Sports brands such as adidas’
miCoach Range, Reebok’s head impact
sensor CHECKLIGHT, or startups like Fitbug,
Withings, UP by Jawbone and Fluxtream are
part of a wholesale reinvention of the fitness
and wellbeing sector.
This reinvention is defined by the shift
from offering purely physical products to
the creation of a package of interlinked
products and services geared to the
individual customer.
It’s striking that Nike, having built its brand
on sports and lifestyle apparel, should
venture into wearable fitness technology
in the form of fitness tracker FuelBand and
smart sports watch Nike+, only to shift its
focus again away from hardware to service-
orientated software (we expect to see Nike
build on Fuel through third-party devices
such as the Apple Watch).
Google and Apple are also keen to get a
slice of the action by developing fitness
platforms such as Google Fit and Apple
HealthKit, which allow users to control
their health and fitness data across a range
of apps. This allows apps featured on the
platform to share the user’s health and other
data (with the user’s permission). Apple’s
HealthKit is also being tested in some of
the U.S.’s top hospitals in a pilot service
where doctors are using it to collate data
and monitor patients remotely. We are
likely to see more non-health and wellness
organizations try to enter this space as
consumers and the economic pressures
demand a solution to obesity and other
preventable diseases.
In the healthcare sector, technology companies
are also developing innovations that can
monitor serious and minor ailments.
Diabetes is a particular focus of
attention. There are currently 387 million
LIVING SERVICES 35
diabetics worldwide today, a number that
is expected to grow to 592 million by
2035. Sensionic has created a connected
glucose monitoring device based around
a miniature implant that sends data to the
user’s mobile phone. The company plans
to develop a long-term continuous glucose
monitoring system.
Similarly, LabStyle Innovations Corp. has
developed an app and Web portal for personal
glucose monitoring that lets the user track a
personal archive of data, as well as recording
food intake. The system, called Dario, also
shares critical data in realtime with carers.
Meanwhile, Google and Novartis have built
a smart contact lens for diabetics, which
monitors blood glucose levels detected
through tear fluid.
Google and Novartis have
built a smart contact
lens for diabetics, which
monitors blood glucose
levels detected through
tear fluid.
Helping to address the psychological impact of
diabetes, Ginger.io is an app that can predict
signs of depression up to two days before
outward symptoms manifest. (There is a high
correlation between diabetes and depression.)
The app works by tapping into data from
a patient’s smartphone in order to record
everyday behavior, allowing it to pick up on
patterns and alerting healthcare providers of
early warning signs.
Similarly, researchers at the University of
Michigan are developing a smartphone app
that monitors subtle qualities of a person’s
voice during everyday phone conversations in
order to detect early signs of mood changes in
people with bipolar disorder.
Health and wellness apps are even extending
to help monitor the health and wellness of
unborn babies. Bellabeat is a ‘connected
system’ that enables expectant mothers to
monitor their own health and that of their
unborn child. It includes a small device that
attaches to an iPhone or Android smartphone
and allows the user to hear, record and share
her baby’s heartbeat and track other aspects
of their pregnancies, such as weight gain and
how often the baby kicks.
Through smart mobile technology,
individualized healthcare can be
administered more efficiently and more
effectively. It creates the possibility for
more accurate diagnoses and more
immediate intervention, a major market
opportunity of which companies are already
rushing to be a part.
While the potential benefits are huge, the
logistics of creating universal standards
and platforms through which telecoms and
healthcare companies can work are significant.
GSMA, the organization that represents the
interests of mobile operators worldwide is
working to align the industry with healthcare
service providers.
Telecom brands are already actively looking
at the healthcare market as part of a
strategy to enable them to move away from
selling data services to selling connected
living lifestyle services.
Those with a more long-standing interest in
healthcare are also looking at Living Services
in this area.
The pharma sector is increasingly using the
term ‘beyond the pill’ to describe an ambition
to create health services around medication
LIVING SERVICES 36
Currently, the consumer technology industry is leading the charge towards health-orientated Living Services
with fitness trackers such as UP24 by Jawbone.
products and programs. According to a
2012 Manhattan Research survey carried
out in the U.S., 30% of patients and 38% of
care-givers are interested in registering for
a patient support program that would give
access to a range of support services from
pharmaceutical companies.
Through smart mobile
technology, individualized
healthcare can be
administered more
efficiently and more
effectively.
Within the U.K., the National Health Service
(NHS) is beginning to envisage the use of
remote monitoring, enabling more patients
to remain in their homes rather than being
admitted repeatedly to hospitals. In a
recent radio interview, Sir Bruce Keogh, the
medical director of NHS England, explained
how mobile phones could hold the key to
patient monitoring.
Swiss scientists have developed an
implantable diagnostic chip capable of
analyzing blood, testing for up to five different
molecules (such as glucose and lactate) and
delivering data to a doctor in realtime. The
chip is designed to monitor for general health
but could also be used to assess the impact of
drugs given to a patient so that they can be
precisely tailored to his or her needs. Looking
forward, the team hopes its chip will be
capable of testing for multiple diseases.
This is just one example of the rise of
sensors that can be embedded in the skin in
order to track a patient’s vital signs around
the clock. Another area of innovation
is sensors that monitor how ingested
medicines are performing for patients.
For example, Proteus Biomedical’s digital
medicines feature a stomach-activated
sensor that provides information on how
LIVING SERVICES 37
the patient is taking and responding to
medication. This is an example of a true
Living Service already in action.
To tackle diseases where treatments and cures
are still in development, Living Services could
play a dual role in research and treatment.
Intel and the Michael J. Fox Foundation are
developing sensor technology and analytics
platforms with the ambition to treat and better
understand Parkinson’s disease. The project
will see participants carrying wearable sensors
24 hours a day, capable of delivering more
than 200 data points per second.
Even as technology and data collection
improve, there will be many logistical and
structural bottlenecks that will slow the
sector’s ability to embrace change. For
example, even if laboratory test results can be
delivered to the patient in a couple of hours,
doctors may not be able to review and read
these in the same time frame.
Another broad challenge to the development
of Living Services within the health sector
is regulation of service delivery and also
patient data. This is a fundamental problem
and will require long-term consultation
and experimentation to solve. Various
solutions and standards will emerge in
different markets but, ultimately, regulators,
healthcare providers and technology
services will be progressively nudged
towards personalized health management
by cost pressures, improving technology
capability and by consumers.
TOP GEAR: THE CONNECTED
CAR EXPERIENCE
Living Services promises to radically
change the driving experience, turning
your car commute from a time-wasting
and frustrating experience to one which
is productive and entertaining in equal
measure. First, you’ll be far more likely to
arrive at your destination on time because
your car will know about traffic and driving
conditions and will inform you of an
appropriate time to leave. Passengers will
have the option of delegating the driving
to the car, which will likely be more fuel-
efficient and safer, reducing the costs of
As cars become automated,
consumers will expect them to
be integrated into broader life-
management services.
LIVING SERVICES 38
car insurance premiums, thanks to safe and
environmentally sound driving. If you wish,
your car can provide detailed information
about your destination, about the
landscapes you travel through, and naturally
it will match your purchasing preferences
with timely offers on your route.
With innovation core to their business
proposition and a relatively regular purchasing
cycle, motor manufacturers have been keen to
explore the possibilities of integrating smart
digital technology into cars to enhance driver
and passenger experiences.
The connected car is, in effect, a new digital
platform within consumers’ personal digital
service ecosystem. Connected cars will
need to act like and interoperate with other
touch points such as PCs, smartphones,
tablets, wearables and their associated
services. Just like mobile apps, people will
want to personalize the internet-connected
services within the car, so control over
personalization will become an ongoing part
of the ownership experience.
Google, Apple and Microsoft have all
started to move into this market, with car
brands lining up behind different services
(see box on page 42).
However, the transformation of the automobile
industry through Living Services is not as
simple as enabling the occupants of cars to
access apps and emails. The evolution of the
sector will be far more profound.
There are several ways in which Living
Services could shape the future of cars
and driving. The first is the arrival of
autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles.
Driverless cars could be as revolutionary in
terms of their impact on society, lifestyles
and economics as the invention of the first
petrol-driven automobiles. Nissan says it will
be able to deliver a mass-market driverless
car by 2020, with Google aiming even
earlier at 2017.
As cars become automated, consumers will
expect them to be integrated into broader
life-management services. We will, in effect,
expect our other Living Services to step into
the vehicle with us.
The connected car
is, in effect, a new
digital platform within
consumers’ personal
digital service ecosystem.
Universal connectivity means that in the
future, our cars will have access to our
personal data, preferences and content. And
as such, our data and the accompanying
services won’t be fixed within one vehicle,
but will travel with us using cloud-based
exchanges so we can access the same
content and information whether we are in
our own vehicle or a rented one.
The second transformational development for
cars concerns the very idea of car ownership.
For significant numbers of consumers,
particularly younger, urban demographics,
cars could come to be seen more as a service
or experience than a product to own. Services
such as Zipcar and BlaBlaCar illustrate our
changing mindset.
Whether it is renting a specific car type for a
specific role (a small, fuel-efficient car for the
city or a convertible for a touring holiday),
borrowing cars short term, or sharing longer
term the way in which consumers access cars
could change dramatically.
As we are seeing in the fitness sector,
car brands could develop Living Services
LIVING SERVICES 39
geared not around selling vehicles to
permanent owners, but on facilitating lifestyle
requirements or temporary needs. The brand
relationship becomes more about delivering
the particular type of driving experience or
practical capability than about ownership.
Driverless cars could be
as revolutionary in terms
of their impact on society,
lifestyles and economics
as the invention of the first
petrol-driven automobiles.
The flow of realtime data to and from
connected cars means traditional service
providers such as insurers and maintenance
and breakdown companies can extend and
deepen their relationship with consumers.
The number of sensors being built into cars is
increasing. Every major component —engine,
tires, braking systems, air conditioning,
lights and control systems—are becoming
connected, along with sensors covering
speed and driving behavior, location, weather
conditions, road surface and traffic in the
immediate vicinity. These will provide a wealth
of data that can inform service providers
about the status of the car and behavior of
its occupants, what’s happening right now,
what might happen and the best options
to avoid problems and to help consumers
save time, money and become more energy-
efficient. For example, premium electric car
manufacturer Tesla has developed Smartcar,
an in-car app that helps drivers to reduce
their electricity bill by optimizing energy use
while driving the car, as well as avoiding peak-
hour rates when recharging. The learning
system adapts to the driver’s behavior for a
more personalized driving experience, such
as knowing when to heat up the car on a cold
morning before a commute.
And early evidence suggests that consumers
are open to the idea of sharing data from their
cars in return for rewards. Acquity Group’s
2014 Internet of Things study reveals that 60%
of consumers would be prepared to share data
with their car’s manufacturer if offered a free
maintenance session.
Car manufacturers have been quick to
capitalize on the potential of digital services
to improve their service to clients. Mercedes-
Benz’s diagnostics service, mbrace2, enables
users to check on the performance or
mechanical status of their car through a
mobile app. Mbrace2 can help make service
appointments and send realtime alerts to
a monitoring center if a fault or puncture
occurs on the road. This data, along with the
precise location of the car, is then passed to
breakdown services.
The potential is also there for the emergence
of a whole new level of external location-
based information that can be accessed from
within the car. For example, travel and tourist
information as you drive toward a region, or
service stations offering e-coupons or loyalty
points to lure travelers to stop by (imagine
an automotive-based version of U.K. carrier
O2’s successful Priority Moments). Or consider
the benefits of a realtime, location-based
info-ainment service from, for example, the
U.K.’s National Trust. Again, Acquity’s report
highlights that more than 50% of those
surveyed would share data from their car
if offered coupons and discounts based on
frequently used routes or current location.
From reduced fuel consumption, increased
freedom for the elderly, reduced congestion,
pollution and increased speed limits, to the
impact on rail and bus networks and taxi firms,
not to mention the huge potential for work
LIVING SERVICES 40
efficiency, the potential for Living Services to
completely change our relationship with the
car and the experience of driving is profound.
Volvo is currently trialing test vehicles
on Scandinavian roads, which are able to
automatically communicate realtime data
about road conditions to each other and
road administrators. The testing is being
undertaken in conjunction with Swedish
Transport Administration (Trafikverket) and
the Norwegian Public Roads Administration
(Statens vegvesen). Volvo’s test cars detect
icy or slippery conditions plus road friction
and transmit that information via a mobile
phone network to Volvo Car’s database.
Warnings are then transmitted to nearby
vehicles, and a slippery road warning on the
instrument cluster alerts drivers approaching
the hazard to take appropriate action.
An alert is also sent to road maintenance
authorities to help improve the management
of dangerous conditions.
For significant numbers
of consumers, particularly
younger, urban
demographics, cars could
come to be seen more as a
service or experience than a
product to own.
CHANGING THE TRAVEL
EXPERIENCE
But it’s not just cars that will be changed by
Living Services. The broader sphere of travel
and hospitality will be transformed in the next
10 years. Some of this will be driven by the
reinvention of cars, initially connected and
then autonomous. If drivers are no longer
required, and cars can become places where
you sleep or are entertained in during long
journeys, then they will introduce a new
level of experience competition with trains,
buses and airplanes. Why suffer the hassle
of getting to a terminus, security checks,
possible delays and crowds when you can get
in the car with your family and be entertained
all the way to your eventual destination?
Copenhagen airport wanted to provide
enhanced passenger experience and
improve efficiency of airline operations.
LIVING SERVICES 41
PIT STOPS AND can power the car’s navigation system, place
calls and read messages aloud to the driver.

CHICANES - The Other car brands such as Honda, Ford,

BMW, Citroën and Toyota have said they will

platform race to
work on integrating this system into
future vehicles.

deliver connected
Meanwhile, Google has looked to Android
to power its in-car system called Open

in-car service.
Automotive Alliance (OAA). Google’s
approach has been not just to install Android
from the phone into the car, but tailor it to a
complete in-car experience.
Connected digital technology is already
being integrated into most new cars and for
Some car manufacturers, such as Honda,
good reason. There’s growing evidence that
Hyundai and General Motors, say they
people consider digital connectivity to be as
will work with both Android and iPhone
important as driving performance.
smartphones, although perhaps not in the
same car.
A recent international consumer survey
carried out by Accenture, which included
And then there’s Microsoft’s Windows
14,000 drivers in Brazil, China, France,
Embedded Automotive 7, which was the latest
Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Malaysia, South
incarnation of Microsoft’s in-car technology.
Africa, South Korea, Spain, the U.K. and the
It’s behind a number of in-car systems, the
United States, found that in-car technology
best known of which is Ford’s SYNC system.
options could outweigh performance in
purchase decision-making.
Meanwhile, Nokia’s location technology
platform, HERE, is widely regarded as the
Some 39% of the drivers said their primary
market leader in providing the mapping
consideration in choosing a new car is in-car
inside cars, and over the past few years, it has
technology, compared with 14% who said
focused ruthlessly on reinventing what maps
driving performance had the greatest influence
mean and their contextual capability.
on their choice.
Founded by BMW, Intel and General Motors,
The in-car technologies being considered
among others, GENIVI Alliance wants to push
included navigation and traffic services; a
an open-source development platform for
range of autonomous driving aids; in-car
cars, while Connected Car Consortium has
services, including entertainment, work tools
MirrorLink, which is a system that displays a
and learning; safety services; black box-type
smartphone’s apps and functions onto a car’s
monitoring of a person’s driving patterns that
screen and is controllable either with buttons
can help reduce insurance premiums; and a
or a touch screen.
number of passenger-related services.
These systems are not yet true Living
Currently, however, in-car services are a
Services, but are certainly significant steps
mess of brand allegiance and compatibility
toward facilitating them. To create true
issues. There is little cooperation and some
car-based Living Services, brands will
car manufacturers are lining up behind
need to use the in-car infrastructure they
multiple systems.
are building and join the dots between
individual customer data and support
Apple’s system, CarPlay will be incorporated
services such as insurance and maintenance.
into 40 new car models made by two dozen
major automotive manufacturers, including
Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz and Volvo. CarPlay
It’s another example of liquid expectations
in action and will force airports, airlines,
train companies and buses to rethink their
end-to-end service—and their interplay
with other modes of transport. Fjord has
identified 19 key round journey stages
(such as Plan, Transport to Airport, Return
Preparation, etc.) of which only two are
‘Fly’—the traditional core skill of an airline.
Viewed systemically, new needs emerge,
such as sharing your travel dreams,
local transportation, getting currency,
preparations like visas—even reflection on
the experience. Winners will be those who
capture and facilitate this experience chain.
Mercedes-Benz’s
diagnostics service,
mbrace2, enables users to
check on the performance
or mechanical status of
their car through a
mobile app.
Some have started. Copenhagen airport
wanted to provide an enhanced passenger
experience and improve efficiency of airline
operations—Cisco added 900 access points
throughout the airport in order to be able to
track each passenger’s journey through the
building. The belief is that people already know
that they are giving up privacy and anonymity
when entering an airport, so they are less likely
to have any concerns.
From this, a ‘find your way’ app was created
to help passengers find their gate in realtime
and also direct them to potential points of
interests. Copenhagen’s big point on this was
to be able to prevent ‘choke/pain points’ so
that passengers can spend more time dining
and shopping. Copenhagen is on target for a
50% year-on-year increase in passengers since
this went live.
The future would be to use the ‘find your
way’ app to reduce passenger-caused delays.
So if the flight is boarding but a passenger’s
location is far away from that gate, the
passenger can receive a notification essentially
saying “hurry up.” London City Airport and
others are developing similar systems.
Understanding the context of the user will
be essential to timely delivery of the right
information. For example, a critical and
helpful distinction will be to understand if
a traveler is on a routine or an exceptional
journey. This shapes fundamental priorities:
For example, we might expect a routine
commuter to be interested in delays,
friends, distraction and efficiency, and an
exceptional traveler to have more needs
around directions, places and sights, focus
and discovery.
Business travelers are often a hybrid—
regularly on the move but not always to the
same places. Thales Group has unveiled its
Immersive Business Class Seat, an airplane
seat that can be controlled by an app and
detect entertainment preferences using
social data. Created in collaboration with
B/E Aerospace and BMW Designworks, the
system consists of a luxury, semi-private space
which features an ultra HD display, surround
sound and touchpad controls. Those booking
the seats can download a companion app
through which they can manually select the
configuration of the space, entertainment and
on-board services before they board the plane.
Optionally, they can load their social media
profiles to let the app detect the preferences
they might like.
When a train arrives into a station, it’s
often the case that travelers aren’t spread
evenly along the platform and are huddled
LIVING SERVICES 43
in the same spot. This is annoying for both
commuters and operators, because it means
that some carriages become full while others
are left empty and leads to longer boarding
times. In the Netherlands, the NS Reisplanner
Xtra app has already offered train users a
way to find a seat using their smartphone.
Now the country’s Edenspiekermann design
agency has developed for train operators
ProRail and NS, a platform-length LED
display which provides realtime information
on carriage crowdedness and other details.
Fjord has identified
19 key round journey
stages (such as Plan,
Transport to Airport,
Return Preparation, etc.)
of which only two are
‘Fly’—the traditional core
skill of an airline.
It consists of a 180-meter long color LED
strip that spans the length of the platform.
The display aims to give commuters all the
information they need to know about where
they should wait to get on the right carriage.
Numbers show whether the carriage is first or
standard class, and the exact position of the
doors will be is also marked. Symbols show
the carriages that are best for bikes, buggies,
wheelchairs and large luggage, as well as quiet
carriages. The boards also work with infrared
sensors located on each train that detect how
full each carriage is. A green strip means there
are seats available, a yellow strip indicates that
the carriage is fairly crowded and a red strip
means it’s full.
Disney’s visitors are always by nature
exceptional, not routine. Disney has
invested $1 billion enriching the theme park
experience through implementation of
wearable technology like the MagicBands.
The bands enabling park and guest room
entry, cash-free payments, shortening of
queues and a tailored experience, including
meals ready to eat as soon as you sit down.
The MagicBand is at the core of a global,
market-leading hospitality Living Service.
Hotels are also investing quickly and
focusing on the mobile as the key device:
Hilton and Starwood have introduced keyless
guest room doors with a mobile app acting
as the unlocking device.
What all of these have in common is the
lack of a unifying end-to-end experience
or platform—though Disney comes closest,
as the theme park is so self-contained.
As we see with other industries, the really
disruptive Living Services opportunity in
travel and hospitality will be with those who
can close the gap between journey handoffs
and bridge from home to destination and
back again. Handoffs, of course, exist across
industries too: Why should your in-flight
entertainment finish at the gate if you have
not completed the movie? Why not get a
link mailed to you containing the rest of the
film (assuming, of course, you have not been
watching Netflix in offline mode)?
THAT’S ALL (PART OF THE
SERVICE) FOLKS
In many ways, the media and entertainment
industry has been affected more by the first
two waves of digital innovation than any
other: reshaped and reinvented through new
platforms, user-generated content, alternative
business models and cord-cutting. Partly
because of this, Fjord expects the content
industries to be less directly affected by Living
Services than most others. Three key questions
will be thrown up.
First, as media and content choice continue
to proliferate (cars become a media hub, for
LIVING SERVICES 44
example), where is the Google or Spotify
of broadcast content? The multiplication
of channels, combined with rights issues,
makes it so hard for users to find specific
video content. This compares poorly
with information, where users can turn to
Google, or music, where they can find most
music they wish on Spotify. Will the era of
Living Services create an opportunity for
a disruptive play that makes video content
accessible wherever and whenever—even
if at a price? If our theory on Atomization
(see Chapter 5) is correct, the future of
channels is questionable: Indeed, the
average Net Promoter Score (NPS) for
over-the-top (OTT) on-demand services
in the U.S. is 39, much higher than that for
traditional TV providers at 12. If music can
create services with intuitive discovery and
recommendation, such as Sonarflow, why
can’t video?
Second, media is in the attention business.
Living Services will play out in one of two
significant directions. Either new calls on
our time and immersive experiences will
reduce the role that traditional linear content
plays in our lives, or the new era will save us
valuable time in discrete parcels as routine
tasks become automated—leaving us with
more time to relax or consume media. Right
now, it is too early to say which.
“Don’t start with the
technology, start with
the audience.”
-Kim Shillinglaw, controller of BBC Two and BBC Four
However, we can predict that Living Services
will affect content itself. As Kim Shillinglaw,
controller of BBC Two and BBC Four
(quoted in Wired) said: “Don’t start with
the technology, start with the audience.
How do they want to spend their time? I
think viewers want three things. First, they
want to relax, to escape and to feel part of
something. This is what narrative-driven
and event-led TV does. Those types of
programme will only become more popular.
Second, I want to watch what I like when I
like—control is important. Third, although I
want to be in control, I want it to be easy.
Technology often asks us to work too hard.
Recommendations need to be as good
as a great curator. Netflix’s algorithm is
very smart, but in the next decade new
algorithms will start to recognise me and my
interests, and aggregate from games that
I play and websites that I read as much as
from shows I’ve watched.”
TomTom, the in-car satellite
navigation brand, has diversified
its services to create Usage Based
Insurance (UBI) systems.
LIVING SERVICES 45
New ideas are creeping into live entertainment:
Lightwave is a piece of wearable tech
(a wristband) that delivers live crowd
engagement data to DJs, helping them tailor
their set in real time. The bands measure data
such as movement, audio levels and body
temperature, and these data points are then
fed through to the DJ, who can see at a glance
how many people are dancing and how well
those at the back can hear the music. Since
DJs already often include events in their sets
designed to get the crowd going — ‘dropping
the bass,’ for example — Lightwave can give
them data that can help them decide the best
point to do it.
However, Living Services may well flow or be
sold through media channels. So the third
question is what role can entertainment
companies play as a part of Living Services?
The 2014 Ericsson ConsumerLab report
tells us that Interactive TV and Click-to-
Buy—order anything you see on TV using
your remote—are among the two (out of
24) least important TV and video features.
The findings are based on research from 23
markets including Brazil, China, Germany,
Indonesia, U.K. and U.S.. It is unclear as yet
whether media can break into this lucrative
new market.
ENSURING SERVICE
INNOVATION
Insurance brands have long known that their
products are considered grudge purchases,
with huge inconveniences involved in the
claims process and little added benefit. Users
typically ‘get it and forget it,’ and only interact
with the provider when something bad has
happened. Living Services will offer huge
benefits to the insurance industry by allowing
insurers to build far more enhanced and
ongoing relationships with their customers.
For an industry so dependent on a complex
eco-system (brokers, underwriters, funds,
agents and adjusters, among others), it is hard
to see how disruption will create wholesale
change. However, the fusion of data and
interconnectivity that is fueling Living Services
could completely transform our notion of what
an insurer should do for us.
New ideas are creeping
into live entertainment:
Lightwave is a piece of
wearable tech (a wristband)
that delivers live crowd
engagement data to DJs,
helping them tailor their set
in real time.
Insurance startups could shake up the market
considerably here: Challengers may emerge
that rethink the business model of insurance
from top to bottom. Within healthcare,
insurance companies will start to shift
customer experience from being largely about
acute medical events to detecting and helping
to treat and prevent long-term chronic issues.
With this new ability to survey and track
behavior across environments (and the
devices that accompany them), the
insurance industry has a huge opportunity to
capitalize on the resulting data. Wearables
and ‘Quantified Self’ innovations could
translate fitness and wellness goals into
insurance breaks and benefits.
Based on a study of U.S. consumers,
research company ON World, predicts
that by 2017, 515 million health sensors
designed for wearables, to be implanted or
used in mobile health and fitness devices,
will be shipped globally—an increase from
107 million in 2012. It’s a short jump from
collecting personal data to improve your
LIVING SERVICES 46
running performance to using that data to
save money on health insurance.
In the automotive space, real opportunities
will emerge that will link realtime data about
driving performance to insurance premiums
with telematics insurance.
TomTom, the in-car satellite navigation
brand has diversified its services to create
Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) systems that
can be applied to either private drivers or
fleet operators.
Its insurance telematics system enables
insurers to give policyholders immediate
feedback about their driving performance.
Policyholders that share their driving
performance data can prove they are
low-risk, enabling insurers to make far
more informed judgments about risk and
potentially lower premiums.
Similar telematics or black box insurance
services, whereby a device is fitted to a
customer’s car to monitor how well they drive,
thus enabling premiums to be calculated
individually, are becoming more commonplace.
U.K. insurance companies offering this service
include AA with its AA DriveSafe service,
Admiral LittleBox, Halfords’ Autosaint and
Tesco Bank Box.
BMW has partnered with insurance carrier
Allianz U.K. to build a custom product for its
BMQi3 and i8 electric vehicles, and plans to
market its own brand insurance to drivers
of these cars. Its insurance service will be
based on customer’s mileage tracked via
an embedded in-car system integrated with
BMW ConnectedDrive technology, which will
generate information for monthly statements
sent directly to the policyholder.
But the opportunity is not all about
incentives to save. It is possible to
envisage services such as safest route
recommendations linked to insurance
premiums; best parking options based
on security, price or convenience;
accommodation recommendations; and
realtime traffic and navigation feeds.
The fusion of data and
interconnectivity that is
fueling Living Services
could completely transform
our notion of what an
insurer should do for us.
Should a collision happen, we’ll see telematics
offer immediate and automated help at the
scene, and later, damage diagnostics with
direct connectivity to a real or automated
customer service adviser.
This is already in use with the OnStar FMV
aftermarket product, a GPS-equipped rear-
view mirror that can be fitted to your car and
which will alert emergency services and direct
them to the scene in the event of an accident.
MAKING THE MOST OF
MY MONEY
Customers’ experience of financial services
can be defined by their personal timeline: past,
present and future. In insurance, rectifying the
past with financial compensation has largely
been the core of the business. As we have
seen above, a major shift now underway is for
insurance companies to contact customers
during incidents to help them sort problems
out in the present—from car accidents to burst
water pipes. Living Services will shift insurance
to a future focus, where insurers use data to
predict risk.
Likewise, banks will increasingly offer
customers a timeline where past, present and
LIVING SERVICES 47
future become an illuminating lens. Why is
my balance like it is? What am I safe to spend
now? What will my money look like in a year’s
time? We will move from a ‘statement’-based
mentality to an expectation of fluid snapshots
of our wealth status.
Gradually this will change the shape of what
banks have to offer. There are four major steps
toward this.
Living Services will shift
insurance to a future focus,
where insurers use data to
predict risk.
Expect to see the emergence first of all of
self-checking statements: If receipts are
increasingly digital, why should these not be
routed to our banks for automatic checking
against our spending history, which then
alerts us to anomalies or transactions for
which there appear to be no receipt? Simple
thumbprint approval could also transform
debit and credit card security routines. The
BillGuard app alerts users to suspicious
charges in realtime and allows them to keep
in contact with merchants to resolve the
issue wherever they are. Like an inbox for
payments, users can swipe to confirm the
payment or to mark it as a potential fraud.
The app learns from user actions.
Second, using data analytics, why should
a bank not predict your probable financial
future based on algorithms developed by
aggregating not only your past behavior but
that of other customers too? If your bank
knows you are likely to get into debt by
the end of the month based on detectable
patterns, would that not be a useful service?
And more so if they could recommend
preventative actions.
The use of data will allow banks to step into a
role of helping us manage our finances more
dynamically. Mint is heading in this direction
already: It pulls together all your balances
and transactions. This allows monitoring
of spending; bill alerts; over-budget alerts;
tracking of mortgage payments; and a fraud
warning service. Tink is a personal finance
app that consolidates and manages all of a
consumer’s finances; once the initial financial
information (i.e. banking/credit card) has
been entered, Tink automatically retrieves
new data once a change has occurred,
allowing for up-to-date analysis, no matter
how many bank accounts a consumer has,
and features automatic categorization of
spending. Pocketsmith looks at all incoming
and outgoing transactions to create a long-
distance forecast of predicted bank balance—
even to a given date.
The fourth step is to create a platform for
Living Services transactions. Probably this
is also the most challenging—as many other
players (notably Google, PayPal, Apple) are
jockeying for this key role. The ambition will
be to link your bank (think money plus data)
directly to other areas of your life. These are
likely to be those where the pace of change is
rapid—that is, change either in data created or
emergent needs you have. For example, if your
bank account knows your power consumption,
it could predict your future financial state
more accurately. If your bank knows you are
traveling, could it proactively negotiate better
currency rates from ATM providers or foreign
exchange dealers? Or seek and negotiate best
petrol prices as you are driving—and prepay so
you can drive away without physically handing
over money. Israeli company 24me is already
heading in this direction: Its app automatically
syncs with utilities and other services to
remind and enable users to pay their bills.
LIVING SERVICES 48
EXAMINING E-DUCATION
From today’s prescriptive cramming for
standardized tests, to tomorrow’s individual
pathways through a landscape of learning,
Living Services will reshape the field of
education forever. This sea change will mean
teachers will be freed up from time-consuming
classroom management to focusing on
teaching that is targeted to each student’s
personalized data, while students of all ages
would benefit from a more tailored and
individual approach that recognizes their
unique needs and talents, giving them a better
chance of fulfilling their potential.
Although there is enormous scope to design
personalized, automated learning services
in the field of education, in contrast to the
health and wellness sector, education has seen
relatively little innovation with impact—so far.
We will move from
a ‘statement’-based
mentality to an expectation
of fluid snapshots of our
wealth status.
One exception to this general trend is the area
of managing classroom behavior. According
to anecdotal evidence, teachers spend 50%
of their time managing student behavior.
A new feedback app called ClassDojo aims
to address this problem by using behavior-
tracking analytics and reports that allow
teachers to address issues in realtime to
students, parents and administrators. Crucially,
the app reinforces good behavior by awarding
feedback points and praise notifications and
by reducing the time between a student’s
action (positive and negative) and teacher
feedback about that action.
Meanwhile, a new app called BeHere uses
Apple iBeacon technology to keep teachers
informed of students’ attendance at their class
without the need to do a roll call or take the
register. To work, the app has to be installed
on both teachers’ and students’ devices.
Once installed, it also allows students to tap
a button to request help from their teachers
ahead of the class, with requests for help
being ‘queued up’ on the teacher’s device.
Arizona State University has come up
with an early warning retention tool,
which collects its students’ data and
tracks them.
LIVING SERVICES 49
Arizona State University has come up with
an early warning retention tool, which
collects its students’ data and tracks them.
Through student ID cards, the university can
track students’ activities and know when
they get to classes, visit the library and go
for lunch. The university began using this
data with predictive analytics to identify
if freshman students were at risk of not
passing or if their grades and performance
were declining. It provided an early indicator
that meant the students could receive advice
on other academic courses or alternative
majors, and best of all, this information
was provided by the predictive analytics
tool. Implementing this tool led to an 8%
increased freshman retention rate.
Meanwhile, a new app
called BeHere uses Apple
iBeacon technology to
keep teachers informed
of students’ attendance
at their class without the
need to do a roll call or
take the register.
As the ClassDojo and Arizona State University
examples show, there are potentially huge
benefits to be gained from designing Living
Services tailored to individuals at both ends of
the educational spectrum.
In junior education, personalization could
revolve around different styles of learning
that a child leans toward (visual, audio, tactile,
numerical or how fast they can individually
absorb information). Different packages
could also monitor skills and developmental
requirements across a broad range of criteria
including psychological or emotional issues.
The program delivered to a child with low
self-esteem might differ from that offered
to a child who is self-confident. Monitoring
responses could help pick up issues such as
dyslexia far earlier and automatically integrate
helpful learning regimes.
Living Services could help
integrate learning more
effectively into lifestyles
outside of school.
LIVING SERVICES 50
Further on in the educational cycle, Living
Services could help integrate learning more
effectively into lifestyles outside of school.
They could, for example, understand what
students are doing, where they’re spending
time and what they need to focus on to
improve their results.
Expect to see more ambient personalization,
as well as contextual encouragement: using
data such as geolocation, time or other levers
and seeing when students are looking at
studying or encouraging them to study at
key points in the day. This will be because
we know they’re at home, or have an hour
before they are due to do something else.
Similarly, Living Services in education
could link wearable devices that track a
student’s physiological state and change the
educational input accordingly, so if a service
detects that a student or class is tired, the
educational input switches from text to video.
Educational Living
Services that feature a
data-driven approach,
capable of understanding
an individual student’s
learning style and areas of
weakness, will be the ones
that succeed in this space.
Educational Living Services that feature
a data-driven approach, capable of
understanding an individual student’s learning
style and areas of weakness, will be the ones
that succeed in this space. Language learning/
text translation platform Duolingo is an
interesting example. The platform features a
gamified approach to learning, with users able
to gain skill points as they learn and display
language skills, with points deducted for
mistakes. At every level, the service assesses
the users areas of weakness, enabling it to flag
them up to the user.
Looking ahead, Living Services will also
play a role in helping students choose
what to do with their futures by assessing
what they are doing and what they
enjoy doing and then projecting which
professions might suit them. Algorithms
could indicate where they need to improve
to achieve career goals, coordinated with
requirements for individual employers.
Living Services could have a particularly
beneficial impact on children with learning
difficulties. Already researchers at Georgia
Institute of Technology have teamed a
humanoid robot with an tablet to help
children with cognitive and motor-skill
disabilities to teach a robot to play Angry
Birds. The idea behind the initiative is that
the robot-smart tablet system can act as a
future rehabilitation tool for children faced
with these learning disabilities.
Applying Living Services to the education
sector is another major strategic, long-term
challenge. However, just as with health and
wellness, it is an area that should benefit
from the huge efficiencies created. Teachers
will be able to respond far more effectively
to personalized data about students and
overlay their own skilled assessment
and input in a more targeted fashion.
Educational managers will be able to see in
micro-detail where resources and specific
skills should be applied, and we’ll see the
rise of learning agent roles to support this
new system. Students, of course, should
benefit from a more individualized and
engaging learning experience that offers
them greater choice about how they learn
and, ultimately, which careers they pursue.
LIVING SERVICES 51
Living Services could have a particularly beneficial impact on children with learning difficulties.
Further on in the
educational cycle, Living
Services could help
integrate learning more
effectively into lifestyles
outside of school.
As the KnowledgeWorks Forecast 3.0
states: “learning will no longer be defined
by time and place”—and this will fuel the
introduction of live educational services
that offer radical personalization, ongoing
evaluation and feedback. Education will be
continual and lifelong, not just restricted to
the first two decades of your life.
HOME IS WHERE THE HUB IS
There are few areas of our lives set to benefit
more from Living Services than our homes—
currently the hub for thousands of dull,
disconnected and time-consuming tasks.
From efficient energy management, such
as switching on light bulbs and heating to
coincide with when we get home, to smart
alarms that allow us to monitor security from
anywhere in the world, Living Services are
emerging that make our home lives smoother
and easier to manage remotely. And with
Living Services likely to influence our entire
day, the home could emerge as the source
from where our complex digital lives can be
unified, helping us to manage an otherwise
overwhelming number of devices and data
sources from one, all-important hub.
Our primary personal spaces are already
proving fertile ground for the emergence of
Living Services. As appliances have become
more advanced and Wi-Fi connectivity faster
and widespread, the possibility of creating
households populated by multiple connected
devices is firmly underway.
LIVING SERVICES 52
The core ambition behind Apple, meanwhile, is pursuing its HomeKit
platform, which aims to integrate a range
creating a connected of apps that control home appliances and
services.
home is simple; it’s about
designing ways to make The core ambition behind creating a
connected home is simple; it’s about designing
every aspect of home ways to make every aspect of home life easier
to manage and smoother to run, leaving more
life easier to manage and time for useful or fun activity.
smoother to run, leaving
At the heart of this aim is the accumulation of
more time for useful or behavioral data that can then inform Living
fun activity. Services in order to control every possible
aspect of home life, from security to laundry.
Broadband market intelligence company
Rather than calling this the ‘connected home,’
Point Topic predicts there will be 940
perhaps a better moniker in the near-term
million broadband subscribers worldwide by
would be the ‘distributed home,’ as control of
the end of 2018, a dramatic increase from
smarter home devices becomes possible via
approximately 150 million in 2004. It expects
mobile access.
the 1 billion-subscriber mark will be exceeded
within this decade and forecasts the strongest
So although the fully connected home is
growth will be seen in Asia and Eastern
some way off, what we will see on the journey
European regions during this period.
toward this ambition is the gradual automation
Forward-thinking companies, be they from
of segments of home life. The sheer number of
the appliance side, service industry side
entrants to the domestic energy management
or startups, have started to extend their
and security is noteworthy. For example, Chai
offerings to improve the lives of inhabitants.
Energy, a startup home technology business,
This is beginning to give people more
has created an integrated energy management
information, more control, better remote
system enabling consumers to control heating
access and improved overall management of
remotely via smartphones and providing
their home environment.
individualized home analysis that can advise
them on how to save on energy bills.
For example Samsung, Intel and Dell have
Microsoft and Smartlabs’ Insteon have teamed
joined forces to create the Open Interconnect
up to market kits helping people to create DIY
Consortium, which aims to establish a universal
connected homes based around a central hub
set of standards for smart home appliances,
and capable of being controlled via Windows
including thermostats and light bulbs.
phones. The kits could allow users to control
multiple homes or business locations remotely,
In parallel, Qualcomm and Microsoft support
enabling them to provide or limit access for
the AllSeen Alliance project. Microsoft has also
individuals, monitor via cameras or control
teamed up with American Family Insurance to
lighting and energy use.
create a home technology incubator in order
to foster new connected home products.
Another startup example is Novi Security, a
remote monitoring system based around a

LIVING SERVICES 53
smartphone app that lets users see what’s
going on at home via HD cameras, and
receive alerts if smoke or motion is detected
via sensors.
Although the fully
connected home is
some way off, what we
will see on the journey
toward this ambition is
the gradual automation
of segments of home life.
Meanwhile, Wallflower is a fire-prevention
system that constantly monitors the status
of electricity and gas supplies to a home.
Consumers can be alerted if a fire or other
hazard occurs and are able to remotely shut
down supplies via their smartphone.
With growing concerns in many markets
about the cost and certainty of energy
supplies, coupled with governmental
regulations enforcing the installation of
smart meters (for example in the U.K.), it’s
inevitable that energy management should
be a priority for innovation.
So, for example, Nest, and ecobee, identified
that consumers needed a thermostat that
learns their preferred temperature and their
schedule and automatically programs itself
to suit its owner. It can be controlled from a
mobile phone, instead of consumers constantly
adjusting a dial on a wall.
Nest, now owned by Google, also understood
that consumers wanted a smart smoke
detector that keeps them safe without going
off every time the toast burns and which can
be silenced with the wave of a hand. Nest Labs
linked up with Big Ass Fans to develop smart
ceiling fan SenseME, which learns owners’
preferences and adapts accordingly.
Google has wasted no time in spinning
partnerships out of its Nest Labs investment
with other lifestyle or home product
brands, including Mercedes, Jawbone,
LIFX and Whirlpool, allowing its Nest
smart thermostats and smoke alarms to
be triggered by third-party devices and
products. Google’s Nest Developer Program
is intended to open its technology beyond
existing control protocols via smartphones
to third-party-owned devices.
LIFX’s smart light bulbs will be
programmable, so, for example, they could
be primed to come on at night when
householders are away. Jawbone wristbands
could use motion-sensing technology to
detect when the wearer wakes and turn the
lighting or heating on. Mercedes cars could
tell the home management system when
they are due for a service, or prompt it to
turn on the heating when the vehicle and its
occupants are 30 minutes from home. So
far, many of the companies exploring this
area are doing so via solutions for single
problems such as August’s keyless smart
locking system. Philips has developed a
wireless lighting system that uses smart
technology to create a home lighting
scheme that can be individually controlled to
change color, mimic natural sunrise, alert you
or welcome you home.
Devising connected products for the home
has proved appealing to interior and home
product designers, with the result that
there are a growing number of specific (and
sometimes bizarre) items with connectivity
functionality added. These include an egg
tray that tells you when your fresh eggs are
reaching the end of their life; a vibrating
fork that helps users to eat more slowly and
LIVING SERVICES 54
therefore avoid overeating; and a smart air
conditioning unit that uses GPS data to turn
itself on and off based on when people leave
and arrive.
The next stage is for all (or at least the most
meaningful) of these disparate elements to
connect and communicate with each other, so
the individual is not given the onerous task of
monitoring and controlling multiple elements
within the home.
Neura is a startup aiming to create
individualized personal networks of
connected devices and objects. Its core
technology is designed to connect a web
of disparate smart objects and enable them
to recognize people’s habits and behavioral
patterns through behavioral data.
Samsung is another good example of a
brand starting with a specific approach to
optimizing products with smart technology,
then seeking to expand its service
capabilities.
The Samsung Wi-Fi-enabled smart fridge,
complete with a screen, allows owners to
browse the Web, access apps and connect
to other Samsung smart devices. However,
Samsung clearly has ambitions to integrate
its products into a networked service. The
company recently acquired South Korean-
based Smart Things, which builds home-
automation kits.
SmartThings is an app and Hub that connects
different sensors and devices in the home
so they communicate with each other and
provide the customer with a connected home
and more joined-up home security. The Hub
and sensors look at your home’s vital statistics
such as motion, human and animal presence,
vibration, temperature, and doors and windows
opening and closing.
As this shows, smaller startups or fleet-
of-foot technology companies have often
set the tone in terms of development, with
bigger, established businesses in vertical
home-service sectors subsequently taking a
keen interest.
Elsewhere, Apple has a patent for a
comprehensive home system that helps
manage devices with an impressive sounding
feature that anticipates a person’s needs
LIFX’s smart light bulbs will be
programmable, so for example, they
could be primed to come on at night
when householders are away.
LIVING SERVICES 55
without any user input. Meanwhile, AT&T is
jumping in with Digital Life, a package that
means people can remotely manage their
home through cameras and mobile door
control. It also offers energy management
and leak detection. With water damage
being responsible for 70% of U.S. domestic
insurance claims, even small improvements
in this space could have widespread
economic impact.
Using motion sensors
and predictive analytics,
the sensors detect how
fast cars, bicycles and
pedestrians are traveling
and supply light as
required, rather than simply
reacting to stimuli.
The ability to shape and control one’s
personal space, environment and dwelling
is a powerful driver in terms of the
potential demand for Living Services. But
the concept of the distributed home also
has an interesting echo in social media by
expanding into connected neighborhoods.
Imagine if networks such as Nextdoor or
Neighborland linked with devices and Living
Services in people’s homes. Energy-conscious
communities could rethink their energy-
expending behavior together, for example.
One business already innovating in this
field is F-Secure Lokki of Finland. It has
positioned itself as the provider of smart
remote security but now boasts a wider role,
bringing family, friends and places together
through one central screen while you’re on
the go.
If home-based Living Services begin by
solving specific problems, making little
parts of household management easier or
better, they will gradually transcend many
different service categories and aspects of
our lives. Over the next 20 years, the home
may develop as a hub of Living Services
that reaches into social communications,
community relations, purchasing, travel,
childcare and work.
LIVING CITIES
Having examined how Living Services will
transform specific areas of our lives, at a
macro scale, cities are where we can expect
the impact of Living Services to be writ
large. Cities are where we (usually) live, work
and play. The evidence suggests that smart
solutions are urgently required to address the
challenge of fast-growing city populations.
Already, more than half the planet’s population
lives in cities, with some forecasts suggesting
that by 2050, 70% of the world’s 9 billion
people will live in urban areas.
How will we supply adequate facilities for
booming urban populations, such as street
lighting and refuse collection? Then there’s the
need for smarter ways of easing congestion,
helping people and vehicles move around
the city faster and more easily, and managing
unhealthy pollution levels.
We see three main ways Living Services will
help meet these challenges for cities:
1. Connected mobility
The dynamics of the Internet are already
enabling innovative services that help city’s
workers, tourists and residents to move
around much more easily without having to
build new infrastructure, such as ring roads,
bypasses and parking lots. The growth of
smart apps such as Citymapper and parking
apps such as Streetline help people to
LIVING SERVICES 56
SmartThings is an app and Hub that connects different sensors and devices in the home so they
communicate with each other and provide the customer with a connected home.
move around a city quickly and easily, by
providing realtime information about the
nearest available parking spots and which
roads or tube routes to avoid. Looking
ahead, it’s possible to imagine a much
more joined-up approach to improving city
mobility. An app could direct a driver stuck
in city-center traffic to the nearest available
parking space, and then help them to reach
their destination by highlighting the nearest
available bike-sharing bay where a bike is
ready for them to use.
2. Smart buildings and streets
Environmentally unsound buildings
collectively have an enormous impact on
air quality in cities. So the benefit of using
sensors that can collect realtime data about
a particular building’s energy efficiency or
carbon emissions is clear.
This information can be scaled from
an individual building to a street, to a
whole district, giving town planners,
utilities companies, health workers and
environmental professionals a detailed
picture of problem hot spots. Sensors
embedded in buildings, air-conditioning
units, water pipes, lighting, heating and
security systems will deliver equally valuable
data to the landlords of individual buildings.
This can be used to develop Living Services
that anticipate when crucial repairs will
be needed, and to help keep occupants
comfortable and utilities bills low by
adjusting settings to meet realtime changes
in occupancy, temperature and time of day.
Pioneering companies are already
developing smart technologies that make
the urban environment a more pleasant,
energy-efficient place to live and work.
Finnish startup Enevo has pioneered what
it describes as waste collection for smart
cities by installing wireless sensors in waste
containers to measure and forecast their
LIVING SERVICES 57
fill-levels, emptying them only when they
are full, while at the same time as generating
smart collection plans using the most
efficient schedules and routes. Using this
smart technology-driven approach, Enevo
claims to provide up to 50% in direct cost
savings in waste logistics.
Meanwhile, Europe spends more than €10
billion on street lighting, which results in
more than 40 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide
emissions. This represents a considerable
waste of resources when the streets in
question are empty. To address this, lighting
solution provider Tvilight has designed a
system for cities that tracks vehicles and
pedestrians, lighting up the nearest street
lamp as they approach. Using motion sensors
and predictive analytics, the sensors detect
how fast cars, bicycles and pedestrians are
traveling and supply light as required, rather
than simply reacting to stimuli. While Tvilight’s
sole function is responsive lighting, there has
been speculation about other uses for the
technology, such as traffic lights turning red if
an ambulance is approaching.
3. Reimagining retail space
We can expect Living Services to help bricks-
and-mortar retailers claw back some of
the ground lost to online retailers, or at the
very least provide a much more integrated
approach to managing customer journeys
across a retail brand’s physical and virtual
touch points.
The concept of positioning sensors at stores’
entrances to identify consumers and deliver
offers to their mobile devices tailored to their
purchasing history and profile is nothing new.
Bluetooth technology was conceived with
this kind of functionality in mind. However,
this concept is being honed and expanded by
Apple’s iBeacon project.
Retail is fertile ground for
the synthesis of data with
contextual relevance and
new interaction paradigms.
With its announcement of a patent for
anticipatory shipping, Amazon has heralded
the imminent arrival of Living Services in
shopping. Retail is fertile ground for the
synthesis of data with contextual relevance
and new interaction paradigms. Much of the
speculation has centered on new ways to sell
and promote: The industry standard scenario
usually includes a shopper being bombarded
with ‘offers’ on arrival at a location. The
mistake is to confuse advertising with
service, and to imagine that on mobile
devices, unrequested ‘offers’ are desirable,
manageable or even scale well in a multiple
outlet shopping mall. Meaningful service on
the other hand, increases engagement and
raises the chance of commercial success by
pleasing the customer.
By working with Pinterest, Nordstrom is
showing the way. We all leave behind us
a trail of digital footprints whatever we
do: Pinterest is a particularly rich trail of
taste and visuals. Nordstrom uses it to
help determine store merchandising on
a weekly basis, as well as providing staff
with an iPad app, which makes it easy for
them to show customers trending products
and merchandise live. Expect window and
in-store displays that respond (with your
permission) to your approach by offering
products that match to your known tastes.
Adidas has already experimented with
interactive window displays.
This gets around the issue of seeking screen
time on a consumer’s portable device: The
idea that we have apps for every shop we
enter is not scalable, and much of the time
we wish to have our heads up to look at
LIVING SERVICES 58
merchandise. Burberry’s flagship store uses
RFID technology woven into its products to
trigger multimedia content relevant to each
item on in-store display screens, personalizing
the shopping experience.
The challenge to retail, of course, is that
shopping can happen elsewhere. Living
Services will accelerate this trend.
Amazon Dash is a Wi-Fi-enabled device
that combines barcode scanning and voice
recognition to allow householders to assemble
shopping lists on the fly—and then proceed to
purchase. Hiku is a similar technology. In the
near future, this kind of approach—augmented
reality app Blippar is another good example—
will create a world where everything becomes
a shop. Consumers will literally buy what they
see (assuming they can afford it, of course) at
the point of desire—which could be anywhere.
On a macro scale, data from sensors tracking
the movement of cars and pedestrians within
key areas of a city could be correlated with
footfall and purchase data from individual
stores. This data will be interpreted by
powerful analytics software, providing store
managers with realtime insight into likely busy
periods, enabling them to offer well-timed
promotions designed to appeal to the widest
possible number of consumers.
The idea that we have apps
for every shop we enter is
not scalable.
These data sets will also be useful for town
planners, architects and designers, providing
information for analysis and improvement
of city centers so they evolve in line with
the changing needs of local communities.
In practice, this could mean Living Services
enable the way in which rates and parking
restrictions change in realtime, adapting to
what people need to do.
All of this is critical to cities: If retail cannot
compete with online, eventually an abundance
of retail real estate will affect city centers
We all leave behind us a trail of
digital footprints whatever we do:
Pinterest is a particularly rich trail of
taste and visuals.
LIVING SERVICES 59
and suburbs alike. If, on the other hand,
retail space plays a leading experiential role
in the purchase cycle, that too has city-side
implications on traffic, opening hours and the
movement of goods.
WELCOME TO THE
INTUITIVE WORKPLACE
The next major connected ecosystem to
emerge beyond our cars and homes is likely
to be the workplace, where the benefits of
Living Services for workers at all levels will
be palpable. Enhanced digital devices and
services will allow us to manage our workloads
in the office more effectively. Wearables that
monitor our levels of alertness and well-being
will help us boost productivity by allowing us
to schedule harder tasks for times of the day
when we are at our peak, helping to make the
daily grind a more enjoyable and less
stressful experience.
The sophisticated data generated through
Living Services will allow senior management
to develop a greater understanding of the
needs of employees, and better data will
mean better decisions. The benefits of
Living Services will also stretch to heavy
industry. Smart sensors will allow workers
to communicate with complex machinery in
realtime, allowing operations to run smoothly
and in turn drive efficiencies.
These days, a workplace without desktop and
mobile computing is … unimaginable. In five
years’ time it is probable we will say the same
thing about work-orientated Living Services.
The amount of time wasted in pointless
management meetings; waiting for the right
equipment to arrive; the delayed arrival of
information, people or supplies is something
we have all experienced, but has probably
never been fully quantified.
Desktop computers, mobile phones and
tablets have, of course, created work
efficiencies, but intuitive Living Services
designed to work from the point of view
of individual workers could help boost
performance by offering a form of quantified
self for productivity. Imagine a scenario
where workplace-sponsored wearables
would be able to track an employee’s heart
rate, posture or blood sugar and could
provide an early warning that he needs to
take a break.
Wearables that monitor
our levels of alertness
and wellbeing will help
us boost productivity.
If this sounds far-fetched, London-based
predictive analytics firm The Outside
View requires all its staff to take part in an
experiment that involves them using a variety
of apps and wearables such as Sleep Cycle,
Moves and Meal Snap to track how much they
eat, sleep and how happy and fit they are, in a
bid to develop a more productive workforce.
While the move arguably raises legal and
ethical issues, the company has said it believes
employees are happy to wear the devices and
it will address any legal issues as they arise.
Elsewhere, Living Services could speed up the
pace of many different spheres of enterprise
or public service delivery by providing very
specific data about a work scenario or piece
of hardware. This could be very simplistic,
such as warning a management team due
to travel to a regional office that a flight has
been delayed and automatically providing
alternative options. Or for example, it could
be very complicated, such as designing a
Living Service for an airline fleet maintenance
schedule coordinated with aircraft component
monitoring and spare part sourcing.
LIVING SERVICES 60
The next major connected ecosystem to emerge beyond our cars and homes is likely to be the workplace,
where the benefits of Living Services for workers at all levels will be palpable
Distinctive specialist equipment is also
becoming interlinked and connected to
mobile and cloud computing facilities. For
example, PocketScan allows users to scan
any surface and render text or visual data
straight to a screen-based device (scanned
text and tables can be opened and edited
in Microsoft Office and printed text can be
translated). Ca7ch Lightbox is a wearable
camera that can sync with mobile phones
and send pictures and video automatically to
the cloud.
Businesses are already generating huge
volumes of customer and performance data.
But imagine thousands of devices such as
Ca7ch Lightbox, or position sensors in an
online retail warehouse, working in unison to
feed live data into business management or
operational systems.
Technology that can manage realtime data
on a massive scale is already emerging. For
example, Amazon’s Kinesis is a system that
channels and manages live data feeds so
companies can use realtime data in their
products and services more effectively.
While these examples are not yet true
Living Services, they are beginning to
create an infrastructure of connectivity,
through which diverse workplace Living
Services could flow.
Significant steps towards building business
Living Services are being made in the area of
field service management, for example, with
delivery and in the field sales.
Workers out on the road and the equipment
and vehicles they use are increasingly being
linked in realtime back to headquarters,
enabling sales managers, logistics teams and
human resources departments to make more
informed decisions rapidly.
LIVING SERVICES 61
For example, telematics units installed
in delivery vehicles can transmit field
information such as signature capture and
GPS data to prove a delivery was made to
a specific location at a particular time by a
designated driver.
Living Services could
speed up the pace of
many different spheres of
enterprise or public service
delivery by providing very
specific data about a
work scenario or piece
of hardware.
TomTom Telematics provides an integrated
field service that combines satellite navigation
and mobile business applications on a single
device that can be used for a variety of tasks,
from proof of delivery to monitoring the
progress of individual workers or submitting
vehicle safety checks.
HEAVY LIFTING MADE LIGHTER
Living Services will also have a major impact
in the heavy-lifting industry, enabling far
greater efficiencies. Take the energy industry,
where there is huge potential to optimize
the logistics around drilling for fossil fuels,
including assessing geological conditions,
predicting weather patterns and assessing
and anticipating when equipment needs to
be renewed.
Drilling crews may currently know the
approximate lifespan of drill bits, for example,
based on the manufacturer’s advice and
drilling conditions.
However, energy companies’ information
about the drill’s life cycle is based on
averages, because the equipment is
made using mass production. Using this
information about the drill’s average life
cycle, the energy company will replace drill
bits after a set period and will do the same
for all operations across the world.
By integrating smart sensors into machinery,
the energy company will be able to create
significant efficiencies by knowing in detail
how each piece of equipment is functioning
and when it will wear out.
The shift away from performance
assessments based on averages to
individualized information delivered to
teams automatically when it is relevant
has enormous implications for business
operations. In fact, many people are terming
the emergence of connected, contextually
aware digital services into the industrial
sector as the Industrial Internet of Things.
In the mining sector, connected infrastructure
including Wi-Fi at the pithead, equipment with
performance sensors and autonomous drone
vehicles are becoming commonplace.
BHP Billiton is testing sensors in the buckets
of the excavators that can grade the ore
they contain, providing site managers with
immediate information about the quality of
the ore and how it should be processed.
Another example of an industrial Living
Service is the Accenture Life Safety Solution
for oil refinery workers. The service tracks
each worker, monitoring poisonous gases,
communicating with a central tracking
system, enabling people to move around
the refinery to perform routine maintenance
tasks safely, while eliminating time-
consuming paperwork and processes. At
its core, it is a service designed to keep
LIVING SERVICES 62
employees who work in a potentially very From drill bits to aircraft, rail, automotive,
hazardous environment safe. However, by utilities and food production, the list of
automating health and safety processes, it industries where individualized information
has also become a productivity tool. could make an impact is endless.

Accenture joined forces with AeroScout,

Cisco and Industrial Scientific to develop the
THE ALL-SEEING MANAGER
In the domain of corporate management,
solution, which is a wireless gas detector
the possibilities are infinite. Everything
combined with location-based technologies.
from app-based timesheets and expenses
The gas detector transmits information to a
to workforce management and on-site
central location on the plant so it can alert
engineering could become integrated,
the control room if gas levels go outside
using external contextual information to
normal ranges as well as showing where
coordinate the work of individual staff and
an operator is located. It can monitor four
optimize their performance.
gases: hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide,
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
It’s possible (though some will object not
desirable) that data about the performance
of individuals could be monitored
throughout their career. This information
could be integrated with psychometric
testing, the results of physical or mental
ability tests and details of training
completed to create individualized work
and career development plans. These could
be coordinated with the various evolving
requirements of a large organization. Staff
with specific skills and experience could
be transferred rapidly when required by a
particular project. Meanwhile, their existing
work could be prioritized and reallocated to
fit the company’s realtime needs.

For organizations that interface directly

with consumers and whose products are
heavily dependent on national engineering
networks or in-home hardware, there
is huge potential to integrate workflow
management systems with customer service
communications. Living Services could
eventually help to diffuse one of the biggest

Accenture Life Solution for oil

refinery workers tracks each worker,
monitoring poisonous gases and
communicating with a central
tracking system.

LIVING SERVICES 63
causes of friction between business and
consumer: information about problems.

From drill bits to aircraft,

rail, automotive, utilities
and food production,
the list of industries
where individualized
information could make
an impact is endless.
However, Living Services will present
significant challenges to anyone tasked with
planning the future evolution of corporate
operating structures. Most significantly,
business and public sector organizations
will be challenged to break down vertical
business silos to create new ways to manage
customers, suppliers and logistics continually
across all touch points.

LIVING SERVICES 64
New
Intermediaries:
Your personal
IT team
As our homes and lives become
increasingly connected and automated to
form a personalized ecosystem of Living
Services, opportunities will emerge for
companies and individuals offering digital
‘backroom’ services or IT support similar to
those that already exist in businesses, but
tailored to a personal or domestic setting.

One potential gap in the market is how

we manage transitions such as moving
to a different house, town or country in
a more connected digital age. Currently
these life-shifts have primarily non-digital
implications (such as the need to move
furniture or to disconnect and reconnect
utilities).

The complexity of relocating a personal

or domestic Living Services ecosystem
will provide an outsourcing opportunity
for companies or individuals offering
personalized digital relocation services
capable of handling the complexity of
setting up or dismantling a home or
business Living Service or connected
ecosystem.

LIVING SERVICES 65
 05
PREPARE TO ATOMISE
Just as Google
Maps and PayPal are
embedded within a
plethora of different
digital services—while
still retaining their
brand identity—the
Living Services of
tomorrow will appear
in a wide range of
places and contexts.
Depending on where and how they
appear, some Living Services will
be clearly branded, others less
so. Those Living Services that are
prepared to allow elements of what
they offer to be super-distributed
by other services, or which allow
other services to connect into what
they offer, are most likely to survive
and thrive within the digital service
landscape that we all live in. We call
this process atomization.
As the Google Maps and PayPal
examples demonstrate, atomization
is already here, encompassing
a world full of digital plugs and
sockets, where businesses can
plug into each other, exchange
information and services and
combine them with their own
products or services.
Brands can, for example, take one
element of a third-party service
and mix it together with parts of
their own offering that consumers
might like to use together. Or
conversely, they can make parts of
their own service flow freely to other
companies or organizations. These
can then be mashed together in an
altogether different context.
Atomization is also prevalent among
the new generation of music services
such as Deezer, which enables users
to integrate their account with
Facebook and Twitter. They can then
share favorite music and playlists
with friends.
Online audio distribution platform
SoundCloud allows users to upload,
record, promote and share original
music that they have created and tag
it with a distinct SoundCloud URL.
The service enables music files to be
embedded anywhere so that they
can be freely accessed via Facebook
or other social media.
SoundCloud also distributes music
using widgets and apps so that
users can integrate SoundCloud
into their own websites, and allows
other applications or smartphones
to upload or download music and
sound files.
LIVING SERVICES 67
Disruptive services may have penetrated
the music industry more than most areas of
business, but atomization is also becoming
apparent in industries such as financial
services. Initially, this is happening in the guise
of payment processing and social banking
services, where a growing number of banks
are integrating their functions with retailers or
social media channels.
A good example of this is Turkish bank
Garanti’s digital banking initiative iGaranti,
which aims to atomize its banking services into
a series of wallets, savings, loans and offers
apps. Social integration across Facebook,
Twitter and FourSquare allows iGaranti
customers to send secure payments to friends
via Facebook, tweet their friends with relevant
offers and take advantage of location-based
shopping offers while out and about.
Meanwhile, as mentioned before, PayPal,
owned by eBay, is a prime example of an
atomized payment-processing brand.
This is a world where
the rules of branding
and conventional
business structures are
fundamentally challenged
and disrupted.
Operating in 200-plus markets, with more than
148 million active, registered accounts, PayPal
has been plugged into a multiplicity of retail
sites or single independent vendors, as well as
providing users with a mobile app.
Of course, established credit card brands such
as American Express, MasterCard and Visa
were the first to blaze the atomization trail by
linking their brands to retail bank transactions
as well as retailers. These and others, such
as Google and Square, are now normalizing
mobile payment services.
Mobile banking is a major focus for banks
worldwide. A number of global banks have
launched mobile applications facilitating
access to a range of services for consumers on
the move. Customers are able to send money
by entering the amount and mobile number of
the recipient, like a simple text message. The
app also enables retailers to use the system,
initiating the process of atomization of the
bank’s brand.
iGaranti aims to atomize its
banking services into a series
of wallets, savings, loans and
offers apps.
LIVING SERVICES 68
There is nothing new in banks introducing
apps, but what is interesting to watch in this
space is how banks atomize. The process will
be extended as more banks join peer-to-peer
instant money transfer networks such as US-
based clearXchange.
These innovations point to a world where
banks and other brands have flexed their
services to meet consumers’ increasing
liquid expectations. Consumers could be
able to order tonight’s dinner from their
preferred supermarket, check utility service
agreements and council tax information
altogether at the same time, when using
their primary banking app.
This is a world where the rules of branding
and conventional business structures are
fundamentally challenged and disrupted;
where services appear intuitively to offer
themselves to consumers according to
the time, place or situation they find
themselves in.
Atomization is a challenging concept
as it implies a loss of control over brand
experience and fits uncomfortably in most
organization structures. That said, it is
one that is not only beginning to manifest
itself, but will increasingly take hold
over the coming decade as the range of
available Living Services expands and their
availability and the way we can access and
manipulate them increases in sophistication.
It is an aspect of Living Services that will
arrive gradually but dramatically change
the way businesses think and operate in the
long term.
THE ROAD TO ATOMIZATION
Atomization of services is being driven both
by consumer demand and matched by the
ability of technology to deliver connected
services on demand in the correct context.
Ultimately, the delivery of atomized services
will be governed by behavioral heuristics; in
other words, a particular service should only
appear in the right context when it will save
time and help solve a problem. But before we
examine this further, it’s worth exploring the
impetus behind atomization in more detail.
We are already surrounded by devices that
continually create data based on what they
observe around them. Although they are
not yet capable of analyzing and reacting
autonomously to this information, they can
usefully collect, store, transmit and display
data as it is needed. They are also connected
to cloud-computing services from which they
can get information as required.
Atomization is a
challenging concept as it
implies a loss of control
over brand experience and
fits uncomfortably in most
organization structures.
As these devices have increased in
sophistication and numbers, they have
begun to change the way we think about and
connect with the Internet. This can be most
obviously illustrated by the arrival of apps on
smartphones. Apps have conceptually moved
us on from a world where our experience of
the Internet was driven almost exclusively by
web pages accessed by a browser. Apps are
simply a different way to access connected
content on mobile and tablet devices.
If we continue on this trajectory and
begin consistently to weave in many other
connected devices such as cars, thermostats,
doors, lights, refrigerators and TVs, we will
reach a tipping point where (surrounded by
LIVING SERVICES 69
web-connected objects) access to the Web is
almost ubiquitous. At this point, what matters
is not the means of delivery, but the service
and its relevance to what we are doing at a
specific moment.
This is a pivotal idea that
will ultimately lead to a
world where the blending
of branded services in a
stream is the norm, not
the exception.
Services will flow in and around our lives, and
we will not want to be limited to experiencing
or accessing services that we make a choice
to ‘open.’ In a world like this, apps that an
individual must consciously and physically
access by swiping a phone will feel archaic.
A WORLD OF BRAND PLUGS
AND SOCKETS
The second key ingredient that is fueling the
journey towards atomization is the desire to
share or provide access to the mechanics of
a particular piece of software that drives a
service. From a technology perspective, this
can be done in two ways: Companies prepared
to share aspects of their services with third-
party developers for the benefit of consumers
can create a Service Provider Interface (SPI)
which is an Application Provider Interface
(API) that has been created specifically
to be used or developed by a third party.
Alternatively, companies can develop Software
Development Kits (SDKs) that allow a third
party to create spinoff services that connect
with a masterpiece of software.
This openness is a mindset pioneered
largely by technology companies. Facebook,
Google and Twitter are among the leading
proponents of this movement towards
shared or open-source services. These
brands have shared aspects of their services
that are now connected or integrated into
thousands of other digital services and
brand experiences. Google Maps and Twitter
feeds are classic examples.
To these and thousands of other innovative
companies, the idea of enabling other
businesses or organizations to take a part
of what they offer, whether that’s a map or
opinion-sharing facility, is a natural decision
rather than an alien one. They understand that
from the consumer’s point of view, the whole
branded service experience is often not what
is needed or desired at a given moment. Often,
people will only want one specific part of a
suite of service options.
Consumers are also increasingly transient
in their usage of content and information,
and as we have pointed out in Chapter
1, their expectations are liquid. Millennial
consumers are inclined to snack on
services and content and move rapidly
between options. At the same time, they
will increasingly favor contextually relevant
services presented to them.
Businesses will need to
be prepared to see their
services become available
in environments into
which they have never
historically ventured.
Working with this kind of audience requires
brands to add value at every touch point.
This can be easier to achieve by mashing up
services when appropriate. The service you
LIVING SERVICES 70
Zillow, a US-based online real estate company created a mobile app preapproval service, enabling house
buyers to secure a mortgage on the spot.
receive from, say, a retailer that has integrated
a Swarm (part of Foursquare) plug-in is not
just about the core retail experience being
offered by that brand. For the consumer, it
is also about the ability to share experiences
and information connected with that brand via
Swarm. The combination of the two disparate
elements enhances the overall experience.
Imagine the same thinking applied to travel,
financial services, utilities or education, to
name but a few. This is a pivotal idea that will
ultimately lead to a world where the blending
of branded services in a stream is the norm,
not the exception.
LETTING GO—THE CHALLENGE
FOR BRANDS
Atomization may be an inexorable trend,
but it is also a very challenging one for big
organizations and brands used to having
complete control over their image and their
relationship with customers.
It has profound implications for brand
marketing, customer relationship management
and the operational organization of
businesses. While wholesale atomization of
services is not an immediate prospect, it is one
that anyone involved in long-term business
planning must begin to grasp.
It will require brand managers to cede
control of, or at least some access to,
customer data, the display of that brand
information and the absolute control of
the brand’s image. Businesses will need to
be prepared to see their services become
available in environments into which they
have never historically ventured.
Organizations will abandon the belief that
at every given moment they must own
the customer and micromanage his or her
relationship with the service and brand, a
change that in effect overturns 100 years of
marketing orthodoxy.
LIVING SERVICES 71
In this future scenario, it becomes less
feasible for a bank or telecoms company to
be structured as a series of departments that
deliver the customer components of a service
and less possible to operate an organization
geared always to cross and up-sell from one
point of access.
This is a change that impacts brand strategy at
the highest level, forcing brands to use data to
ruthlessly identify the moments in which they
belong in people’s lives.
Ironically, the very act of ceding control
creates enormous opportunities both in
terms of marketing reach and to stimulate
a flow of new, hyper-relevant consumer
service experiences.
Spotify has become a
pioneering example of an
atomized service, achieving
ubiquity by enabling access
through multiple third-party
touch points.
Zillow, a US-based online real estate company,
has extended its mortgage comparison
services to create a mobile app preapproval
service, enabling house buyers to secure a
mortgage on the spot, as they view the house
of their dreams.
The service requires users to secure
approval in advance from selected mortgage
providers. Interaction with these mortgage
brands can then be managed in real time
when it really matters.
It’s not difficult, for example, to imagine how
a bank could atomize its mortgage services
into a series of components that are relevant
to people at different points in the process of
buying a house.
DIGITAL TREATIES AND
ALLIANCES
Because atomization works in two directions
(organizations can plug their service into third
parties or open themselves up to integration),
it’s possible to imagine the evolution of
atomization happening at different speeds and
in different ways for brands.
A first step for many organizations may be
to seek specifically targeted opportunities
to build their offering into other services. As
discussed before, digital banking initiative
iGaranti is a good example of a brand that has
created the socket for other brands to plug
into. For example, Turkish retailers can access
iGaranti APIs, enabling them to become part of
the iGaranti service universe.
Retailers connecting with iGaranti are
atomizing a part of their shop and plugging it
into the bank. In this respect, they are ceding
control of their brands’ route to the consumer
over to the bank.
The second step, creating the socket and
ceding control, may appear more challenging,
but it is a business strategy that well-known
brands such as PayPal and Square have
already adopted to achieve huge reach for
their services.
In the entertainment space, Spotify has
become a pioneering example of an
atomized service, achieving ubiquity by
enabling access through multiple third-party
touch points (e.g. Sonos, Ford, iOS, Android
and Samsung Smart TVs).
The third step is to mitigate the perceived
or actual loss of control over a service
by setting brand behaviors so the brand
LIVING SERVICES 72
experience is delivered consistently in
different circumstances.
In effect, this means the brand would
have the same digital body language and
interactions will feel the same and follow
the same flow, thus reassuring consumers
they are receiving the service through a
completely unrelated object.
Consistent design language for brand services,
in whatever alien environment they might
appear, will become one of the primary areas
of digital product design and in itself is an
evolving challenge.
Of course, a major (and
growing) challenge that
will need to be addressed
by service providers and
consumers alike will be the
degree to which people
are happy to share their
personal behavioral data.
INTUITIVE SERVICE DELIVERY
Ultimately, atomization of services could reach
a stage where specific elements of a brand
proposition are blended with other brands,
based on behavioral and contextual data
analysis linked to an individual. The vision is
that services would automatically be presented
to a consumer when that analysis concludes
that the user would benefit from them.
But this will depend on the speed at which
we can develop automated contextual
understanding and the automated tailoring of
a particular service to meet it. The technology
will need to know when it is appropriate
to offer a service and when not. Generic
contextual understanding of consumer needs
will be overlaid with personal preference and
habit data, designed to deliver a tailor-made
experience for each consumer.
There is a compelling logic to automation;
there is only so much that brands can ask
customers to do about setting or choosing
preferences for service delivery.
Very few consumers will wish to spend
hours choosing and configuring the 10 or so
different services they want to flow through
their new car, for example. They’d like the
service just to know.
Of course, a major (and growing) challenge
that will need to be addressed by service
providers and consumers alike will be the
degree to which people are happy to share
their personal behavioral data. The way in
which online advertising using behavioral
targeting technology appears to follow
consumers around has unsettled many
opinion-formers and some consumers and
raised questions about the need for personal
information to be held by advertisers.
Brands seeking to automate service delivery
and personalize the way in which services
engage with people will need to tackle this
head on. It is somewhat a chicken and egg
situation: the new services themselves will
help convince consumers that responsible
companies should use their data, but unless
that data is made available for use, the
compelling services that convince them will
not emerge. Privacy concerns are probably the
biggest challenge to the pace at which this
new digital era will take off.
LIVING SERVICES 73
 06
DESIGNING FOR ONE:
SERVICES MADE
TO MEASURE
Living Services
will require
organizations
and businesses
to transform their
ability to tailor
service experiences
to the expectations
and habits of
individual users.
Making the best of this evolving
opportunity to create tailored
service experiences will require a
new design philosophy; one that is
rooted in behavioral and contextual
data optimization. In other words,
it will require a paradigm shift from
designing one experience for many,
to designing many experiences for
one, with constantly changing needs.
Every category of product or service
design, from cars to furniture, has, to
date, been dominated by a one-size-
fits-all approach. Design thinking in
the digital space has, as yet, only
challenged this regimented approach
to product experience in limited
ways. For example, with platform-
specific designs for the different
contexts of mobile, tablet or desktop,
or by offering a limited range of fixed
interactive options, or drawing on
known customer purchase patterns
(think Amazon’s recommendations).
Digital service design has, for the
most part, historically created static
experiences that do not change to
fit user preferences or changing
circumstances.
Likewise, service providers have
typically offered a range of fixed
service options that stay the
same whatever device or context
consumers use them in. These
services remain static for the
duration of their lifetime, until
they are deemed redundant and
replaced or updated.
What happens next will
fundamentally challenge this
approach. If a service is to ‘live’
in tune with our connected and
demanding lives, it must learn
and change continually so that it
can match our needs seamlessly.
Services will be assembled around
the needs of the user in realtime;
flowing through people’s lives and
touching them in different ways at
different points.
Not only must the core service and
usability experience evolve, but it
must look outside itself, change
and connect with other services
as appropriate. But first it must be
designed to do so.
LIVING SERVICES 75
HOW DATA WILL FUEL LIVING
SERVICES
Data is, in effect, the lifeblood of Living
Services. As Luciano Floridi, professor of
philosophy and ethics of information at the
University of Oxford and author of “The 4th
Revolution,” puts in his book, “when talking
about ICTs (information communication
technologies) it is easy to forget that
computers do not compute and telephones
do not phone, to put it slightly paradoxically.
What computers, Smartphones, tablets, and
all the other incarnations of ICTs do is to
handle data.”
In order to create a living, breathing
experience that can be continually tuned and
tweaked to benefit the consumer, data must
be collected, analyzed and acted on from
two source points: the customers and the
contextual environment they find themselves
in as they use the service over time.
If a service is to ‘live’ in
tune with our connected
and demanding lives, it
must learn and change
continually so that it
can match our needs
seamlessly.
There are two structural pillars on which
dynamic services will be designed.
1. Designing with data in mind
Rather than a tunnel-vision approach to
designing a service with a fixed range of
options and functionality, Living Services
require an evolutionary capability to be
designed in from the beginning. Designs
must be immersed in behavioral data from
the concept stage.
To achieve this, services must be thought
through with the entire customer journey
in mind: Every conceivable channel, touch
point, start and end point, usage context,
parallel or complementary service option
must be considered.
A challenging but critical aspect of this
approach is establishing the capability to
capture granular behavioral and customer
preference data, which entails the liberation
of customer data from individual silos within
an organization.
In addition to tracked behavioral data based
on past interactions with services, designers
must consider a framework of external data
sources that can create a launchpad for a
dynamic service. Take search engine history;
product preferences and price comparison
behavior; travel patterns and key locations;
interests and social media use; demographic
and personal attributes, for example.
The objective is to deliver an experience that
feels to the consumer as if it has correctly
anticipated their intent.
The ability to analyze behavioral data,
continually add to profile data sets and
then map these against appropriate content
in real time is the core capability behind
the delivery of what feels like a natural
conversation between a brand and customer.
This also means that the component parts
of the content and creative executions that
make up the service must be broken down
into ultra-granular components that can
be constructed rapidly into many different,
suitably tailored customer responses.
High-speed analysis of metadata can then
in effect act as the engine behind the
LIVING SERVICES 76
service that replicates a human-to-human
conversational experience. This changes
the role of the designer fundamentally:
No longer will we design an experience,
rather we will design for experiences—
less director, more producer, to borrow a
theatrical distinction.
2. Achieving continual
service change
Traditionally services have been designed to
operate in perfect isolation, as if the outside
world had no impact on the customer’s
experience of them.
To achieve truly effective Living Services,
the outside world will in many cases directly
influence and shape the service experience.
Services must be designed both to listen
and collect data beyond the scope of the
core service proposition that can enhance
the response to customer usage and the
relevancy of what they are offering.
Listening implies tagging and integrating
information and service options that are
relevant to a consumer at that point in time,
at the location or in the context in which
they are accessing the service, or the way in
which they are doing so.
So for example, a service could listen for
external data that can inform the narrative,
such as geographic location, proximity
to travel, retail, utility providers, time of
day, weather and travel updates, local and
national events.
Services will also seek out, recommend
and connect the consumer with third-party
services that augment the core service or
start-point of the conversation. As we have
already pointed out, in effect this means the
atomization of branded services so that they
become delivery neutral.
In this respect the service should be geared
to search for relevant, open, third-party APIs
into which it can either plug or integrate into
itself. As the ecosystem of open-service APIs
grows, a searchable approach to third-party
service integration will be preferable, but in
the interim service providers may seek to
create affiliated service clusters with whom
they can co-operate.
Rather than a tunnel-
vision approach to
designing a service with
a fixed range of options
and functionality, Living
Services require an
evolutionary capability
to be designed in from
the beginning.
An early example is Pantene’s ‘Beautiful Hair
Whatever the Weather’ campaign, which
helped customers who checked the Weather
Channel to avoid weather-related bad
hair days by offering them a geotargeted
‘haircast,’ with the right Pantene product to
match the weather on the day in question.
An indicator of how automated Living
Services will continually adapt to our
personal preferences and the context
we find ourselves in can be seen in the
programmatic marketing industry.
Companies such as Chango, which was
first to launch a Programmatic Marketing
Platform (PMP) in the U.S., tailor marketing
campaigns according to realtime analysis
of audience behavior broken down to
anonymous individual profiles. Although
LIVING SERVICES 77
behavioral targeting across social media,
retail and digital display is at a relatively
early stage in its evolution, it points to how
brands might optimize Living Services.
No longer will we
design an experience,
rather we will design for
experiences—less director,
more producer, to borrow
a theatrical distinction.
Programmatic technology is able to analyze
in real time which consumers are most likely
to act in a certain way or be interested in a
brand message. A customer journey is plotted
for each anonymous individual, recording the
messages or the information that individuals
see and ultimately what level of interaction a
person had with a brand campaign.
Other advertising technology companies,
such as Conversant Inc., are already blending
online behavioral data with offline Customer
Relationship Management (CRM) data to
create a more holistic picture of people’s
preferences and behavior.
DESIGNING FOR
HUMAN BANDWIDTH
In parallel to this radical shift from static to
continual design informed by individualized
data analytics, we will also see a profound
change in the way we physically access and
interact with digital services.
This change will result in digital interactions
becoming more organic and less clinical and
mechanical. They will be lifestyle-centric and
fit more naturally into our everyday behavior.
We have already seen a move away from
point-and-click devices toward touch screens,
and while screens will remain and indeed
become a bigger part of our lives, we will also
increasingly see our bodies being used as both
a controller and an interface.
Children who are growing up with multiple
interactive touch screens as a normal part
of their everyday experience will almost
certainly feel at home with fast, responsive
and dynamic interfaces.
They will expect rooms and environments to
be interactive and to be able to connect with
content or interfaces fluidly as they move
from one context to another. They will expect
dynamic interfaces to revolve around them.
Some mechanical interfaces as we know them
will disappear and be replaced by Natural User
Interfaces (NUI), as we use parts of our bodies
or unique genetic makeup to get things done
more efficiently and intuitively. As this scenario
unfolds, human bandwidth will become a vital
component of design thinking.
Consider the human body a bit like we do
computers—as a device. When we think about
bandwidth in terms of devices, we think about
upload and download times of data. We need
to think about ourselves in the same way.
What is the quickest, most reliable way to get
information into and out of the human body?
Reliability is one key. Just as a dropped
call on a mobile phone is irritating to both
parties, so missed data from the body could
be a hindrance to a clear analysis of what is
going on.
Another factor to consider is what the most
suitable interaction for the information is
in context. There are a number of ways of
getting information into the body: It could
be sound, through the ears; visual, through
LIVING SERVICES 78
The MC10s BioStamp is a flexible microprocessor that can verify a person’s identity.
the eyes; or vibration. And while human
upload and download speed is important,
it is not the only consideration; context and
appropriateness also need to be taken into
account. For example, complicated visual
instructions delivered to someone while she
is driving is probably not a good idea to
minimize distraction, nor is audio feedback
that is audible to everyone else, if someone
is in a meeting.
Forward-thinking companies are already
starting to experiment with how human
bandwidth can simplify and add value to the
way in which consumers interact with their
brands. PayPal is using facial recognition
linked to credit cards to allow wallet-less
transactions; the MC10 BioStamp is a
flexible microprocessor that can verify a
person’s identity. Meanwhile, the iPhone 6
has upgraded its biometric authentication
Touch ID to allow users to enroll multiple
fingerprints instead of just one, as an
alternative to a passcode for unlocking the
device and authorizing purchases from the
iTunes Store, App Store and iBooks. Touch
ID is also an integral security feature in
Apple’s new contactless Apple Pay system,
which uses a Near Field Communications
(NFC) antenna in the iPhone 6 to effectively
convert it into a mobile wallet. To pay in-
store, consumers can just hold their iPhone
near the contactless reader with their finger
on Touch ID.
In a collaboration between Philips, Emotiv,
Accenture and Fjord developed a proof of
concept to show how people suffering from
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and
other neurodegenerative conditions could
potentially control their environment and
smart products around the home using brain
commands and wearable technology. The
proof of concept was based around Emotiv
Insight, a wireless EEG headset that detects
brain commands, microfacial expressions
LIVING SERVICES 79
and emotional states and could enable users
to issue brain commands to control Phillips
products including Phiips Lifeline medical
alert service, Philips Smart TV and Philips
hue personal wireless lighting.
What’s more, we are reaching a point at which
human data is being measured in unexpected
ways: Dermatologists can use smartphone
photos to make a diagnosis.
When it comes to designing interfaces that use
human bandwidth, instead of thinking about
devices like wearables, wristbands or amulets,
it’s probably more appropriate to think about
the service flowing through that wearable than
the design of the hardware. The key question
is: what is the information that I want to get
out of the body to make that service viable?
While screens will remain
and indeed become a
bigger part of our lives,
we will also increasingly
see our bodies being
used as both a controller
and an interface.
For example, a mirror with a smart camera
behind it is a rapid and appropriate way to
extract a lot of health data from the face and
the way in which it changes from day to day.
There’s a formula to be applied here that
involves measuring bandwidth against usability
in order to come up with an appropriately
designed service interface.
With Google Glass, for example, Google
decided the quickest way of getting
information into the body is through the
eyes and the quickest way of getting it out is
voice. In contrast, the adidas miCoach Smart
Run watch for athletes, incorporating haptic
technology, uses different alert methods
depending on what’s most appropriate for
different training information.
It uses vibration to tell you you’ve gone
past a kilometer and if you glance at your
watch you can see your split times for
that kilometer. The visual function is best
manifested when it measures your heart
The adidas miCoach Smart Run
watch for athletes, incorporates
haptic technology.
LIVING SERVICES 80
rate, with the color coding showing if you’re
running at the desired pace. It also uses
the voice of well-known athletes, such as
Olympic heptathlon champion Jessica Ennis-
Hill, to give you coaching as you’re doing
more complicated training routines.
Our skin, eyes and brain will gain prominence
as NUIs. Body language will become an
increasingly important element of service
design, especially as we move into a mixed
environment of screens and objects that
don’t have screens.
HUMAN-TO-MACHINE
BODY LANGUAGE
The rise of PCs, laptops and mobile
phones has created a revolution in remote
communications—a world where body
language seams less important.
While human speech and text can seem
more sophisticated in a face-to-face
context, body language remains a vital
way in which we transmit meaning and
emphasis. Although there are cultural
variations, all over the world we ‘read’ other
people through their body language, be it
consciously or subconsciously. In parallel to
the use of NUIs, body language will become
a significant component in design.
This will manifest itself in a number of ways:
Gestures
We are becoming familiar and comfortable
with gesture technology whether we realize
it or not; think of taps that feature a sensor
to turn on the water. Gesture technology has
the potential to be huge because when it is
implemented in a way that is useful to people,
it becomes something we barely think about,
thereby reducing little friction points from life.
There will be more use of gestures, especially
in a controlled domestic environment,
where we’ll use them to turn music up
and down or adjust lighting. Ericsson is
experimenting with Connected Paper that
allows you to cheaply print a circuit and tiny
battery on packaging or a parcel. When you
touch that parcel, it transmits information
through your body to a phone or tablet
you’re holding in another hand. Provided
you have the right application open, it
then gives you information about what
you’re looking at, such as what’s inside the
parcel, the product’s sell-by date and usage
instructions—basically, any form of added-
value communication.
Gesture-based technology is already
being incorporated into product design by
companies such as Reemo, which is effectively
a wrist-worn mouse that enables users to
gesture-control connected objects ranging
from lights, kitchen appliances and blinds to
computer hardware.
Others include PrimeSense, which developed
the Microsoft Kinect sensor. The sensor
has powered more than 20 million devices.
PrimeSense was acquired by Apple in 2013
and is speculated to be developing a gesture-
operable Apple TV.
But as gestures become a more regular
feature, so too does the issue of ‘gesture
conflict.’ As the technology proliferates, we
will have an increasing number of gestural
interfaces, creating the possibility of chaotic
experiences where movements trigger
unplanned actions.
There is currently no standard format
for body-to-machine gestures covering
different interactions and devices.
Standards have evolved for a lot of other
interactions; think how left, right and pause
buttons first emerged on cassette tape
LIVING SERVICES 81
players and are now a deeply familiar and
standardized interaction.
There are three particular areas where
gesture conflict could emerge. One is
between the major technology platform
owners. As they begin to embed gestures in
their platforms as a standard means of user
control, who will be the first to integrate
and therefore ‘own’ the hand gesture for a
command as simple as “stop”?
If this fundamental issue is not resolved it
will cause deep inconvenience for users: For
example, as I sit in my car, am I going to be
using Spotify gestures or the car manufacturer
gestures, which may mean different things?
Gesture technology
has the potential to be
huge because when it is
implemented in a way
that is useful to people, it
becomes something we
barely think about.
Similarly, gestures that are effective in one
culture may not work in another. An icon
of an open palm can be used to indicate a
payment is happening but an open palm in
Arabic countries can symbolize begging.
Gesture technology raises the same cross-
cultural issues that companies have already
encountered when developing brand names.
Designing for Intent
We use a wide array of subtle gestures and
signals in our daily interactions with each
other to signify intent. The User Interface (UI)
of intent is very important when navigating
around the physical world.
As objects like robots and cars become
smarter, we will need to begin to know what
objects are intending to do, and likewise
they will need to understand our intentions.
This issue will grow as devices become more
autonomous. When cars are self-driven, how
do pedestrians waiting to cross the road
The Withings Wi-Fi Body
Scale is an example of an
open system.
LIVING SERVICES 82
know whether the car can see them as they
are about to step out into the road? Without
good design, they don’t know what the car
intends to do and don’t know if it can read
their intentions.
Gestures that are effective
in one culture may not
work in another.
Machine-to-person signalling is going to be
a key issue going forward and one which
Rodney Brooks of Rethink Robotics is
already addressing. Brooks places graphical
eyes on his robots, not to humanize them,
but to signal their intent to humans, i.e.
a look to the left means ‘I am about to
move there.’ The robots automate simple
functionality like shelf-packing and the eyes
signal the intention of the robot because it
has big heavy arms and when it’s about to
move into a place and swing its arms it could
hurt someone in its way.
Face Speed
Humans expect facial reactions when they
speak to each other, and we read them at the
same speed as we read each other’s faces.
As we begin to interact with objects
embedded in the environment around, and
as that process becomes more human, we’re
going to become less tolerant of delays.
We may put up with delays when we press
a button on a computer because it is a
machine and not human. Apple puts an icon
up to show the computer is ‘thinking’ to
help minimize frustration at the delay. But
the more we talk to the fridge and make
gestures at it, the more we will expect it to
respond at human ‘face speed.’
This is as much a technology challenge
as a design challenge, but the more
designers humanize objects, the more we
will expect them to respond at the same
speed as humans.
If the new interaction paradigms fit with
users’ need to interact with things in the
most simple and natural way possible, they
will flourish. But organizations need to be
cautious and choose systems that can evolve
and which are capable of coordinating and
collaborating with systems developed by
other companies. Smarter, faster service
design solutions will not take off if users
have to learn multiple new sets of gestures
devised by different service suppliers.
In addition, many of the technologies and
products currently available in this space
are closed ecosystems, such as NikeFuel,
a proprietary points system for tracking a
user’s fitness activity—providing they are
using Nike devices. Open systems and the
ability for people to build around emerging
standards will be critical for the sustainable
growth of these technologies. The Withings
Wi-Fi Body Scale is an example of an
open system: The device, which measures
consumers’ weight and body fat, syncs with
third-party fitness app MyFitnessPal in order
to automatically update the user’s weight in
the app.
The era of continual design,
human-to-machine physical
interaction and Living
Services is gaining pace.
Consumers will not tolerate a future world
segmented by operating system silos that stop
them from accessing Living Services fluidly.
In fact, the battle between closed and open
philosophies will be a major determinant of the
speed of uptake of Living Services.
LIVING SERVICES 83
Businesses need to leverage big data, from
multiple sources, to better understand their
users and their behavior to create a service
capable of augmenting their lives. The age
of static services and static service design is
drawing to a close.

The era of continual design, human-to-machine

physical interaction and Living Services is
gaining pace.

LIVING SERVICES 84
Design that There are several problems associated with
this. One is that when operating under System

matches our
Two you must pay attention, but the brain has
a limited budget of attention. Effortful activities
also interfere with each other; multitasking

mental mechanics when in System Two is very hard indeed.

Another issue is that we try to use System One

as much as possible to avoid going into System
The design of Living Services will not just be
Two; our brains are wired to be lazy. Faced with
about the elegant use of data and technology
a pattern we think we understand, System One
to solve a problem or save time. Designers and
grabs at answers, but our intuition often turns
developers will also be informed by the way
out to be faulty.
humans react to particular scenarios. In other
words, Living Services will need to be tuned to
Kahneman’s insights have profound implications
consider how our brains work.
for designers seeking to create effective Living
Services. A key question is which mental mode
In his book. “Thinking Fast and Slow,” first
will people use to access or interact with the
published in 2011, economist Daniel Kahneman
service? For example, a speedometer in a car
explored decision-making and behavioral
is System One, a passport application form
economics. Kahneman’s research not only helps
System Two.
us to understand how the brain works, it also
provides us with some critical learnings that will
System One design is likely to be ‘glanceable’,
influence the design of Living Services.
like a watch. Information graphics, or data
visualisation, can convey ideas of relative
His key insight is that the mind operates in two
measurements easily: for example, how much
basic ways, which he calls System One and
data is left on your monthly mobile plan and
System Two. These are ‘fictitious systems’ that
how many days to go until the end of the
help us understand the way our minds work. An
month? System Two design needs to bear in
alternative way of describing them might be the
mind that the user has shifted to a mode so
‘automatic’ and the ‘effortful’ system.
different that it is physically measureable.
These descriptors hint at how they function:
Designers must also understand where
Faced with a simple problem like ‘what is 2
consumers might encounter a choice that shifts
x 2?’ or ‘what is the capital of France?’ our
them up a mental gear and how best to resolve
brains respond extremely quickly; it takes
that challenge.
no apparent effort to call the solutions to
mind. This is System One or the ‘automatic’
Our brains will try to avoid System Two, the
response system.
system requiring effort, so where possible Living
Services will seek to work with our automatic
But if we are asked ‘what is 24 x 17?’, we shift
responses in System One. Obviously, that is not
into a different mental gear altogether. This is
always possible; so if it is System Two design,
System Two or the ‘effort’ system.
the Living Service must prepare the user for
cognitive effort and reward users for that effort.
System One is the low-maintenance random-
access memory, which operates continuously
with little or no effort. System One therefore
learns association between ideas (for example,
bat and ball) and calls these readily to mind.
System Two swings into action when a question
arises for which its automatic sibling does not
have an answer.
 07
PRIVACY AND ETHICS:
NAVIGATING OUR
CHANGING VALUES
Data privacy:
a shift in the balance
of power
Awareness and concern about
data privacy and specifically
the use of personal information
by digital service providers and
communications channels is
becoming one of the most significant
issues of our time.
Living Services that draw on
multiple, real-time, personal data
feeds—blended with third-party
information—inevitably raise
questions around privacy and ethics.
Who will own and have access to
all this highly sensitive data? And
what are the ethical implications
for individuals and brands of our
increasingly connected, trackable
digital lifestyles?
A recent survey on data privacy by
Accenture found that 80% of 20-
to 40-year-old consumers believe
complete data privacy no longer
exists. What’s more, nearly half
(49%) said they would not object to
having their buying behavior tracked
if it resulted in relevant offers from
brands and suppliers.
However, the survey leaves no
room for complacency for brands
around privacy, showing that
while consumers continue to
embrace digital technology in
order to secure a good deal, 70%
believe that businesses aren’t
transparent enough about how
their information is being used,
and 87% believe that not enough
safeguards are in place to protect
personal information.
Looking ahead, Fjord believes
that the arrival of Living Services
will disrupt the way in which
consumers interact with brands,
including how much and when
consumers are prepared to share
information or receive services
based on personal data.
Currently the information
exchange between brand and
consumer is controlled by brands.
As consumers, we have to go to
them, either by ‘liking’ them on
Facebook, following them on
Twitter or ordering from them
online. We can opt in or out of
their policy on privacy and data.
Usually we are in too much of a
rush to care. Privacy is traded for
convenience.
The emergence of Living Services
heralds a new era, however, where
services grow and evolve around
consumers, placing us firmly in
the spotlight and giving us greater
focus over our lives and our data
and privacy.
LIVING SERVICES 87
The recent decision by the European Union
Court of Justice upholding an individual’s
‘right to be forgotten’ by search engines is an
example of how power over data is shifting.
A recent survey on data
privacy by Accenture found
that 80% of 20- to 40-year-
old consumers believe
complete data privacy no
longer exists.
The emphasis will start to move away from
consumers learning about brands to one
where brands have to make an effort to get
to know consumers as individuals.
Imagine a scenario where brands follow their
customers on Facebook and Twitter rather
than the other way around. In fact, this is
happening already, as social media analytics
identify key influencers for either market-
listening purposes or to attempt to directly
influence. While this may present privacy
issues, as social beings we already curate our
actual and online public profiles in order to
present those aspects of ourselves we want
people to see and to hide those we don’t.
It is not such a big step, therefore, to control
our profile as consumers and decide how
well we want brands to know us and what
information we are prepared to share
with them. Like friends, those brands that
make the effort to get to know us, behave
appropriately and respect the boundaries of
what we are and aren’t prepared to share,
are likely to be invited into our lives. Those
that do not will be isolated by personal
online choices or automated systems that
will protect us from abuse.
Brands that successfully build one-to-one
relationships with their customers may well be
trusted, for example, to take charge of their
home security or travel arrangements. Those
that don’t do this effectively or impose too
heavy a price in terms of information exchange
will not be granted this privilege and will lose
our custom.
The shift in power will gain momentum as
the commercial opportunity to empower
people to control their personal information is
increasingly recognized.
In fact, startups are playing a leading role in
challenging the traditional data exchange
between brands and consumers. Ghostery,
for example, is a service that allows its
customers to monitor and block the brands
that are tracking them online, giving them
greater control over their own data. And
a similar service is offered by Safeplug, a
device that plugs into Web routers in the
home, channelling all internet traffic through
an anonymous network so Web browsing
can be private.
Major brands are starting to pick up on this
demand for increased consumer control
over personal data too. Telecommunications
company Verizon recently launched its
Smart Rewards program where its customers
consent to share location, Web browsing
and mobile application usage data, which
Verizon’s partners use to send more targeted
ads. In return, subscribers get access to
savings and discounts on hundreds of brand-
name products and discounts at 26,000
hotels. Meanwhile, retail tech startup Swarm,
uses in-store Wi-Fi to track consumers’
Internet activity in a bid to deter them from
comparing prices and showrooming. In return
it offers consumers free Wi-Fi and uses their
Web browser to deliver realtime coupons,
promotions and discounts.
LIVING SERVICES 88
PRACTICAL AND
PERCEIVED PRIVACY
For brands wrestling with how to handle
privacy in relation to digital services, it’s
important to be clear about the fact that
while digital solutions offer obvious benefits
to consumers, they do so at a cost. For
example, the benefit of GPS tracking facility
on smartphones has revolutionized how we
get from A to B, making it virtually impossible
to get lost.
If smartphones start to log user locations
without their knowledge or permission,
however, this represents a cost to
consumers, which could be practical (what
does this mean for my safety and security?)
or perceived (this is an unacceptable
breach of my privacy). The formula for
a successful context-aware service is to
always remember that the benefit - in terms
of utility, automation, pleasure, beauty and
new perspective—must always outweigh the
cost, which could be loss of control, lack of
privacy, distraction or anxiety.
Given the attitude of
millennials to privacy,
we think the question,
‘how will brands respect
my data and personal
privacy?’ Instead
becomes, ‘how do I want
to be known?’
Consumers are extremely wary of the
costs of innovative digital services, and
this wariness is arguably one of the
biggest obstacles to the success of Living
Services. A recent study by Acquity Group
into consumer adoption of connected
devices and smart technology revealed
that concerns over privacy are a significant
barrier to take-up when it comes to
adoption of connected devices that could
make their lives easier. The survey, of more
than 2,000 U.S. consumers, revealed that
23% hadn’t purchased smart technology
for the home due to concerns over
privacy. Similarly, 19% were deterred from
purchasing wearable technology due to
privacy concerns.
Early indications suggest that consumers
are right to be concerned about privacy in
relation to connected devices and smart
technology.
A recent review by HP’s Fortify security
division of 10 popular app-controlled
devices for the home, including a smart TV,
smart thermostat and home alarm, found
that all 10 had security flaws that made
them vulnerable to hackers. In a separate
experiment, the BBC put smart gadgets to
the test by filling a house with connected
devices ranging from baby monitors, smart
TVs and plugs to Wi-Fi cameras, and then
asking computer security experts to crack
the security on them. All of the items
featured were successfully hacked by the
experts.
So how can brands ensure that the benefits
of new digital services always outweigh the
actual or perceived costs? Fjord believes they
need to take two steps: First, brands need
to reduce the implicit cost to consumers of
Living Services by increasing:
• Transparency: Let me see what is
happening to my data.
• User autonomy: Let me control my data.
• Security: Don’t leave holes in my
personal network.
LIVING SERVICES 89
Second, brands need to boost the explicit
benefit of Living Services by increasing, as
appropriate:
• Personalization: Shape services
around me.
• Adaptation: Understand changing
external context.
• Automation: Remove unnecessary
cognitive load from me.
AVOIDING UNCANNY VALLEY
Another challenge for digital service
designers is the ‘uncanny valley.’ Coined by
Japanese robotics expert Masahiro Mori,
this hypothesis focuses on the interaction
between humans and robots but is equally
applicable to the area of Living Services.
Mori’s theory is that as a robot is made to
look more human, the emotional response
to it from us becomes increasingly positive
and empathic until a point where the robot
crosses a line and becomes too, but not
quite, human. At this point our response to
the robot is one of revulsion.
Masahiro observed that if the robot
subsequently became less human in
appearance again, those who interacted
with it became more positive towards it.
For designers developing Living Services, the
critical insight is to recognize the limitations
of what is acceptable, namely not to assume
that just because a service can do something,
it should. Citizens may simply not appreciate
being overly understood (especially if they
do not grasp how it has happened): Spooky
is bad. Designing purely on the basis of
actionable data analysis is to ignore human
traits including culture, mood, etiquette and
sheer human unpredictability. These traits
make the task of designing Living Services
harder, but they are impossible to ignore
without creating experiences that jar with
people in the real world.
Simple mistakes that can blight digital service
experiences that are already prevalent include:
• Misunderstanding consumers’ needs
based on simplistic analysis of past
behavior. For example, assuming
that just because an individual went
for a run this time a week ago, it’s
time to prompt that person to go
for another one even though they
had a late night and had back-to-
back meetings that morning.
• Removing options based on first
decisions made when setting up
a service or repeatedly defaulting
to the first option or location
chosen, regardless of the pattern
of subsequent choices. Acting on
consumers’ behalf without their
approval by, for example sharing
information with brands and social
connections, or using statements
and opinions out of context. Even
if permission boxes have been
checked, the assumption should
not always be that consumers will
approve.
• Failing to understand consumers’
cultural or social relationships
or recommending inappropriate
products or recommendations
without considering the context
of consumers’ everyday lives or
established attitudes.
• Offering unsolicited advice.
These pitfalls are bad enough when the data
and preferences used to deliver them are at
a simple level. If the service is designed to
be delivered by processing many different
LIVING SERVICES 90
The increase in services that can track, monitor and learn about intimate aspects of our lives raises important
ethical issues that will need to be addressed by brands and service designers.

variables to the extent that the delivery feels may recognize that with control comes
too personal or even invasive, the negative responsibility, meaning that they will pay more
impact could be far greater. attention to the kind of interaction that they
value over time.
For designers developing As Living Services become more
Living Services, the commonplace, consumer protection and
government bodies will have to take a
critical insight is to keen interest in the issues around privacy.
recognize the limitations Regardless of consumers’ growing confidence
about managing their privacy and data,
of what is acceptable, brands are going to need to be scrupulously
transparent and ethical about how they use
namely not to assume that data in order to prevent a regulatory backlash
just because a service can that could stifle Living Services from the
outset. That said, here, as in other areas
do something, it should. of Living Services, a gap will open up for
commercial services that tap into consumers’
Simply put, the problem for designers is increasing knowledge and savviness about
that humans are counter-intuitive, emotional their data, helping them to understand its
and often irrational beings. However, as the commercial value and how to negotiate with
balance of data power shifts from brands brands and other organizations to trade data
or organizations to the individual, end users in exchange for the best possible return.

LIVING SERVICES 91
ETHICS:
MOTIVATION VS. FREEDOM
Consumer privacy is just one example of
the wider social and moral issues raised by
the emergence of smart, contextually aware
digital services. The increase in services that
can track, monitor and learn about intimate
aspects of our lives raises important ethical
issues that will need to be addressed by
brands and service designers.
These issues will vary from sector to sector
and will be informed by the potential uses of
data. Let’s look at three areas where Living
Services are already beginning to emerge:
1) Health and wellness
2) The connected car
3) The connected home and family
1. Health and wellness
Apple’s two-pronged entrance into the
wearables, health and wellness sector, with
the launch of both its Watch and its health
platform Healthbook, underlines the growing
importance of this sector.
ABI research estimates the global market
for health and fitness wearables could reach
170 million devices by 2017. If consumers
increasingly opt to use wearable devices
to track their health and well-being, it’s
only a matter of time (setting aside current
regulatory issues in individual markets) before
insurance companies seek to price their
services around that flow of data. In other
words, if a consumer’s health looks good
and they are constantly active, factoring in
genetic variables, they are probably a better
bet for longevity than someone who is a couch
potato. A key ethical question for this sector
is: Will society countenance the calculation
of premiums based on how well an individual
is taking care of themselves? Also, to what
extent is it OK for the private or public sector
to proactively motivate individuals to look
after their bodies by behaving in certain ways
through financial incentives?
2. The connected car
From the unveiling of Google’s new self-
driving car prototype together with the Dutch
government’s plans to roll out public road
tests of self-driving cars, the connected car is
one of the areas where Living Services-type
technology is likely to cause the most seismic
long-term social and economic change. Of
course, in the automotive sector, behavior
incentives are well-established. However,
insurance premiums only increase if poor
behavior results in an incident where a cost is
incurred and fault is proven. What if premiums
increased because poor behavior made an
incident more likely?
A key ethical question for
this sector is: Will society
countenance the calculation
of premiums based on how
well an individual is taking
care of themselves?
It is not impossible to imagine a scenario
in five to 10 years’ time, where someone is
speeding and we no longer rely solely on
speed cameras to catch the culprit. Instead,
telematics in that driver’s car connect with
nearby cars, gather information about
the driver’s speed and proximity to other
vehicles and relay this to the driver’s
insurance company. The insurers then send a
message to the driver’s dashboard warning
that he or she is driving dangerously and
that unless this changes immediately, their
insurance premiums will go up. It’s even
possible to imagine they will not be given
the choice, and penalties could be applied
automatically in real time.
LIVING SERVICES 92
The ethical issue here is that some people will
see this development as a huge infringement
of individual liberties, while others will view
this scenario as an example where the greater
good outweighs individual freedom.
3. The connected home
and family
We are fast approaching a point where parents
can monitor their children remotely while
they’re at school or participating in other
activities away from the home.
As noted in Chapter 4, in the U.S. an app called
ClassDojo is already capturing realtime data
about child behavior in the classroom that is
being used to create stronger, tighter links
between parents and teachers, specifically to
improve classroom behavior. Once again, this
kind of service raises the question of whether
this infringes children’s right to privacy and
whether it discourages independence.
All three scenarios raise key questions about
the level of freedom we would like and the
balance between cost and control in society.
We should expect intense and growing debate
about these issues in the media and among
politicians globally.
WILL LIVING SERVICES CHANGE
OUR BEHAVIOR?
A final ethical concern prompted by the future
growth of Living Services is their potential
impact on human behavior and how we
interact with those around us.
Our ability to be connected to the rest of the
world—via the Internet and mobile phones—
is already proving to be a huge distraction
from reality and one that Fjord’s Mark Curtis
discusses in his book, “Distraction: Being
Human in the Digital Age.”
It is easy to imagine a scenario where we
become increasingly distracted from the real
world by the latest must-have service for
organizing our work, families, lives and music
collection. “Her”, a film by Spike Jonze, takes
this scenario a stage further by portraying
a man, Theodore Twombly, who falls in love
with ‘Samantha,’ an artificially intelligent
operating system.
One perspective is that
Living Services will
serve as an antidote to
the distraction engine
phenomenon caused by the
earlier waves of the Internet
and mobile.
Samantha’s technology is so sophisticated
it’s able to respond to Theodore’s emotions
in real-time. As the film progresses,
he becomes increasingly emotionally
dependent on ‘her,’ to the point where ‘she’s’
dominating his life.
While the premise in “Her” may seem far-
fetched, it could be closer to reality than
we think. Voice recognition features within
mobile handsets such as Apple’s Siri and
Samsung’s S Voice, which are able to
respond to users and carry out personalized
tasks, are now standard features. Meanwhile,
the latest Xbox console, Xbox One comes
with Kinect voice commands that allow users
to interact with the console. Small wonder
that Ray Kurzweil, director of engineering
at Google, recently forecast that in 15 years’
time it will be possible to have an emotional
relationship with computers.
So will Living Services offer new levels of
disruption to the way in which we connect
LIVING SERVICES 93
and interact with each other, leaving us
feeling increasingly alienated from each
other and real life?

The honest answer is that it is probably too

early to tell. One perspective is that Living
Services will serve as an antidote to the
distraction engine phenomenon caused by
the earlier waves of the Internet and mobile.
By offering services that are individually
tailored to our needs and filtering out non-
relevant data, they may help us to become less
distracted by digital services, as we become
more confident that they can deliver what we
want, when we want it.

In addition, as the physical interfaces we’ve

become used to, such as screens and
keyboards, increasingly make way for natural
user interfaces (NUIs)—our voice, skin, eyes,
and brain—there will be fewer physical barriers
between us and the outside world, allowing
us to feel more involved and connected to the
real world, rather being barred from it by a
virtual device-centered barrier.

As digital services evolve, addressing these

important issues about how they will impact
privacy, ethics and humans will become vital,
in order to ensure Living Services really add
and improve the quality of our lives rather
than the reverse.

LIVING SERVICES 94
LIVING SERVICES 95
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1
Mobile Technology Fact Sheet, Pew Research Center (Oct, 2014) http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/mobile-technology-fact-
sheet/
Andrew Lipsman, Major Mobile Milestones in May: Apps Now Drive Half of All Time Spent on Digital, ComScore (June 25, 2014) http://
www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Major-Mobile-Milestones-in-May-Apps-Now-Drive-Half-of-All-Time-Spent-on-Digital
Venmo https://venmo.com/
Square https://squareup.com/global/en-gb/register
Yelp http://www.yelp.co.uk/
AroundMe http://www.aroundmeapp.com/
Craig Grannell, 50 best free iPhone apps 2015, TechRadar (April 7, 2015) http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-%20
communications/mobile-phones/70-best-free-iphone-apps-2013-663484
15 Economic Facts About Millennials, The Council of Economic Advisers, (Oct, 2014) https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/
docs/millennials_report.pdf
Gartner says Personal Worlds and the Internet of Everything Are Colliding to Create New Markets, Gartner (Nov 11, 2013) http://www.
gartner.com/newsroom/id/2621015 §
Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014, eMarketer (Jan 16, 2014) http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Smartphone-
Users-Worldwide-Will-Total-175-Billion-2014/1010536
Dave Evans, The Internet of Things—How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything, Cisco (April, 2011) http://www.cisco.
com/web/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf
Acquity Group 2014 Internet of Things Study, Acquity Group (2014) http://www.acquitygroup.com/news-and-ideas/thought-leadership/
article/detail/acquity-group-2014-internet-of-things-study
Smart/Intelligent Sensor Market worth $10.46 Billion by 2020, Markets and Markets (2013) http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/
PressReleases/smart-sensor.asp
Pebble https://getpebble.com/
Jawbone https://jawbone.com/
Fitbug Orb https://www.fitbug.com/uk/orb?lng=en_UK
Nicola Davis, Smart Umbrellas keep you dry and check the air you breathe, The Guardian (June 19, 2014) http://www.theguardian.com/
environment/2014/jun/19/smart-umbrellas-check-air-quality
David Watkins, Broadband and Wi-Fi Households Global Forecast 2012, Strategy Analytics (Mar 20, 2012) https://www.strategyanalytics.
com/default.aspx?mod=reportabstractviewer&a0=7215
Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2014-2019, Cisco (Feb 3, 2015) http://www.cisco.com/c/en/
us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html
Neil Versel, Phone detection of Parkinson’s approaches 99 percent accuracy, MobiHealthNews (Jan 29, 2013) http://mobihealthnews.
com/20068/phone-detection-of-parkinsons-approaches-99-percent-accuracy/
Sifteo Cubes https://www.sifteo.com/cubes
Siftables http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~dmerrill/siftables.html
InfrActables https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l59zCQ3JbE
Beats Music http://www.beatsmusic.com/
Trunk Club https://www.trunkclub.com/
Birchbox https://www.birchbox.co.uk/

CHAPTER 2
Google X http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_X
Julie Bornstein and Dan McGinn, How Sephora Reorganized to Become a More Digital Brand, Harvard Business Review (June 26, 2014)
http://blogs.hbr.org/2014/06/how-sephora-reorganized-to-become-a-more-digital-brand/
Zappos http://www.zappos.com/
Cutting across the CMO-CIO divide, Accenture (2014) http://www.accenture.com/us-en/Pages/insight-cmo-cio-alignment-digital-
summary.aspx
If This Then That https://ifttt.com/
Evernote https://evernote.com/

LIVING SERVICES 96
B. Jospeh Pine II and James Gilmore: The Experience Economy (2011) http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Experience-Economy-Updated-
Edition/dp/1422161978
Nespresso http://www.nespresso.com/pro/zenius/#/intro
Derek Thompson, Who’s to blame for the music industry’s free-fall? The Atlantic (Feb 2, 2010) http://www.theatlantic.com/business/
archive/2010/02/whos-to-blame-for-the-music-industrys-free-fall/35212/
Uber https://www.uber.com/

CHAPTER 3
Robin Dunbar profile, Magdalen College, University of Oxford http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/member-of-staff/robin-dunbar/
Sarah Perez, An Upper Limit for Apps? New Data Suggests Consumers Only Use Around Two Dozen Apps Per Month, TechCrunch (July
1, 2014) http://techcrunch.com/2014/07/01/an-upper-limit-for-apps-new-data-suggests-consumers-only-use-around-two-dozen-apps-
per-month/
BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands study 2014 http://www.millwardbrown.com/mb-global/brand-strategy/brand-equity/
brandz/top-global-brands
Richard Lawler, Toys R Us launches family-friendly internet movie service, plans Tabeo across HD video and more, Engadget (Oct 5,
2012) http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/05/toys-r-us-launches-family-friendly-internet-movie-service/
Shapeways http://www.shapeways.com/
Hasbro and Shapeways Launch SuperFanArt, New Website That Empowers Fans to Be Creators Using Hasbro Brands (July 21, 2014)
http://investor.hasbro.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=860946
Moovel mobility platform https://www.moovel.de/#/en/DE/
car2go https://www.car2go.com/
Matt McFarland, Moovel acquires RideScout, mytaxi to further its vision for urban mobility in the age of smartphones, Washington Post
(Sept 3, 2014) http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/wp/2014/09/03/moovel-acquires-ridescout-mytaxi-to-further-its-
vision-for-urban-mobility-in-the-21st-century/
mytaxi https://us.mytaxi.com/index.html
RideScout http://www.ridescoutapp.com/
Livescribe http://www.livescribe.com/uk/
Livescribe Moleskin Notebook http://www.moleskine.com/gb/news/livescribe-notebook
JustPark https://www.justpark.com/about/
Spinlister https://www.spinlister.com/about

CHAPTER 4
Pew Internet & American Life Project (2013) http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/01/28/tracking-for-health/
Obesity and Overweight—Fact sheet N311, WHO (Jan 2015) http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010, WHO (2010) http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report_full_en.pdf
The Future Report 2012—‘The Future’, Steria (2012) http://www.steria.com/fileadmin/com/sharingOurViews/publications/files/The%20
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Aditi Pai, Nielsen: 46 million people used fitness apps in January, MobiHealthNews (April 17, 2014) http://mobihealthnews.com/32183/
nielsen-46-million-people-used-fitness-apps-in-january/
2014 Internet of Things Study, Acquity Group (2014) http://www.acquitygroup.com/news-and-ideas/thought-leadership/article/detail/
acquity-group-2014-internet-of-things-study
CHECKLIGHT http://www.reebok.com/us/checklight/Z85846.html
Fitbug https://www.fitbug.com/g/orb?lng=en_UK
Withings http://www.withings.com/uk/
UP by Jawbone https://jawbone.com/up
Fluxstream https://fluxtream.org/welcome;jsessionid=0B18EED9BD97179AD2520921BC8D6DE3
Chris Martin, Google Fit vs Apple Health Kit: What’s the difference?, PC Advisor (July 28, 2014) http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/features/
software/3532886/google-fit-vs-apple-health-kit/?olo=editorspick
John P. Mello Jr., Google, Novartis Team on ‘Invisible’ Health Monitor, Tech News World (July 16, 2014) http://www.technewsworld.com/
story/80744.html
Sensonic http://www.sensonic-global.com/
LabStyle Innovation Corp. http://mydario.com/
Ginger.io https://ginger.io/for-individuals/

LIVING SERVICES 97
Kara Gavin, Listening to bipolar disorder: Smartphone app detects mood swings via voice analysis, University of Michigan (May 8, 2014)
http://www.engin.umich.edu/college/about/news/stories/2014/may/listening-to-bipolar-disorder-smartphone-app-detects-mood-
swings-via-voice-analysis
Bellabeat https://www.bellabeat.com/
Strong Demand for Online Pharma Services ‘Beyond the Pill’ Among Online Consumers, Manhattan Research survey (Jan 10, 2013)
http://manhattanresearch.com/News-and-Events/Press-Releases/beyond-the-pill
Hugh Pym, Could the future hospital be in the home? BBC News (July 11, 2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-28272809
Liat Clark, Tiny implantable blood test chip could personalise medicine, Wired (March 20, 2013) http://www.wired.co.uk/news/
archive/2013-03/20/implantable-chip-doctor
Proteus Biomedical has teamed up with Lloydspharmacy to sell Helius, a smart pill that tells a patient when to take a drug, Phramafile
(Jan 20, 2012) http://www.pharmafile.com/news/170945/british-pharmacy-sell-smart-pills
Neal Ungerleider, Why Intel And The Michael J. Fox Foundation Are Teaming Up To Create Wearable Tech For Parkinson’s, Fast
Company (Aug 15, 2014) http://www.fastcompany.com/3034433/why-intel-and-the-michael-j-fox-foundation-are-teaming-up-to-create-
wearable-tech-for-parkin
Todd Wasserman, Nissan Plans to Offer Driverless Cars by 2020, Mashable, (Aug 27, 2013) http://mashable.com/2013/08/27/nissan-
plans-to-offer-driverless-cars-by-2020/
Google’s driverless cars take a ride on city streets, RT.com (April 28, 2014) http://rt.com/usa/155468-google-driverless-cars-2017/
Zipcar http://www.zipcar.co.uk/
BlaBlaCar https://www.blablacar.co.uk/
Tesla Smartcar https://smartcar.com/
A new era for the automotive industry, Accenture (2014) http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-New-Era-
Automotive-Industry.pdf
CarPlay https://www.apple.com/uk/ios/carplay/
Open Automotive Alliance (OAA) http://www.openautoalliance.net/#about
Windows embedded Automotive 7 http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/en-gb/windows-embedded-automotive-7.aspx
Ford SYNC http://www.ford.co.uk/experience-ford/Technology/FordSYNC
Nokia’s HERE https://www.here.com/?map=51.54187,-0.13,10,normal
GENIVI Alliance https://www.genivi.org/
MirrorLink http://www.mirrorlink.com/
SNCF http://www.sncf.com/en/services/pro/door-to-door
Cisco, Copenhagen Airport http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/wireless/copenhagen_airport.html
Thales unveils revolutionary Immersive Business Class Seat, Thales press release, (April 8, 2014) https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/
default/files/asset/document/immersive_seat_unveiling.pdf?ref=access
NS Reisplanner Xtra https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=nl.ns.android.activity&hl=en_GB
Edenspiekerman http://www.edenspiekermann.com/projects/prorail-and-ns-dutch-railways?ref=access
ProRail https://www.prorail.nl/?ref=access
NS http://www.ns.nl/en/travellers/home
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Sonarflow http://www.sonarflow.com/
Harry Lambert, Predictions on the future of television watching, Wired (October 5, 2014) http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/
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Ryan Lawler, iPad DJ Launches Lightwave To Provide Wearable, Realtime Analytics For Events, Techcrunch (March 8, 2014) http://
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TV and Media 2014—changing consumer needs are creating a new media landscape, Ericsson ConsumerLab (2014) http://www.ericsson.
com/bo/res/docs/2014/consumerlab/tv-media-2014-ericsson-consumerlab.pdf
515 Million Mobile Sensing Health & Fitness Sensor Shipments in 2017, ON World research http://onworld.com/news/mobile-sensing-
health-wellness.html
TomTom http://business.tomtom.com/en_gb/industries/insurance-telematics/
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BMW Gives Usage-Based Insurance the Green Light with FlexiMile, InsuranceNewsNet (July 29, 2014) http://insurancenewsnet.com/
oarticle/2014/07/29/bmw-gives-usage-based-insurance-the-green-light-with-fleximile-a-537039.html#.VS-ayRPF958

LIVING SERVICES 98
BillGuard https://www.billguard.com/?ref=access
Mint https://www.mint.com/how-mint-bills-works/pay
Tink https://www.tinkapp.com/en/
Pocketsmith https://www.pocketsmith.com/
24me http://www.twentyfour.me/?ref=access
Liam Don, Tackle behaviour so teachers can do their jobs, The Independent (Jan 17, 2012) http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/01/17/
tackle-behaviour-so-teachers-can-do-their-jobs/
ClassDojo https://www.classdojo.com/en-GB/
BeHere http://www.beelieve.com.br/behere/
Arizona State University https://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ESPRNT123ASU.pdf
Duolingo https://www.duolingo.com/info
Angry Birds Could Help Children With Learning Disabilities: Study, TechAz, (Nov 7, 2014) http://techaz.co/angry-birds-could-help-
children-with-learning-disabilities-study-a16922.html
A Glimpse Into The Future Of Learning, KnowledgeWorks Forecast 3.0 http://knowledgeworks.org/sites/default/files/A-Glimpse-into-
the-Future-of-Learning-Infographic_0.pdf
Laura Kell, Five Year Broadband subscriber forecasts—to end 2018, Point Topic (2013) http://point-topic.com/free-analysis/five-year-
broadband-subscriber-forecasts-to-end-2018/
Chai Energy http://www.chaienergy.com/
Smartlabs Inc. http://www.smartlabsinc.com/
Novi Security http://www.novisecurity.com/
Wallflower http://www.wallflower.com/
Ecobee https://www.ecobee.com/
Rebecca Borison, Nest Is Partnering With A Smart Fan Company To Take Internet Of Things To The Next Level, Business Insider (Aug 19,
2014) http://www.businessinsider.com/nest-partners-with-bigg-ass-fans-2014-8?IR=T#ixzz3B2JXQM2n
Google’s Nest signs deal with third-party brands Mercedes, Jawbone, Whirlpool and LIFX, Marketingmagazine.co.uk http://www.
marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1300346/googles-nest-signs-deal-third-party-brands-mercedes-jawbone-whirlpool-lifx?DCMP=EMC-
CONMarketingDailyBulletin&bulletin=marketingdaily
August Smart Lock http://www.august.com/
Philips hue http://www2.meethue.com/en-gb/
Quirky.com, Egg Minder: https://www.quirky.com/shop/619#.
Nina Mandell, To Really Lose Weight Ditch That Diet, Grab This Vibrating Fork, Fast Company (Jan 7, 2013) http://www.fastcompany.
com/3004531/really-lose-weight-ditch-diet-grab-vibrating-fork
Zac Hall, GE-backed Quirky Aros is a window air conditioner with Nest smarts, controlled by iPhone, 9to5mac.com (March 19, 2014)
http://9to5mac.com/2014/03/19/ge-backed-quirky-aros-is-a-window-air-conditioner-with-nest-smarts-controlled-by-iphone/
Neura http://www.theneura.com/
Samsung http://www.samsung.com/us/appliances/refrigerators/RF28HMELBSR/AA
SmartThings http://www.smartthings.com/
Apple http://www.apple.com/
AT&T http://www.att.com/#fbid=dkf8qllN0nw
AT&T Digital Life https://my-digitallife.att.com/learn/
Water Related Issues Responsible for Most Insurance Claims, Dryout.net: http://www.dryout.net/stories/Water_Related_Issues_
Responsible_for_Most_Insurance_Claims_1192.htm
Nextdoor https://nextdoor.com/
Neighborland https://neighborland.com/
F-secure https://www.f-secure.com/en/web/home_global/products
How to feed the world in 2050, fao.org http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_
in_2050.pdf
Citymapper https://citymapper.com/london
Streetline http://www.streetline.com/
Enevo http://www.enevo.com/

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Tracking Clean Energy Process, International Energy Agency (2013) http://www.iea.org/publications/tcep_web.pdf
Tvilight http://www.tvilight.com/about-us/introduction/
Pinterest for Business, Nordstrom Success Story https://business.pinterest.com/en/success-stories/nordstrom
Burberry Regent Street, Retail-Innovation http://retail-innovation.com/burberry-regent-street/
Amazon Dash https://fresh.amazon.com/dash/
Hiku http://hiku.us
Blippar https://blippar.com/en/
The Outside View http://theoutsideview.co.uk/
Siraj Datoo, These companies are tracking the fitness of their employees, The Guardian (March 17, 2014) http://www.theguardian.com/
technology/2014/mar/17/why-companies-are-tracking-the-fitness-of-their-employees
Sleep Cycle http://www.sleepcycle.com/
Moves https://www.moves-app.com/
Greg Kumparak, Too Lazy To Count Calories? Now You Can Just Take A Picture Of Your Meal, Techcrunch (April 5, 2011) http://
techcrunch.com/2011/04/05/too-lazy-to-count-calories-now-you-can-just-take-a-picture-of-your-meal/
PocketScan https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1776222658/pocketscan
Ca7ch Lightbox https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ca7ch/ca7ch-lightbox?ref=discovery
Amazon Kinesis http://aws.amazon.com/kinesis/
Connected Business—bringing field workers and managers closer together, Field Service News (June 2015) http://fieldservicenews.com/
connected-business-bringing-field-workers-managers-closer-together/
Kipp Bradford, The Industrial Internet Of Things, Forbes (May 2, 2014) http://www.forbes.com/sites/oreillymedia/2014/02/05/the-
industrial-internet-of-things/
James Wilson, Minors Tap Into Rich Seam Of Internet Of Things Financial Times (July 16, 2014) http://www.ft.com/cms/s/854fb212-
084b-11e4-9380-00144feab7de,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.ft.com%252Fcms%252Fs%252F0%25
2F854fb212-084b-11e4-9380-00144feab7de.html%253Fsiteedition%253Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=%23axzz3Vx5WO7tn%20,%20
please%20hyperlink%20to%20BHP%20Billiton%20at%20start%20of%20paragraph

CHAPTER 5
Deezer http://www.deezer.com/
SoundCloud https://soundcloud.com/
iGaranti https://www.fjordnet.com/workdetail/igaranti/
Square https://squareup.com/global/en/register
Philip Ryan, Half of All Mobile Banking Customers Are Now Part of ClearXchange (February 19, 2014) http://bankinnovation.
net/2014/02/half-of-all-mobile-banking-customers-are-now-part-of-clearxchange/
Brian Steinberg, Study: Young Consumers Switch Media 27 Times An Hour, Advertising Age (April 9, 2012) http://adage.com/article/
news/study-young-consumers-switch-media-27-times-hour/234008/
Frederic Lardinois, Zillow Expands Its Mortgage Services With Mobile Pre-Approvals, TechCrunch (Aug 7, 2014) http://techcrunch.
com/2014/08/07/zillow-expands-its-mortgage-services-with-mobile-pre-approval/

CHAPTER 6
Lusiano Floridi, The Fourth Revolution. How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford University Press (2014) 272pp. 978-0-
19-960672-6
http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/news/?id=1162
Effie Worldwide http://effie.org/case_studies/case/3071
Chango https://www.chango.com/
Programmatic media http://e.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmatic_media
Conversant LLC. http://www.conversantmedia.com/
MC10 http://www.mc10inc.com/
Apple Touch ID https://www.apple.com/iphone-6/touch-id/
Apple Pay https://www.apple.com/apple-pay/
Emotiv http://emotiv.com/
Philips Proof of Concept https://www.fjordnet.com/workdetail/philips/
Philips AutoAlerts http://www.lifelinesys.com/content/

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Philips Smart TV http://www.philips.com/content/global/country-selectors/www/en/smarttv.html
Google Glass http://www.google.co.uk/glass/start/what-it-does/
adidas miCoach smart run https://www.fjordnet.com/workdetail/adidas/
Ericsson Connected Paper http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2014/connected-paper.pdf
Reemo http://www.getreemo.com/reemo-developers-program/
PrimeSense http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrimeSense
Microsoft Kinect http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/kinectforwindows/
Apple TV http://www.apple.com/uk/appletv/
Rethink Robotics http://www.rethinkrobotics.com/
NikeFuel http://www.nike.com/us/en_us/c/nikeplus/nikefuel
Withings Wi-Fi Body Scale https://www.myfitnesspal.com/apps/show/7
MyFitnessPal https://www.myfitnesspal.com/
Daniel Kahneman, Thinking Fast and Slow (2012) http://www.amazon.co.uk/Thinking-Fast-Slow-Daniel-Kahneman/dp/0141033576
CHAPTER 7
Eighty Percent of Consumers Believe Total Data Privacy No Longer Exists, Accenture Survey Finds, Accenture http://newsroom.
accenture.com/news/eighty-percent-of-consumers-believe-total-data-privacy-no-longer-exists-accenture-survey-finds.htm
Rory Cellan-Jones, EU court backs ‘right to be forgotten’ in Google case, BBC News (May 13, 2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-
europe-27388289
Ghostery http://www.ghostery.com
Safeplug http://pogoplug.com/safeactivate/
Verizon Smart Rewards http://www.verizonwireless.com/wcms/myverizon/smart-rewards.html
Neal Ungerleider, Swarm Tracks You While You Shop—And That’s Actually A Good Thing, Fast Company (September 10, 2012) http://
www.fastcompany.com/3001128/swarm-tracks-you-while-you-shop-and-thats-actually-good-thing
The Internet of Things: The Future of Consumer Adoption, Acquity Group (2014) http://www.acquitygroup.com/docs/default-source/
Whitepapers/acquitygroup-2014iotstudy.pdf?sfvrsn=0
Smart home kit proves easy to hack, says HP study, BBC News (July 30, 2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-28569342
Mark Ward, How to hack and crack the connected home, BBC News (Aug 18, 2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-27373328
Masahiro’s ‘Uncanny Valley’ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley
Matt Swider, Apple Watch release date, price and features, TechRadar (April 15, 2015) http://www.techradar.com/news/portable-
devices/apple-iwatch-release-date-news-and-rumours-1131043
Mark Sullivan, Apple’s ‘Healthbook’ will finally debut as part of iOS 8 this Monday, VentureBeat (May 31, 2014) http://venturebeat.
com/2014/05/31/apples-healthbook-will-finally-debut-as-part-of-ios-8-this-monday/
Reuven Cohen, The Next Big Thing In Enterprise IT: Bring Your Own Wearable Tech? Forbes (Aug 14, 2013) http://www.forbes.com/sites/
reuvencohen/2013/08/14/the-next-big-thing-in-enterprise-it-bring-your-own-wearable-tech/
Jordan Novet, Google’s new self-driving car prototype foregoes steering wheel, mirrors, & pedals, VentureBeat (May 27, 2014) http://
venturebeat.com/2014/05/27/googles-new-self-driving-car-prototype-forgoes-wheel-mirrors-pedals/
Dutch approve large-scale testing of self-driving cars, Phys.org (Jan 23, 2015) http://phys.org/news/2015-01-dutch-large-scale-self-
driving-cars.html
Mark Curtis, Distraction: Being human in the digital Age (2005) http://www.amazon.co.uk/Distraction-Being-human-digital-age/
dp/0954432746
Her (film) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_(film)
Apple’s Siri https://www.apple.com/uk/ios/siri/
Samsung S Voice http://www.samsung.com/global/galaxys3/svoice.html
Xbox One http://support.xbox.com/en-GB/browse/xbox-one/kinect/Voice
Hannah Devlin, Search engines will be able to flirt with users by 2029, The Times (June 14, 2014) http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/
technology/article4118943.ece

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ABOUT FJORD
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