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-Living and non-living things are composed of the same chemical elements.
-cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
-Evolution tree of life traces the ancestory of life on earth to common ancestor.
-Taxonomy is the branch of biology that identifies, names and classifies organisms.
-Biodivesity is the total number and relative abundance of species, the variability
of their genes, and the ecosystems in which they live.
-The scientific method is a standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge
through research.
-Steps are, 1) Observation, 2) Hypothesis, 3) Experiments and Data Collection, 4)
Conclusion/Scientific Theory.
-CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE:
-Living things are organized
-Living things aquire materials and energy
-Living things maintain homeostasis
-Living things respond to stimuli
-Living things reproduce and develop
-Living things have adaptations
Chapter 2:
-An atom is the smallest part of an element that displays the property of the
element.
-ionic bonds are formed when electrons are transferred between atoms.
-salts are solid substances that usually separate and exist as individual ions in
water.
-covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons between atoms to form octet of
electrons in the outer shell.
- non-polar covalent bonds are equally shared electrons between atoms(hydrogen gas
and oxygen gas).
- polar covalent bonds are unequal sharing of electrons (i.e:water).
-Properties of Water:
-has a high heat capacity, absorb thermal heat without changing temperature, helps
maintain internal temps.
-has a high heat of vaporization, cools body as it uses heat to vaporise water.
-is a good solvent,
-cohesive, ability of water to cling to itself, flows freely.
-adhesive, ability to cling to polar surfaces, flow in veins.
-ice is less dense than water, acts as insulator.
Chapter 3:
-Triglycerides:
Long-Term energy storage and insulation, also called fats and oils, one
glycerol to three fatty acids by dehydration synthesis.
-Fatty acids:
-Unsaturated:One or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, i.e: plant oils.
-saturated:no double bonds,solid at room temp, i.e: butter.
-Steroids: Four fused carbon rings, various functional groups attached to the
carbon skeleton. Function: Component of animal cell, regulation.i.e: testosterone,
estrogen, cholestrol.
-Waxes: Long-chain fatty acids bonded to Long-chain alcohol, solid at room temp,
waterproof, resistant to degradation. Function: Protection. i.e: earwax and
beeswax.
Structure of Nucleotide:
-Composed of three parts: a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, a nitrogen-
containing base.
-Five typed of nucleotides found in nucleic acids:
-DNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine,
and thymine.
-RNA contains adenine, guanine,
cytosine, and uracil.
-joined together by a series of dehydration synthesis reactions to form a
linear molecule called a strand.
Chapter 4:
-Nucleus:
-Command center of cell, usually near centre.
-Golgi apparatus, modifies proteins and lipids, resembles stack of hollow pancakes.
-Chloroplasts, used for photosyntheis, synthesizes from CO2 and H2O, makes food in
plants.
Chapter 5:
Chapter 6:
-Enzyme Inhibition:
-Reversible enzyme inhibition, a substance known as inhibitor binds to an
enzyme and decreases its activity.
-Competitive inhibition: the substrate and the inhibitor are both able
to bind to active site.
-Noncompetitive inhibition: inhibitor does not bind at the active site,
but at an allosteric site.
-Enzyme inhibitor can be deadly:
-Materials that irreversibly inhibit an enzyme are known as poisons.
-Cyanide inhibits enzymes required for ATP production.
-Sarin inhibits an enzyme located at the neuromuscular junction.
-Warfarin inhibits an enzyme responsible for blood clotting process.
Chapter 9:
-Cell cycle
-Before next division: cells grow larger, number of organelles doubles, DNA is
replicated.
-Two major cycles:
-Interphase(includes several stages):
=Most of the cell cycle is spent here
=Cell performs its usual fucntions
=Time varies by cell type.
=Nerve and muscle cells do not complete the cell cycle (remain in G0 stage)
=Interphase consists of three phases:
-G1, recovery from previous division, cell doubles in organelles,
cell grows in size, cell accumulates raw materials for DNA
synthesis.
-S,DNA replication, proteins associated with DNA are synthesized,
chromosomes enter with 1 chromatid each, chromosomes leave with
2 identical chromatids (sister chromatids) each
-G2, between DNA replication and onset of mitosis, cell
synthesizes proteins necessary for division.
-Miotic Stage:
=Mitosis, Nuclear Division daughter chromosomes are distributed by the
mitotic spindle to two daughter nuclei.Metaphase and Anaphase stages.
=Cytokenesis, Division of the cytoplasm.
-Cancer Cells:
-Lack differentiation. are non-specialized, immortal.
-Have abnormal nuclei, may be enlarged,may be abnormal number of chromosomes,
often have extra copy of genes.
-Do not undergo apoptosis, normally cells with damaged DNA undergo apoptosis,
immune system can recognize abnormal cells and trigger apoptosis. Cancer cells are
abnormal but fail to undergo apoptosis.
-Form tumors, lost contact inhibition.
-Undergo metastasis, original tumor easily fragments, new tummors appear in other
organs.
Undergo angiogenisis, formation of new blood vessels, bring blood and oxygen to
the tumor.
Binary Fission: Splitting intop two, replicated chromosomes to two daughter cells,
producing two daughter cells identical to original cell- asexual reproduction.