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Estimating with confidence:

Answers in Blue
8.1 In general:

1. State and show how to check conditions to conduct a confidence interval.


1
10%: 𝑛 ≤ 10 𝑁

Large Counts: 𝑛 > 30


Random: sample/data comes from an SRS or well conducted random study.
2. (True/False) The margin of error expands when:
a. The confidence level increase e. The confidence level increases and
b. The sample size decreases the sample size decreases
c. The confidence level decreases f. The confidence level increases and
d. The sample size increases the sample size increases
T, T, F, F, T, F
3. Assuming that the confidence level remains the same, as a sample size increases, the length of the
confidence interval _______________ and in contrast, as sample size decreases, the length of the
confidence interval _______________ .
Decreases; Increases
4. Explain what a point estimator is.
The statistic of our sample, that our study is looking at
5. How can researchers find a reasonable population standard deviation?
Using the standard deviation from an earlier/pilot study.
6. Which of the following is not a sentence we use to describe confidence levels/intervals:
a. If we take many samples of the same size from the same population about __% of the them will
result in an interval that captures the actual population parameter.
b. We are __% confident that the interval from x to y captures the actual value of the parameter.
c. We are confident that taking many samples of the same size captures __% of the actual value of
the parameter .
d. None of the above.
C.
7. Complete the formulas:
𝑝̂(1−𝑝̂)
a. p̂ ± z*√ 𝑛
𝑆𝑥
b. x̄ ± t*
√𝑛
* 𝜎
c. z ≤ ME
√𝑛
8. Identify the following from the equations: ->

𝑝̂(1−𝑝̂)
a. 𝑝̂ ± 𝑧 ∗ √ 𝑛
𝑆 z* t*
b. 𝑥̅ ± 𝑡 ∗ 𝑥𝑛

Critical Value z* t*

Margin of Error 𝑝̂(1−𝑝̂) leave


𝑧∗√ blank
𝑛

Standard Error leave blank 𝑆𝑥


√𝑛
Standard 𝑆𝑥
Deviation 𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝̂ )
√ , 𝑜𝑟 𝜎
𝑛

9. You are given a confidence level of 95% and an interval of (0.23, 0.49) with an unknown parameter.
Interpret the confidence interval and then find and state the point estimate and margin of error.
Interpretation—we are 95% confident that the interval from 0.23 to 0.49 captures the actual value of the
parameter.
Point Estimate—0.36 and Margin of Error—0.13
10. Which of the following is NOT a true statement?
a. As sample size n increases, the length of the interval decreases.
b. As sample size n decreases, the length of the interval decreases
c. As the confidence level decreases, length of interval decreases.
d. As the confidence level increases, length of interval increases.
C. As sample size decreases, the length of the interval decreases; because as a sample size n decreases, the
length of the interval would increase since there is less accuracy, therefore allowing the confidence interval to
be wider.

8.2 Estimating a population proportion:


11. A recent Gallup Poll conducted telephone interviews with a random sample of adults aged 18 and older.
Data were obtained for 1000 people. Of these, 37% said that football is their favorite sport to watch on
television.
a. Define the parameter p in this setting. Explain to someone who knows nothing about statistics
why we cannot just say that 37% of all adults would say that football is their favorite sport to
watch on television.
The parameter p refers to the proportion of all adults aged 18yrs+ who would say that football is their favorite
sport to watch on television. We cannot say that 37% of all adults would say this because the proportion who
choose football will vary from sample to sample.
b. Check the conditions for constructing a confidence interval for p.
Random: met
1000 < all adults; 10%: met
370 > 10 , 630 > 10; Large Counts: met
c. Construct a 95% confidence interval for p.
(0.3401, 0.3999)
d. Interpret the interval in context.
We are 95% confident that the interval from 0.301 to 0.3999 captures the true proportion of all adults who
would say that football is their favorite sport to watch on television.
12. What proportion of college age adults would report drunk driving? From an SRS of 100 adults, 38 said
“yes”.
a. Check that the conditions are met for constructing a confidence interval for the parameter.
1
10%: 𝑛 ≤ 10 𝑁 → 1000 < 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

Large Counts: 100 > 30


Random: sample/data comes from an SRS or well conducted random study  Met
b. Construct a 95% confidence interval for p and interpret it in context.
(.30, .46); We are 95% confident that this interval captures the true proportion of college age adults who would
report drunk driving.
13. Mr. Martini took a random sample of Spanish speakers and found that 53 of the 1496 people surveyed
speak two other languages in addition to Spanish. Construct and interpret a 95% confidence interval for
the proportion of trilingual people among Spanish speakers.
(.0260, .0448); We are 95% confident that the interval from .0206 to .0448 will capture the true value of the
proportion of trilingual Spanish speakers.
14. Sally asked a random sample of 500 kids from her high school, “Do you think you receive too much
homework?”. Of the sample 67% said yes. After some calculations, Sally concluded that the resulting
90% confidence interval is (.124,.276). Interpret the confidence interval and the confidence level.
Confidence interval: We are 90% confident that the interval from (.124,.276) captures the true population
proportion, p of all students who think they receive too much homework.
Confidence level: If we have many samples of size 500 students, about 90% of them will result in in an interval
that captures the true population proportion, p.

15. Molly conducts a survey at a large high school. She asks the first 100 people that arrive at school
whether or not they play a sport. Only 23 said “yes”. Check whether the conditions for calculating
confidence interval for the population proportion, p are met.
1
10%: 𝑛 ≤ 10 𝑁 → 1,000 < 10,000

Large Counts: 𝑛𝑝̂ ≥ 10 → 23 > 10 , 𝑛(1 − 𝑝̂ ) ≥ 10 → 77 > 10


Random: sample/data comes from an SRS or well conducted random study  No, this is a convenience sample
16. A SRS of 10000 Americans was done to find out the proportion of Americans that can wiggle their ears.
2437 of the individuals sampled could. Calculate and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the
proportion of Americans that can wiggle their ears.
(.2353, .2521); We are 95% confident that the interval (.2353, .2521) captures the actual proportion of
Americans that can wiggle their ears.
17. a. If we take an SRS of 17 mechanical pencils and 47 normal pencils, is the statement, “25% of the
pencils you pick will be mechanical” true of the population of pencils if we have a confidence
level of 90%?
𝑝̂ = .2656 , 𝜎𝑝̂ = 0.55 , (. 2106, .3206) → 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒.

b. What would our sample size need to be if our margin of error has to be within 1?

18. Mary decides to conduct a survey on the amount of fruits and veggies on students plates at her high
school. She takes a random sample of 27 lunches from the 500 distributed at lunch time. Out of the
lunches selected, 15 had a sufficient amount of fruits and veggies. Check whether the conditions for
calculating confidence interval for pop. proportion p are met.
270 ≤ 500 15 ≥ 10 12.15 ≥ 10 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 . All conditions are met.

8.3 Estimating a population mean:


19. A school counselor wants to know how smart the students in her school are. She gets funding from the
principal to give an IQ test to an SRS of 60 of the over 800 students in the school. The mean IQ score
was 114.98 and the standard deviation was 14.80.
a. Define the parameter µ in this setting.
The parameter refers to the mean IQ for the 1000 students in the school.
b. Check the conditions for constructing a confidence interval for µ.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚: 𝑚𝑒𝑡, 10%: 600 < 1000, 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠: 60 > 30
c. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean IQ score of students at the school.
(111.79, 118.17)
d. Interpret your results from part (c) in context.
We are 90% confident that the interval from 111.79 to 118.17 captures the true mean IQ score for the 1000
students in the school.
20. The daily temperatures from a specific country have a standard deviation of 15˚. How many daily
temperatures must be taken to estimate the mean temperature within 1˚ with 95% confidence?
𝑛 ≥ 14.9769 → 𝑛 = 15
21. When constructing confidence intervals for a population mean, we almost always use critical values
from a t distribution rather than the standard Normal distribution.
a. When is it necessary to use a t critical value rather than a z critical value when constructing a
confidence interval for a population mean?
When we use the sample standard deviation Sx to estimate the population standard deviation σ
b. Describe two ways that the t distributions are different from the standard Normal distribution.
The t distributions are wider than the standard Normal distribution and they have a slightly different shape with
more area in the tails.
c. Explain what happens to the t distributions as the degrees of freedom increase.
As degrees of freedom increase, the spread and shape of the t distributions become more like the standard
Normal distribution
22. A headphone manufacturer wants to ensure that their headphones achieve their rated impedance of
96chms, because they want to test compliance as efficiently as possible. A prior study for the same type
of manufactured headphones gives the standard deviation as 4chms. Find the minimum sample size to
have a margin of error less than one and a 95% confidence interval.
𝑛 ≥ 61.51 → 𝑛 = 62
23. Out of pure curiosity, a consumer wants to figure out the actual mean temperature of their fridge with
95% confidence. They collect data using a built-in thermometer over the course of 14 days:
18.6 22.8 18.9 20.4 22.9 17.7 15.8
10 10.1 26.3 21.2 16.8 22.9 18.3
Find the confidence interval to help them figure out the mean temperature of the fridge.
(17.7427, 20.2522): Note answers might be skewed in comparison due to possible misreading of the problem. If
the answers you get are completely off and you agree with those around you/in your class ignore this “solution”
24. Someone wants to estimate how much time students spend on homework. They would like their estimate
to be within 1 hour of the true mean time at a 95% confidence level and utilize that a previous study
suggests the standard deviation is about an hour and 20 minutes, or 1.33 hours. However, the person that
they have hired to collect data hates talking to people. what is the minimum number of students that the
data collector will have to talk to in order to get an estimate?
7 students (6.79)
25. (True/False) We determine sample size for a desired margin of error similarly to the way we did when
estimating a proportion.
True.
26. A School District has 18,000 students in it. The school district decides to do an SRS of 1,001 students
and ask them what their GPA is. The sample mean ended up being 2.8 with a sample standard deviation
of .2. Calculate and interpret a 96% confidence interval for the mean GPA of the school District.
(2.7969, 2.8031); We are 96% confident that the interval (2.7969, 2.8031) captures the actual mean GPA of
students in the district.
27. (True/False) The degrees of freedom can be calculated through the equation 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 ± 1
False: 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
28. What is a t score?
a. Just another name for a z score
b. Fake news in math
c. A way of estimating population mean without the population standard deviation
d. A way of estimating sample mean without the population standard deviation
C.
29. Solve for 𝑛: 𝜎 = 7.5 , Confidence Level = 99% , Margin of error is at most 3.
𝑛 ≥ 41.45 → 𝑛 = 42
30. Patric collects 1 ounce tiny toy cars; He estimates the mean weight for these toy cars. Out of his
collection of 10,000 toy cars, Patric chooses and weighs a sample of 20 cars. He reports that a 95%
confidence interval for the true mean weight of the tiny toy cars is 0.990 to 0.998 ounces.
a. What is the point estimate from this sample?
0.994 ounces
b. What is the margin of error?
0.004 ounces
c. Interpret the 95% confidence interval 0.990 to 0.998 in the context of the problem.
We are 95% confident that the interval from 0.990 to 0.998 ounces captures the true mean weight of Patric’s toy
cars.
d. Interpret the confidence level of 95% in the context of the problem.
If we take many samples of the same size from Patric’s collection of toy cars, we are 95% confident they will
capture the true population parameter.
31. True or False; Correct if false.
a. In general t distributions have more area in the center than a Standard Normal Distribution.
F. In general t distributions have more area in the tail sections than a Standard Normal curve.
b. As df increases, t density curve approaches the Normal Curve more closely.
True
c. We determine sample size for a desired margin of error independently from the way we did when
estimating a proportion.
F. We determine sample size for a desired margin of error similarly to the way we did when estimating a
proportion.

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