1.

Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be

used in transmission systems.
R// Reflection and refraction can be used in transmission systems,
for example, the optical fiber that uses light when traveling through
optical fiber. Fiber optic communication is a technique for
transmitting information by sending light signals through fiber optics.
Currently, thanks to its excellent features, fiber optic is the means of
transport of information used by large communication networks.
Basically, an optical communication system is composed of the
message to be transmitted, a light source, the optical fiber, and an
optical detector, as illustrated in the figure.

When the light passes from an optically denser medium, with

refractive index n1, to another optimally less dense medium, with
index of refraction n2, the incident light ray is refracted in such a way
that it is not able to cross the surface between both means reflecting
completely and being totally confined the light beam in the optically
denser medium whose interior propagates.

2. Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical

applications where it could be used.
R//
Snell law
is a formula used to calculate the refractive angle of light when
crossing the separation surface between two means of propagation of
light (or any electromagnetic wave) with a different refractive index.
The name comes from its discoverer, the Dutch mathematician
Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580-1626). They named her "Snell"
because of her last name but they put two "l" for her name
Willebrord which carries two "l".
It affirms that the multiplication of the refractive index by the sine of
the angle of incidence with respect to the normal is constant for any
ray of light incident on the separating surface of two media. That is,
the component of the refractive index parallel to the surface is
constant. Although Snell's law was formulated to explain the
phenomena of refraction of light it can be applied to all types of
waves crossing a separation surface between two media in which the
velocity of propagation of the wave varies.

Critical angle
A critical angle or angle limit is defined as the angle from which there
is no refraction and all the incident light is reflected to the same
medium from which it comes. Only total reflection can occur if the
index of the medium in which we find ourselves is higher than the
index of the medium to which we are going.

Practical applications where it could be used.

- Transmission and communication systems such as fiber optics
- Behavior of laser beams
- Refraction of electrons in graphene p-n junctions
- Lenses

3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.

R// Lenses with small radius of curvature surfaces have short focal
lengths and lenses with a radius surface of large curvatures have
long focal lengths. A lens with two convex surfaces will always refract
the rays parallel to the optical axis so that they converge at a focus
on the side of the lens opposite the object.
A concave lens surface deflects incident rays parallel to the axis
diverging; Unless the second surface is convex and has a greater
curvature than the first, the rays diverge when leaving the lens, and
appear to come from a point on the same side of the lens as the
object. These lenses only form virtual images, reduced and not
inverted.
If the distance of the object is greater than the focal distance, a
converging lens forms a real and inverted image. If the object is far
enough away, the image will be smaller than the object. In that case,
the observer will be using the lens as a magnifying glass or simple
microscope.
The angle that forms in the eye this virtual image increased (ie, its
apparent angular dimension) is greater than the angle that would
form the object if it were at normal viewing distance.
The ratio of these two angles is the magnifying power of the lens. A
lens with a shorter focal length would create a virtual image that
would form a larger angle, so its magnification power would be
greater.
The magnifying power of an optical system indicates how much the
object appears to approach the eye and is different from the lateral
magnification of a camera or telescope, for example, where the ratio
between the actual dimensions of the real image and those of the
object increases as the focal length.
The amount of light that a lens can support increases with its
diameter. Since the surface occupied by an image is proportional to
the square of the focal length of the lens, the luminous intensity of
the surface of the image is directly proportional to the diameter of
the lens and inversely proportional to the square of the focal length.

4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?

R// The index of refraction of a medium is important because with it
we know how much the speed of light (or other waves such as
acoustic waves) is reduced within the medium.
The index of refraction of a medium is important because with it we
know how much the speed of light (or other waves such as acoustic
waves) is reduced within the medium.
the refractive index to the quotient of the speed of light in the
vacuum and the speed of light in the medium whose index is
calculated.It is symbolized by the letter n and it is a dimensionless
value.

5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several

beans? Explain.
R// if it is possible that a single beam of light is refracted in several
grains, an example of this we see in the law of brewster that
corresponds to the angle of incidence of light on a surface that annuls
the component with polarization parallel to the plane of incidence.
The result when a non-polarized light beam is applied on a surface
under the Brewster angle is the obtaining of a reflected beam of
polarized light in one direction (whose polarization vector is
perpendicular to the plane of incidence).
The law of brewster says that When a beam of light strikes the
surface separating two non-conducting media characterized by
different electrical permittivity 𝜖 and magnetic permeability 𝜇, part of
it is it reflects to the source medium, and part is transmitted to the
second medium. In 1812 Brewster observed that when the directions
of the transmitted and reflected beams formed a 90 ° angle (as seen
in the figure), the beam of reflected light was linearly polarized.
Put another way: The polarization by reflection is maximum when the
tangent of the angle of incidence is equal to the index of refraction of
the substance. Polarization is zero for normal incidence.
6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical
applications?

R//We can apply practically the angle of Brewster in sunglasses to

reduce the glare of the sun, also in aquatic cameras photographers
use the same principle to eliminate the reflections of the water so
they can photograph objects under the surface of the sea.
In 1991, the Brewster Angle Microscope (BAM) was introduced
commercially, is an effective method of visualization of
nanostructures with an extensive range of orientation order.
The Brewster Angle Microscope allows us to directly visualize the
formation of molecular monolayers in real time at the water-air
interface, the characterization of molecular films through BAM is
recorded through images of the formation "in situ", evaluates
reproducibility, homogeneity and possible morphological defects.