330:148 (g)

Machine Design
Nageswara Rao Posinasetti

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 1

 3. Stress and Deformation
Objectives

 Review the types of stresses caused from axial,

bending, shear, and torsion loading.
• Review the relationship between stresses in the
part and the strength or stress-carrying ability of
the part, and begin to appreciate the relationship
between the two.
• Distinguish between the ability of a material to
carry loads in shear versus axial loading, and the
relationship between these types of stresses.
Contd…

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 2

 3. Stress and Deformation
Objectives (contd..)
 Review the principles of deformation
and whether those levels of
deformation are acceptable to the
design being analyzed.
• Review beam deflection formulas and
their use in design problems.

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 3

Introduction to Failure Analysis
 Failure definition
 A part fails whenever it no longer
fulfils its required function

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 4

 Failure Analysis
 Type of failures
 Static loads
 Dynamic loads – fatigue failure
 Modes of failure
 Ductile – appreciable deformation
 Brittle – relatively no deformation
 Wear – due to friction
 Creep – elevated temperatures

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 5

 Modes of failure
 Stress
 Deformation
 Wear
 Corrosion
 Vibration
 Environmental damage
 Loosening of fastening devices

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 6

 Fig. 3.2 Tension, Compression and Shear

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 7

 Static Force

Direct tensile force

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 8

 Static Force
Direct compressive force

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 9

 Conditions for tension and compression
 Straight load carrying member
 Line of action passes through the
centroid of the cross section of the
member
 Member is of uniform cross section
 Material is homogeneous

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 10

 Tensile Strength

Force F

Stress, S = Area A

Change in length
Strain, ε =
Original length

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 11

 Deformation
Stress
Strain 
E
Deformation
Strain 
Original length
Force
Stress 
Area
Force  Original length Fl
Deformation, δ  
E  Area EA

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 12

 Poisson’s Ratio
Lateral
compression

Axial
expansion

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 13

 Poisson’s Ratio
Axial Deformation
 Axial strain =
Axial dimension

Lateral Deformation
 Lateral strain = Lateral dimension

Lateral Strain
 Poisson’s ratio = Axial Strain

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 14

 Stresses and Deflections due to Bending
 Beam must be primarily in pure
bending (no axial and shear loads)
 Beam is not subjected to torsion
 Beam material has the same
modulus of elasticity in tension and
compression
 Beam is not subjected to localized
buckling

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 15

 Bending moment
 Reference is to a beam, assumed for
convenience to be horizontal and loaded
and supported by forces, all of which lie in
a vertical plane.
 The bending moment at any section of the
beam is the moment of all forces that act
on the beam to the left of that section,
taken about the horizontal axis of the
section.

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 16

 Bending moment
 The bending moment is positive when
clockwise and negative when
counterclockwise; a positive bending
moment therefore bends the beam so that
it is concave upward, and a negative
bending moment bends it so that it is
concave downward.

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 17

 Shear Force

Negative – Counter
clockwise

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 18

 3.5 Shear Force

Positive – Clockwise

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 19

 Shear force sign convention

Positive – Clockwise
Negative – Counter clockwise

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 20

 Direct shear stress, SS
 Force tends to cut through a
member
 Punch and Die
 Shear on a key in a shaft
 Similar to calculating direct
tensile stress
 SS = Shear force / Area in shear

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 21

 3.6 Torsional Shear Stresses
Torque

Tc
 Torsional shear stress, SS =
J
π  d4
 J = Polar moment of inertia =
 c = radius of the shaft 32
 T = Torque
 d = diameter of shaft

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 22

 Shear Stress in a shaft
Torque
16  T
 Shear stress, SS =
Where   d3
 T = torque
 d = diameter of the shaft

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 23

Angular Deformation in a shaft
Torque

T l
 Angular twist,  =
Where J G
 T = torque
 l = length of the shaft
 G = Modulus of rigidity of shaft material
 J = Polar moment of inertia of the shaft
=  d4
32

September 17, 2010 Rao, P.N. 24