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• Diodes: These are two terminal switches, as shown in Fig. 1-a, formed of a pn junction. It is
not controllable and its operating states are determined by the circuit operating point. A
forward positive voltage (vD is positive) will turn it on and a reverse negative current (from
Cathode to Anode, iD is negative) will turn it off. Practically, the diode characteristic consists
of two regions, as shown in Fig. 1-b; a forward bias region (ON state) where both vD and iD
are positive and the current in this region increases exponentially with the increase in the
voltage, and a reversed bias region (OFF state) where both vD and iD are negative and very
small leakage current flow through the diode until the applied reverse voltage reaches the
diode’s breakdown voltage limit VBR. Ideally, the diode is represented by a short circuit when
forward biased and as an open circuit when reversed biased with the ideal characteristic
shown in Fig. 1-c.
• Silicon Controlled Rectifiers “SCRs” (Thyristors): These are three terminal switches as
shown in Fig. 2-a, formed of three pn junction (pnpn). This is a controllable switch that
usually required to be latched to conduct. This latching (triggering) process is carried out by
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
injecting current to the gate terminal (ig) at the required latching instant provided that the
device is forward biased (vAK is positive). Practically, the thyristor characteristic has three
main regions as shown in Fig. 2-b; the Conduction Region where the thyristor is operating in
its ON state, the Forward Blocking Region where the thyristor is forward biased but not yet
triggered or the voltage didn’t reach the forward breakover voltage, and a Reverse Region that
consists of the reverse blocking region and the reverse avalanche region similar to the diode
characteristic. Among the important points along the SCR characteristic:
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
o Latching Current: This is the minimum required current to turn on the SCR
device and convert it from the Forward Blocking State to the ON State.
o Holding Current: This is the minimum forward current flowing through the
thyristor in the absence of the gate triggering pulse.
o Max Reverse Voltage: This is the maximum reverse voltage to be applied across
the thyristor before the reverse avalanche occurs.
Ideally, SCRs are represented by a short circuit when operating within the conduction region
and as an open circuit when operating within the blocking region. The ideal characteristic is
shown in Fig. 2-c. It is also worth mentioning that once the SCR is triggered and turned ON
the gate signal can be removed without turning it OFF. SCRs are turned OFF when reversing
the terminal voltage and current.
• Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors “MOSFETs”: These are three
terminal switches as shown in Fig. 4-a. This is considered the fastest power switching device.
It is a controllable switch that requires a gate-source voltage (vGS) higher than a threshold
value (vTh) for the device to conduct. Practically, MOSFET’s characteristic consists of three
regions, as shown in Fig. 4-b; a cut OFF region (OFF state) when vGS < vTh, a linear region
when vDS < vGS – vTh, and an active region when vDS > vGS – vTh. Ideally, MOSFETs are
represented by a short circuit when operating within the ON State and as an open circuit when
operating within the OFF State.
• Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors “IGBTs” (Thyristors): These are also three terminal
switches as shown in Fig. 5. Their operation modes and characteristics are almost similar to
those for MOSFETs, shown in Fig. 4-b, except for the operating ranges.
• Other Semiconductor Devices: These include; Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), Gate
Turn Off Thyristors (GTO Thyristors), Triode ac switches (Triacs), Static Induction
Transistors (SITs), Static Induction Thyristors (SITHs), and MOS-Controlled Thyristors
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(MCTs). Comparisons between different types of semiconductor devices from the point of
view of ratings and power and frequency ranges are given in Table 1 and Fig. 6, respectively.
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Fig. 6 Frequency and power ranges for different power semiconductor devices [1]
• Peak Value: This represent the maximum value of the periodic waveform.
• Peak – to – Peak Value: This represents the difference between the maximum and the
minimum values of the waveform.
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• Average Value: This represent the DC component content of the waveform and can be
calculated from the following expression;
T θ
∫ f (t ) dt ∫ f (ω t ) dω t
1 1
f avr = or f avr =
T θ
0 0
where favr is the average value of the periodic function f(t) { f(ω t)} over a period T {θ}.
• Root Mean Square (RMS) Value: this represent the effective value of the periodic function
and can be expressed by; (sometimes it is referred to by Effective Value)
T θ
∫f (t ) dt (ω t ) dω t
θ∫
1 1
f rms = 2
or f rms = f 2
T
0 0
where frms is the rms value of the periodic function f(t) { f(ω t)} over a period T {θ}.
• Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV): This represents the maximum reverse voltage applied to a
semiconductor device during its operation in the off state. Sometimes referred to as the Peak
Inverse Voltage (PIV).
• Conduction Period (Angle): The period of time (angle) during which a semiconductor switch
is conducting (operating in its ON state).
• Extinction Angle: This is the angle (ω t) at which the semiconductor switch stops conducting
(switched to the OFF state).
• Firing Angle: This is the angle (ω t) at which controlled semiconductor switch starts
conducting (switched to the ON state). Sometimes referred to as the Delay Angle.
3.1 Rectifiers
These converters are used to convert fixed AC power to fixed or variable DC power. They are
classified into two main categories; Uncontrolled Rectifiers and Controlled Rectifiers.
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For this configuration, the diode will conducts (becomes forward biased) whenever the supply
voltage (vs) is positive to force the current in the diode from the anode to the cathode.
For one total period of operation of this circuit, the corresponding waveforms are shown in Fig.
8-b where two operating states occur as presented in Table 2.
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
π π
Vm
∴V dc = = 0.318 V m
π
Since the load is resistive load, therefore the load voltage and current are in phase and they are
related by is = vs / R. Consequently, the average value of the load current Idc is
V dc V m 0.318 V m
I dc = = =
R πR R
(Vdc )2 (0.318 Vm )2
The output DC power is given by Pdc = I dc ⋅ V dc = =
R R
The rms value of the load voltage Vrms can be calculated as follows,
π π
Vm
∴V rms = = 0 .5 V m
2
(Vrms )2 (0.5 Vm )2
The output AC power is given by Pac = I rms ⋅ V rms = =
R R
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Vm
PRV = Vm + E
E
For one total period of operation of this circuit, the corresponding waveforms are shown in Fig.
9-b where two operating states occur as presented in Table 3.
In the analysis of this circuit, point 1 is considered the grounded reference for all node voltages
and consequently the following voltages can be defined:
v1 (Voltage at point 1) = zero
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vs (Supply Voltage) = v2 – v1 = v2
vD (Diode Voltage) = v2 – v4
vR (Resistive Load Voltage) = v4 – v3 = v4 – E
vo (Output Load Voltage) = v4 – v1 = v3 + vR = E + vR
Moreover, the load (supply {since the load, the battery, and the supply are connected in series})
current may be defined as
io (Load Current) = is (Supply Current) = vR / R
The angle at which the diode starts conducting (α ) is the same angle at which the supply
voltage is equal to the battery voltage. Therefore, at ω t = α we have,
v s (ω t = α ) = E = V m sin (α )
⎛ E ⎞
∴α = sin −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ Vm ⎠
π
Since the wave form during the first half cycle is symmetric around ω t = . Therefore, the
2
angle at which the diode stops conducting (β ) is be given by,
∴β = π − α
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
⎡β 2π +α ⎤ π −α 2π +α
1 ⎡ ⎤
v s (ωt ) dωt +
∫ ∫ V m sin (ω t ) dω t +
∫ ∫
1 ⎢ ⎥
V dc = E dωt = ⎢ E dωt ⎥
2π ⎢ ⎥ 2π ⎢ ⎥
⎣α β ⎦ ⎣ α π −α ⎦
∴V dc =
1
[2 Vm cos (α ) + (π + 2 α ) ⋅ E ]
2π
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
The PRV of the diode in this configuration is (Vm + E) which represent the maximum value of
vD = v2 – v4 when there is no current flowing in the load as shown in Fig. 9-b.
Fig. 10 Single -phase full-wave rectifier loaded with resistive load [2]
For one total period of operation of this circuit, the corresponding waveforms are shown in Fig.
10-b where two operating states occur as presented in Table 4.
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Since the load is a resistive load. Then, the load current will have the same waveform as the
load voltage but with current scale according the load current-voltage characteristic,
io (Load Current) = vo / R
Table 4 reveals that, during the negative half cycle of the supply voltage, the load current is
positive (io = - vs / R) whereas the supply current is negative (is = vs / R).
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
π π
∫ v (ω t ) dω t = π ∫ V sin (ω t ) dω t dω t
1 1
V dc =
π
s m
0 0
2 Vm
∴V dc = = 0.6366 V m
π
The rms value of the load voltage Vrms can be calculated as follows,
π π
Vm
∴V rms = = 0.707 V m
2
The PRV for any diode in this configuration is (Vm) as shown in Fig. 10-b.
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L
Therefore, the load time constant τ = is very high and can be considered infinity.
R
Consequently, the load current is assumed constant. For one total period of operation of this
circuit, the corresponding waveforms are shown in Fig. 11-b where two operating states occur
as presented in Table 5.
Fig. 11 Single -phase full-wave rectifier loaded with highly inductive load [2xxxx]
Table 5 reveals that, during the negative half cycle of the supply voltage, the load current is
positive (io = Ia) whereas the supply current is negative (is = - Ia).
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The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
π π
∫ v (ω t ) dω t = π ∫ V sin (ω t ) dω t
1 1
V dc =
π
s m
0 0
2 Vm
∴V dc = = 0.6366 V m
π
Since the load is a highly inductive load. Then, the load current is considered constant (ripple
free current) and equal to the average value of the load current Idc as follows,
V dc 2 V m 0.6366 V m
I dc = I a = = =
R πR R
In case the load contains a DC battery “E” (or a back emf) in addition to the highly inductive
load, the load current will be
2 Vm
−E
Vdc − E π 2 Vm − π E
I dc = I a = = = (provided that E < Vdc)
R R πR
The rms value of the load voltage Vrms can be calculated as follows,
π π
∫ {v s (ω t )} dω t = π ∫
{V sin (ω t )}2 dωt
1 1
V rms = 2
π
m
0 0
Vm
∴V rms = = 0.707 V m
2
Since the load current is constant over the studied period, therefore the rms value of the load
current Irms is
I rms = I dc = I a
The PRV for any diode in this configuration is (Vm) as shown in Fig. 11-b.
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The instant at which the gate pulse occurs is known as the firing angle and represented by (α).
The gate pulses are repeated every 2π (one complete cycle). The firing angle can occur at any
instant ranging from 0 to π as the thyristor has to be forward biased when triggered, otherwise
it won’t conduct. For one total period of operation of this circuit, the corresponding waveforms
are shown in Fig. 12-c where three operating states occur as presented in Table 6.
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
π π
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
(1 + cos(α ))
Vm
∴V dc =
2π
= m (1 + cos(α ))
V dc V
I dc =
R 2π R
Vm
Therefore, the average output voltage can vary from 0 to and the average load current will
π
Vm
vary from 0 to when varying α from π to 0, respectively. Moreover, since the load
πR
voltage and current for this configuration are always positive, therefore, this converter operates
in the first quadrant only as revealed by Fig. 12-b.
The rms value of the load voltage Vrms can be calculated as follows,
π π
Vm 1⎛ sin (2 α ) ⎞
∴V rms = ⎜π − α + ⎟
2 π⎝ 2 ⎠
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Fig. 13 Single -phase full-wave rectifier loaded with highly inductive load [2]
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
π +α π +α
∫ v s (ω t ) dω t = ∫α V sin (ω t ) dω t dω t
1 1
V dc =
π π
m
α
2 Vm
∴V dc = cos (α )
π
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
Since the load is a highly inductive load. Then, the load current is considered constant (ripple
free current) and equal to the average value of the load current Idc as follows,
cos (α ) − E
2 Vm
V −E π
I dc = I a = dc = (provided that E < Vdc and Vdc > 0)
R R
In case the load doesn’t contain a DC battery “E” (or a back emf) in addition to the highly
inductive load, the load current will be
cos (α )
Vdc 2 Vm
I dc = I a = = (provided that Vdc > 0)
R πR
2 Vm 2 Vm
Therefore, the average output voltage can vary from to − when varying α from π
π π
to 0, respectively. Moreover, since the load voltage for this configuration can be positive or
negative while the load current is always positive because the thyristors prevents a reverse
current flow. Therefore, this converter operates in the first and the fourth quadrants as revealed
by Fig. 13-b.
The rms value of the load voltage Vrms can be calculated as follows,
π +α π +α
Vm
∴V rms = = 0.707 V m
2
Since the load current is constant over the studied period, therefore the rms value of the load
current Irms is
I rms = I dc = I a
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
to eliminate any negative voltage occurrence at the load terminals. This is because the diode Dm
is always activated (forward biased) whenever the load voltage tends to be negative. For one
total period of operation of this circuit, the corresponding waveforms are shown in Fig. 14-b
where four operating states occur as presented in Table 8.
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
π π
Vm
∴V dc = (1 + cos(α ))
π
Fig. 14 Single -phase semiconverter loaded with highly inductive load [2]
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
Vm
Therefore, the average output voltage can vary from 0 to when varying α from π to 0,
π
respectively. Moreover, since the load voltage and current for this configuration are always
positive, therefore, this converter operates in the first quadrant only as revealed by Fig. 14-b.
The rms value of the load voltage Vrms can be calculated as follows,
π π
{v (ωt )} {V sin (ω t )}2 dωt
π ∫ π ∫
1 1
V rms = s
2
d ωt = m
α α
Vm 1⎛ sin (2 α ) ⎞
∴V rms = ⎜π − α + ⎟
2 π⎝ 2 ⎠
3.2 DC – to – DC Converters
These converters are used to convert fixed DC power to controllable, variable DC power. The
following subsections deal with the basic types of these converters. They are sometimes referred to as
DC Choppers. DC Choppers can be classified according to their operation range (load voltage and
current) into five main categories as shown in Fig. 15.
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
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The equations that governs the operation of this type can be summarized as follows, the
average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
kT
∫V
1
V dc = s d t = k Vs
T
0
where Vs is the DC supply voltage, T is the total period of operation, and k is the duty
t on
cycle given by k = , where ton is the period at which the chopper is ON.
T
Output Currents
Chopper
Period Mode Diode State Voltage
State
(vo)
(i ) (is ) (iDm )
0 ≤ t < kT 1 ON (SC*) OFF (OC*) Vs i1 i1 0
kT ≤ t < T 2 OFF (OC*) ON (SC*) 0 i2 0 i2
*
SC = Short Circuit, and OC = Open Circuit
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
For (L / R) >> T, the load current is continuous and can be expressed by,
⎧
⎪i1 (t ) = I 1 e
−t R / L
+ s
V −E
R
(
1 − e −t R / L ) 0≤t ≤kT
⎪
i (t ) = ⎨
⎪
⎪ i 2 (t ') = I 2 e
⎩
−t ' R / L E
(
− 1 − e −t ' R / L
R
) k T ≤t ≤T , 0 ≤ t ' ≤ (1 − k )T
Vs ⎛ ek z − 1⎞ E Vs ⎛ e −k z − 1 ⎞ E TR
where I 1 = ⎜ ⎟− , I = ⎜ ⎟− , and z = .
R ⎜ ez −1 ⎟ R 2 ⎜ −
R ⎝ e −1 ⎠ R
z ⎟
⎝ ⎠ L
For discontinuous mode of operation (I1 = 0), the load current can be expressed by,
⎧
⎪
V −E
i1 (t ) = s
R
( 1 − e −t R / L) 0≤t ≤kT
⎪
i (t ) = ⎨
⎪
⎪i 2 (t ') = I 2 e
⎩
−t ' R / L
(
E
− 1 − e −t ' R / L
R
) k T ≤t ≤T , 0 ≤ t ' ≤ (1 − k )T
For the load current to be continuous, I1 should be greater than or equal to zero. Therefore,
⎡ V ⎛ e kz − 1 ⎞ E ⎤
⎢ I 1 = s ⎜⎜ z ⎟− ⎥≥0
⎟ R
⎣⎢ R ⎝ e − 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡⎛ e kz − 1 ⎞ E ⎤
∴ ⎢⎜⎜ z ⎟−
⎟ ⎥≥0
⎢⎣⎝ e − 1 ⎠ V s ⎥⎦
E e kz − 1
∴ ≤ z
Vs e −1
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
The equations that governs the operation of this type can be summarized as follows, the
average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
T
∫V d t = (1 − k ) V s
1
Vdc = s
T
kT
where Vs is the DC supply voltage, T is the total period of operation, and k is the duty
t on
cycle given by k = , where ton is the period at which the chopper is ON.
T
Currents
Period Chopper State Diode State Load Voltage (vo)
(iL ) (is ) (ich )
0 ≤ t < kT ON (SC*) OFF (OC*) 0 i1 0 i1
kT ≤ t < T OFF (OC*) ON (SC*) Vs i2 i2 0
*
SC = Short Circuit, and OC = Open Circuit
For continuous load current operation, the load current is can be expressed by,
⎧
⎪ (
E
I 1 e −t R / L + 1 − e −t R / L
R
) 0≤t≤kT
⎪
i L (t ) = ⎨
⎪
⎪i 2 (t ') = I 2 e
⎩
−t ' R / L
+
E − Vs
R
(
1 − e −t ' R / L ) k T ≤t ≤T , 0 ≤ t ' ≤ (1 − k ) T
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
Note that the diode D1 is activated once S4 is switched off while the diode D4 is activated once
S1 is switched off. This operation is carried out because of the presence of the inductance in the
load that requires a continuous flow of current at the instant of turning OFF the chopper
switches.
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
and S2 must not be switched ON at the same time; otherwise, the source will be short circuited.
Table 12 shows the different operation mode of this converter.
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
• Uniform (Equal width) PWM: The generated pulses have equal width as shown in Fig.
23. They are generated by comparing a triangular wave with a DC signal.
• Sinusoidal PWM: The generated pulses have different widths as shown in Fig. 24.
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
They are generated by comparing a triangular wave with a variable DC signal to generate
a sinusoidal variable duty cycle tracking the following function,
d (t ) = D dc + D max sin (ω o t )
• Uniform (Equal width) PWM: The generated pulses have equal width as shown in Fig.
25. They are generated by comparing two inverse triangular waves with two opposite DC
signal levels.
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• Bipolar Sinusoidal PWM: The generated pulses have different widths as shown in Fig.
26. They are generated by comparing a triangular wave with a sinusoidal wave.
Whenever, the reference signal is greater than the triangular signal a pulse is generated by
turning ON switch S1. On the other hand, whenever, the reference signal is lower than the
triangular signal a pulse is generated by turning ON switch S2 as shown in Fig. 27.
Fig. 27 Simplified circuit for generating biopolar Sinusoidal PWM for AC outputs [1]
• Unipolar Sinusoidal PWM: The generated pulses have different widths as shown in Fig.
28. They are used when a positive and negative sinusoidal control signal are available.
These signals are compared with sawtooth signals to generate to output Vo1 and Vo2 . The
difference generates the total output control signal Vo = Vo1 - Vo2. For example, positive
pulses can be used to trigger S1 while negative pulses can be used to trigger S2, shown in
Fig. 27, to generate the output voltage waveform shown in Fig. 28.
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5. Numerical Examples
Example 1: For the half-wave uncontrolled rectifier circuit shown in Fig. 29. The supply is a 110
V, 60 Hz. The resistive load is 25 Ω. Calculate:
1. The average value of the output voltage and current,
2. The rms value of the output voltage and current,
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
1. The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
π π
Vm 2 x 110
∴Vdc = = = 49.517 V
π π
2. The rms value of the load voltage Vrms can be calculated as follows,
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
π π
Vm 2 x 110
∴V rms = = = 77.782 V
2 2
∴ Pavr =
(77.782)2 = 242.002 W
25
4. If the source has a resistance of 60 Ω, the load voltage will be related to the total
voltage using the voltage divider equation as follows,
v o (ω t ) = v s (ω t )
R
(R + R s )
∫ v o (ω t ) ⋅ i o (ω t )dω t = ∫ [v (ω t )] dω t = (V rms )2 ⋅
1 1 R R
Pavr = 2
2π 2π (R + R s ) (R + R s ) 2
s 2
0 0
∴ Pavr = (77.782 )2 ⋅
25
= 20.934 W
(25 + 60)2
Example 2: For the single-phase, full-wave uncontrolled rectifier circuit shown in Fig. 30. The
supply is a 110 V, 60 Hz. The resistive load is 25 Ω. Calculate:
1. The average value of the output voltage and current,
2. The rms value of the output voltage and current,
3. The average value of the power delivered to the load,
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
1. The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
π π
∫ v s (ω t ) dω t = ∫V sin (ω t ) dω t dω t
1 1
V dc =
π π
m
0 0
2 Vm 2 2 x 110
∴V dc = = = 99.035 V
π π
2. The rms value of the load voltage Vrms can be calculated as follows,
π π
Vm 2 x 110
∴V rms = = = 110 V
2 2
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
V rms 110
I rms = = = 4 .4 A
R 25
∴ Pavr =
(110 )2 = 484 W
25
Example 3: For the first quadrant DC chopper shown in Fig. 31. The supply is a DC source of
220 V. The load parameters are as follows: E = 0 V, L = 7.5 mH, and R = 5 Ω. The
chopper is switched at 1 kHz with a duty cycle of 50 %. Calculate:
1. The average value of the load voltage,
2. The maximum and the minimum values for the instantaneous load current,
3. The peak-to-peak load current ripple.
4. The approximated average value of the load current,
1. The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
kT
∫V
1
Vdc = s d t = k V s = 0.5 x 220 = 110 V
T
0
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
2. Since the back emf (battery voltage) is zero. Then, the load current will satisfy the
E e kz − 1
continuity equation ≤ z . Therefore, the load current is continuous and the
Vs e −1
Therefore the maximum and the minimum values for the instantaneous load
current can be determined using the following equations
Vs ⎛ ek z − 1⎞ E
I1 = ⎜ ⎟
R ⎜ ez −1 ⎟ − R ,
⎝ ⎠
Vs ⎛ e −k z − 1 ⎞ E
I2 = ⎜ ⎟−
R ⎜ e −z − 1 ⎟ R , and
⎝ ⎠
TR
z=
L
using the circuit parameters and substitute in the above equation yield to,
TR R 5
z= = = = 0.667 ,
L f L 1000 x 7.5 x 10 −3
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics MTE 320 Spring 2006 E.F. EL-Saadany
4. The approximated average value of the load current can be calculated assuming
that the current waveforms are linear and using the 50 % duty cycle as follows,
I 2 + I 1 25.659 + 18.38
I dc = = = 22.02 A
2 2
References
[1] Issa Batarseh, “Power Electronic Circuits” John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA, 2004.
[2] Muhammad H. Rashid, “Power Electronics,” Third Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, 2004.
[3] Theodore Wildi, "Electrical Machines Drives, and Power Systems," Prentice Hall, Ohio, 2006.
[4] Timothy L. Skvarenina, “The Power Electronics Handbook,” CRC Press, 2001.
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