Group Members

Muhammad Ijaz 12-CE-24

Asif Aziz 12-CE-48
Shahbaz Ahmed 12-CE-132
Contents
Introduction
Classification of Roads
Materials Used In Road Construction
Machinery Used In Road Construction
Maintenance And Rehabilitation
Introduction
 A line of communication (travelled way) using a
stabilized base open to public traffic, primarily for the
use of road motor vehicles including
"bridges, tunnels, supporting structures
junctions, crossings and toll roads.

 A 1984 ruling said "the land over which a public right of

way exists is known as a highway.

 Ways that allow the movement of motor-vehicles, and

the term rights of ways can be used to cover the wider
usage.
Classification Of Roads
National Highways
Important roads &connect state capitals, ports and
foreign highways. They also include roads of military
importance. They are financed by the central
government.
State Highways
Connect important cities and district head quarters
in the state, national highways & state highways of
neighbouring states. Financed by state government
roads and buildings department.
District Roads
These are the roads within a district.
i) Major District Roads
ii) Minor District Roads

 Village Roads
They connect villages with each other and to the
nearest district road.
Road Structure
 Road Structure Depends Upon the key What is it for!
 There are two main types of pavement (road structure)
 i) Flexible Roads ii) Rigid Roads

Flexible Carriageway Construction

When a road is built, the surface is dug-out down to the
designed depth of the intended road. The sub-grade is the
ground below the road layers which is exposed once the
ground has been dug out ready to build the road.
--------------------------------------
Surface Course
--------------------------------------
Binder Course
--------------------------------------
Base
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Sub - Base
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Capping
----------------
Sub – Grade
Rigid Road Construction:
 Rigid pavement is the technical term for any road
surface made of concrete.
 The largest advantages to using concrete pavement are
in its durability and ability to hold a shape.

 A surface layer, made up of slabs of Portland cement

concrete (PCC), sits on top of a handful of sub-layers.
 The layer directly under the PCC is more flexible than
the concrete, but still quite rigid.
Materials Used In Road Construction
 1.Asphalt
Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and
highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.

 Asphalt is used in road construction, where it is used

as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to
create asphalt concrete.

 It is use to prepare asphalt emulsion, Hot mix asphalt

concrete, cold mix asphalt concrete.
 Aggregates
 1.Granite aggregates are crushed hard rock of granular
structure, being the most common on Earth.
 Fractions of Aggregates
 0-5mm the smallest granite aggregates fractions are
used, besides the road construction, for decoration
and paving paths, for covering sports grounds.
 5-10mm fraction, is used for road construction and
production of concrete.
 10-40mm a road sub base also used for road
maintenance operations.
 2.Gravel aggregates are aggregates acquired as the
result of sifting quarried rock and by crushing natural
stone rock.
 3. Limestone aggregates are a product of the
crushing of sedimentary rock - limestone, which is
composed mainly of calcite (calcium carbonate ).

 4.Slag Aggregates are obtained by crushing of smelter

slag or by special treatment of fire-liquid slag melt
(molten slag aggregates).
Machinery used in Road Construction
Machinery used in road constructions are used for
rough grading, fine grading, surfacing, paving,
compaction and to control moisture level.

AIR-TRACK DRILL
A drilling machine for quarry or opencast blasting
equipped with tracks and operated by
independent air motors.
AIR-TRACK DRILL
CHIP SPREADER
 A chip spreader lays down the aggregate on top of a
bituminous binder which is then rolled by a
compactor.
COLD PLANERS
 A cold planer (also known as a pavement planer,
pavement recycler, mill or asphalt milling machine) is
a machine used to remove bituminous pavement or
asphalt concrete from roadways.
Compactors
 Used for compactions
Vibratory Steel Drum compactor
 Vibratory roller compactor is used to compact soil, gravel,
concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and
foundations.
Pneumatic tired roller
 Pneumatic tire compactors are used on small to
medium size compaction jobs, primarily on
bladed, granular base materials.
Padded Drum Compactor
 Padded drum compactors are usually applied to
compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and foundations.
OIL DISTRIBUTORS
 Asphalt distributors are used to apply prime or tack
coats on a surface in preparation for paving.
PAVER
 A paver is a machine used to lay asphalt on roadways.
It is normally fed by a dump truck which brings hot
asphalt.
Maintenance and Rehabilitation
 Roads are exposed to tremendous loads that will
sooner or later leave their marks on them. A time will
come when every road will be in need of a general
overhaul. Following methods are used.
 Replacing the Pavement
By removing only those layers of a road structure that
are actually damaged.
 Additional conditions frequently stipulate that the
flow of traffic must be maintained in spite of extensive
reconstruction measures.
Replacing the Pavement
Paving thin Layer Hot
 Paving thin layers in hot application is a viable option
for rehabilitating of Limited damaged roads.
 At first surface deformations are removed by cold
milling machines fitted with fine milling drums to
create an even, slightly roughened road surface.
 When using a paver with integrated spray module, the
paver seals the base by spraying a tack coat of polymer-
modified bitumen emulsion with a minimum bitumen
content of 60% .
Paving thin layers Cold
 Fast and economically efficient alternative to replacing
the entire road pavement.
 Traffic safety is hazarded when the road surface gets
slippery, when wheel ruts have dug into the
pavement, or when the road is covered with bumps
and deformations.
 Cold milling machines fitted with fine milling drums
prepare the road surface for application of the
thin, cold pavement layer.
 It works at a maximum milling depth of 50
mm, reprofiling the pavement by means of modern
levelling technology to produce a level surface. The
slightly roughened surface texture produced by fine
milling offers.