1. Pretensioning - Any method of prestressing concrete members in which the reinforcement is
tensioned before the concrete is placed. 2. Posttensioning - Any method of prestressing concrete members in which the reinforcement is tensioned after the concrete is placed. 3. Full prestressing - Degree of prestress applied to concrete in which no tension is permitted in the concrete under the working loads. 4. Partial prestressing - Degree of prestress applied to concrete in which some tension is permitted in the concrete under the working loads. 5. Linear prestressing - prestressing in all other members is termed linear. 6. Circular prestressing - refers to prestressing in round members like tanks and pipes 7. Transfer - The transferring of prestress to the concrete. For pretensioned Members, transfer take, place at the release of prestress from the bulkheads: for posttensioned members it takes place after the completion of the tensioning process. 8. Bonded - Reinforcement bonded throughout its length to the surrounding concrete. 9. Unbonded reinforcement - Reinforcement not bonded throughout its length to the surrounding concrete. 10. Anchored - Reinforcement anchored at its ends by means of mechanical devices capable of trans-mitting the tensioning force to the concrete. 11. Non-end-anchored reinforcement - Reinforcement not anchored at its ends by means of mechanical devices capable of trans-mitting the tensioning force to the concrete. 12. Prestressed reinforcement - Reinforcement in prestressed -concrete members, which are elongated (not elongated) with respect to the surrounding concrete. 13. Nonprestressed reinforcement - Reinforcement in prestressed -concrete members, which are not elongated with respect to the surrounding concrete. 14. Tendons - Another name for prestressed reinforcement, whether wires, bars. or strands. 15. Cables - A group of tendons, or the c.gs. of all the tendons. 16. Concordant and nonconcordant cables - Cables or c.gs. lines which produce a C-line or line of pressure coincident (noncoincident) with the c.g,s. line itself. 17. Nonconcordant cables - Cables or c.gs. lines which produce a C-line or line of pressure noncoincident with the c.g,s. line itself 18. Linear transformation - Moving the position of a c.g.s. line over the interior supports of a continuous beam without changing the intrinsic shape of the line within each individual span. 19. GIRDER LOAD - The weight of the beam or girder itself plug whatever weight is on it at the time of transfer. 20. WORKING LOAD OR SERVICE LOAD - The normally maximum total load which the structure is specified or expected to carry. 21. CRACKING LOAD - The total load required to initiate cracks in a prestressed-concrete member. 22. ULTIMATE LOAD - The total load which a member or structure can carry up to total rupture. 23. Load factor - Constant used to increase working or service load to the ultimate load required in strength design. Table 1.2 gives some of the values. 24. Creep - Time-dependent inelastic deformation of concrete or steel resulting solely from the presence of stress and a function thereof. 25. Shrinkage of concrete - Contraction of concrete due to drying and chemical changes, dependent on time but not directly dependent on stresses induced by external loading. 26. Relaxation - Time-dependent inelastic deformation of steel resulting from sustained stress and a function thereof. Symbols
1. A = cross sectional area in general
2. Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete; or area of precast portion. 3. Ag = gross cross-sectional area of concrete 4. At = gross cross-sectional area of concrete, including steel transformed by ration. 5. C = center of compressive force, center of pressure, or center of thrust; or carryover moment, in moment distribution. 6. C’ = C at ultimate load. 7. Cc = coefficient of creep=δt/δi 8. c = distance from c.g.c. to extreme fiber. 9. Cb,Ct=C for bottom (top) fibers: cb1,ct1,cb2,ct2 for compressive portion at transfer or under working load, respectively; cb',c1' for composite sections. 10. c.g.s.=center of gravity of steel area 11. c.g.c.= center of gravity (centroid) of concrete section; 12. c.g.c.'= for composite section. 13. e=eccentricity in general. 14. e1e2,eb,et=various eccentricities as defined locally in text. 15. F= total effective prestress after deducting losses. 16. Fo= average prestress in steel for a given length. 17. F1, F2- total prestress at points I and 2, respectively. 18. Fi =total initial prestress before transfer. 19. F0=total prestress, just after transfer. 20. FEM=fixed•end moment, in moment distribution. 21. f=unit stress in general 22. f1,f2=unit stresses at stages or points I and 2, respectively. 23. fr=modulus of rupture of concrete. 24. fo=average unit stress in steel for a given length. 25. fc =unit stress in concrete. 26. f’c= ultimate unit stress in concrete, generally at 28 days old. 27. f’ci=ultimate unit stress in concrete, at time of transfer. 28. fi =initial unit prestress in steel before transfer. 29. F0 =.unit prestress in steel, just after transfer. 30. fe = effective unit prestress in steel after deducting losses. 31. Δfs =change in fs 32. ft,fb= fiber stress at top (bottom) fibers. 33. f’t,f’b= tensile fiber stress at top (bottom) fibers. 34. f’’c=principal compressive stress. 35. ft"=principal tensile stress. 36. k=coefficient for depth of compressive area kd in a beam section; or as defined locally. 37. k’ = k at ultimate load. 38. k1 =ratio of average stress in ultimate compression area of beam to f’c 39. kt,kb= kern distances from c.g.c. for top (bottom) 40. Mu=moment at factored load. 41. Mn, M'. ultimate moment capacity ≥Mu/ɸ. 42. MA, MB= moment at point A(B). 43. MC= moment acting on composite section. 44. Mci=cracking moment. 45. ML=moment due to total live load only. 46. MG=moment due to girder load, including any load on the beam or girder at time of transfer. 47. MP=moment on precast portion of composite section. 48. MS=moment due to superimposed load. 49. MT=moment due to total load. 50. M1, M2 = primary (resulting) moments in a continuous beam 51. m=load factor or factor of safety. 52. n=modular ratio Es/Ec.