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Abbreviations
H Overall depth of beam
d Effective depth = distance from extreme compression fibre to the
centroid of the tension steel
d0 Effective depth for multi-layer steel, calculated to the CG of layers
of tensile reinforcement
b Width of beam in compression
a Depth of stress block
fy Yield stress of main reinforcement (eg 300MPa or 500MPa)
fyt yield stress of stirrups
f’c Specified strength of concrete (28 day)
As Area of steel in tension
Asc Area of steel in compression
Asb Area of steel for a balanced failure
ρt Tension steel ratio t As
(b)(d )
Asc
ρc Compression steel ratio c
(b)(d )
Asb
ρb Balance section rebar ratio b
(bw )(d )
εs Strain in steel
εy Yield strain of steel
εc Strain in concrete (=0.003)
Es Modulus of elasticity of steel = 200GPa
db Diameter of tension bar
Ast Total area of tension steel
Cc Compression force in concrete
T Tension force in steel
c or x distance from extreme compression fibre to neutral axis at ULS
cb Distance from extreme compression fibre to neutral axis at balance
failure
Mn Nominal strength of member in bending
ϕMn Reliable or effective moment capacity (ϕ is strength reduction
factor)
M* Design moment (from bending moment diagram at ULS (with load
factors) loads M* ≤ ϕMn
V* Design shear (from shear force diagram using ultimate strength
(with load factors) loads
1
Singly (review) 2015
V* ≤ ϕVn
Vn Nominal shear force
ϕ Strength reduction factor, 0.85 for bending, 0.75 for shear,
α1 A factor to convert the curved compression stress block to a
rectangle stress block,
0.75≤ α1 ≤ 0.85
= 0.85 for f’c ≤ 55 MPa
= 0.85- 0.004(f’c -55) for f’c >55MPa α1(min) =0.75
β1 A factor to relate a to c i.e. a 1c 0.65≤ β1 ≤ 0.85
= 0.85 for f’c ≤ 30 MPa,
= 0.85- 0.008(f’c -30) for f’c > 30 MPa β1(min) =0.65
ku neutral axis parameter
γ ratio of depth of rectangular stress block to depth of neutral axis
1.05 0.007 f c' where 0.67 0.85
2
Singly (review) 2015
Bending:
Design moment M* ≤ ϕMn
A s fy
a or a ( )(ku )(d ) (1 )(c)
α1fc' b
Method 1
a
M n As f y (d )
2
M*
Re-arrange area of tension steel: Mn M*
As
( f y )(d 0.5a) ( f y )(d 0.5a) ( f y )(d 0.5a)
Method 2:
Level arm j*d=d-0.5a where 0.85 < j < 0.95
3
Singly (review) 2015
0.003
Neutral axis parameter becomes k ub
fy
0.003
Es
0.003
Depth of neutral axis at balance failure cb ( )(d )
fy
0.003
Es
Depth of stress block at balance section:
ab = β1 cb
4
Singly (review) 2015
or
A sb fy
ab
α1fc' b
𝑐
Tension steel yield if 𝜀𝑦 < 𝜀𝑠 and < 0.4
𝑑
Compression steel
A fy
amax s(max) A 0.75 Asb and 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒂𝒃
α1fc' b Where s (max)
5
Singly (review) 2015
Transverse Shear:
V*≤ ϕVn Φ= 0.75
Concrete stress
Steel stress:
6
Singly (review) 2015
Re-arrange
( Av )( f yt )(d )
Vs or
s
(v vb )(bw )(s)
Av n
f yt