CHAPTER 5
HIRARC GUIDELINES
Purpose:
To provide a systematic and objective
approach to assessing hazards and their
associated risks that will provide an objective
measure of an identified hazard as well as
provide a method to control the risk.
Term And Definitions
Hazard - source or a situation with a potential
for harm in terms of human injury or ill health,
damage to property, damage to the
environment or a combination of these.
Hazard control - the process of implementing
measures to reduce the risk associated with a
hazard.
Hierarchy of control - the established priority
order for the types of measures to be used to
control risks.
Hazard Identification - the identification of
undesired events that lead to the
materialization of the hazard and the
mechanism by which those undesired events
could occur.
Risk - a combination of the likelihood of an
occurrence of a hazardous event with specified
period or in specified circumstances and the
severity of injury or damage to the health of
people, property, environment or any
combination of these caused by the event.
Risk Assessment - the process of evaluating
the risks to safety and health arising from
hazards at work.
Risk Management - the total procedure
associated with identifying a hazard, assessing
the risk, putting in place control measures, and
reviewing the outcomes.
Basic Concepts
Risk = Likelihood x Severity,
Likelihood - An event likely to occur within the
specific period or in specified circumstances.
Severity - outcome from an event such as
severity of injury or health of people, or
damage to property, or insult to environment,
or any combination of those caused by the
event.
Purpose HIRARC
1. To identify all the factors that may
cause harm to employees and
others
2. To consider what the chances are of
that harm actually be falling anyone
in the circumstances of a particular
case and the possible severity that
could come from it
3. To enable employers to plan,
introduce and monitor preventive
measures to ensure that the risks
are adequately controlled at all
times
Planning of HIRARC Activities
1. Where hazard appear to pose
significant threat
2. Uncertain whether existing controls
are adequate
3. Before implementing corrective or
preventive measures
4. By organization intending to
continuously improve OSH
management system
Process of HIRARC
1. Classify work activities
2. Identify hazard
3. Conduct risk assessment (analyze
and estimate risk from each
hazard), by calculating or
estimating
4. Decide if risk is tolerable and apply
control measures
Flowchart of HIRARC Process
Classify work activities
1. Geographical/Physical Areas
2. Production process
3. Not too big, eg: building car
4. Not too small, eg: fixing nut
5. Defined task, eg: loading, packing
Hazard identification
Control
Purpose: to highlight the critical operations of
Definition: the elimination or inactivation of a
tasks, that is, those tasks posing significant
hazard in a manner such that the hazard does
risks to the health and safety of employees as
not pose a risk to workers
well as highlighting those hazards pertaining
to certain equipment due to energy sources,
Selecting suitable control;
working conditions or activities performed.
1. Evaluating and selecting short and
long term controls
Divided to;
2. Implementing short-term
1. Health hazards
measures to protect workers until
2. Safety hazards
permanent controls can be put in
3. Environmental hazards
place
3. Implementing long term controls
Techniques:
when reasonably practicable
1. Any hazardous occurrence
Types of control;
investigation reports
1. Elimination
2. First aid records
2. Substitution
3. Medical programs
3. Engineering controls, eg: redesign,
4. Workplace inspection results
isolation, automation, barriers,
5. Employee complaints
ventilation
6. Reports made under OSHA 1994
4. Administrative controls, eg: safe
7. Hazardous substances record
work procedures, supervision,
training, job rotations, hygiene
Risk Assessment
5. PPE
Risk = Likelihood x Severity
Documenting HIRARC Domino Theory 10. In addition to the direct costs of an Accident/Incident Theory
accident (i.e., compensation, Extension of human factors theory. Add new
Process; liability claims, medical costs, and elements;
1. Complete HIRARC Form hospital expenses), there are also 1. Ergonomic traps, eg: Incompatible
2. Record names, designation HIRARC hidden or indirect costs. with tools, workstations
team members 2. Decision to err, eg: Misjudgment of
3. Outline process workflow Factors lead to accident by Domino Theory risk, unconscious desire to err,
4. List all activities in ‘Work Activity’ 1. Ancestry and social environment logical decision based on the
5. Identify hazards 2. Fault of person situation
6. Determine effects each activity 3. Unsafe acts and 3. Systems failures, eg: Policy,
7. Record existing control measure Axioms of Workplace Safety mechanical/physical hazards responsibility, training, inspection,
8. Determine L and S 4. Accident correction, standards
9. Find Risk Assessment Values 1. Injuries result from a completed 5. Injury
10. Recommend appropriate control series of factors, one of which is Epidemiological Theory
measure the accident itself. Human Factors Theory Define: Study of causal relationships between
11. Assign suitable person to 2. Injuries result from a completed Define: Attributes accidents to a chain of environmental factors and disease.
implement the recommended risk series of factors, one of which is events ultimately caused by human error. Components:
control (With follow up action date the accident itself. Factors: 1. Predisposition Characteristics
and status) 3. Most accidents are the result of 1. Overload 2. Situational Characteristics
unsafe behavior by people. 2. Inappropriate Response
CHAPTER 6 4. An unsafe act by a person or an 3. Inappropriate Activities Predisposition Characteristics
THEORY OF ACCIDENT CAUSATION, unsafe condition does not always 1. Susceptibility of people
INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS immediately result in an accident Overload: 2. Perceptions
or injury. An imbalance between a person’s capacity at 3. Environmental factors
Accidents in Construction 5. The reasons why people commit any given time and the load that the person is
unsafe acts can serve as helpful carrying in a given state. Situational Characteristics
Causes: guides in selecting corrective 1. Environmental factor, eg: noise 1. Risk assessment by individuals
1. Physical hazards actions. 2. Internal factor, eg: stress 2. Peer pressure
2. Environmental hazards 6. The severity of an accident is 3. Situation factor, eg: unclear 3. Attitude
3. Human factors largely fortuitous, and the accident instructions 4. Priorities of supervisor
4. No safety regulations that caused it is largely
5. Poor communication preventable. Inappropriate Response: Systems Theory
7. The best accident prevention 1. A person detects a hazardous Define: A group of regularly interacting and
Theories of Accident Causation techniques are analogous with the condition but does nothing to interrelated components that together form a
best quality and productivity correct it unified whole.
1. Domino theory standards. 2. A person disregards an established
2. Human factors theory 8. Management should assume safety procedure.
3. Accident/Incident theory responsibility for safety because it
4. Epidemiological theory is in the best position to get Inappropriate Activities:
5. System theory results. 1. Person who undertakes a task that
6. Combination theory 9. The supervisor is the key person in he / she does not know how to do.
7. Behavioral theory the prevention of workplace 2. A person who misjudges the
accidents. degree of risk involved in a given
task and proceeds on that
misjudgment.
 4. Focus on the positive Command Error Dealing with immediate risks
Factors should be considered before collecting consequences that result from the 1. Training - Make situation safe for prevent
information, weighing risks and making a desired behavior as a way to 2. Education further injury
decision: motivate employees. 3. Motivation - Help, treat, rescue injured persons
1. Job requirements 5. Apply scientific method to improve 4. Task Design Select level of investigation
2. Workers abilities, limitations attempts at behavioral System Defect The greatest effort should be put into:
3. Gain if task completed interventions. 1. SOP - Those involving severe injuries, ill-
4. Loss if task failed 6. Use theory to integrate 2. Regulations health or loss.
5. Loss if task is not attempted information rather than to limit 3. Policy Letters - Those which could have caused
possibilities. 4. Statements much greater harm or damage.
Eg: 7. Plan interventions with the feelings Operating Error Investigate event
- Person involve was inexperienced and attitudes of the individual 1. Engineering - Cause, sequence of event,
- Machine involve too old employee in mind. 2. Training countermeasure
- Stressful environment 3. Motivation - By observation (eg: access & egress,
Eg: Mishap place of work, substance use)
Combination Theory Told a story of two employees at seminar. One 1. PPE - By documents (eg: written
Combination theory helps explain the actual was in a hospital bed surrounded by family 2. Barriers instructions, procedures, risk
cause of an accident by combining different members he did not even recognize; the other 3. Separation assessments, earlier test &
parts of several theories. was shown enjoying a family outing with happy Result inspection)
family members. 1. Firefighting - By interviews ( eg: Witnesses, those
Eg: 2. Rescue involved)
- Absence of supervisor Modern Causation Model 3. Evacuation Investigation Kit Preparations;
- Inexperience of worker 4. First Aid 1. Camera & Video camera
- Not follow safety procedures Seven Avenues 2. Recorder
- A faulty on safety harness 1. Safety Management Error Accident and Incident Investigation 3. Mobile Phone
- Unsafe design 2. Safety Program Defect 4. PPE
3. Command Error Purpose: To improve health and safety 5. Storing samples
Behavioral Theory 4. System Defect performance by; 6. Pre-printed
Referred to as Behavior-based Safety (BBS) 5. Operating Defect - Exploring the reasons for the event
6. Mishap and identifying both the immediate Record and analyses results
Principles of BBS 7. Result and underlying causes. - Provides a historical record of
1. Use intervention that is focused on - Identifying remedies to improve accident
employee behavior. Safety Management Error the health and safety management - Analysis causes, list the
2. Identify external factors that aid in 1. Training system by improving risk control, recommended measures
understanding and improving 2. Education preventing a recurrence and - All information shall passes to
employee behavior. 3. Motivation reducing financial losses. supervisors
3. Direct behavior with activator or 4. Task Design Review process/Follow up
events antecedent to the desired Safety Program Defect Stage in Accident Investigation - Result of investigation, analysis
behavior, and motivate employees 1. Revise Information 1. Dealing with immediate risks - Operation of investigation system
to behave as desired with 2. Collection 2. Select level of investigation
incentives and rewards that follow 3. Analysis 3. Investigate event
desired behavior. 4. Implementation 4. Record and analyses results
5. Review process
CHAPTER 7
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Categories of OHSAS
1. OHSAS 18001 – Occupational
Health and Safety Management
2. ISO 14001 – Environmental
Management System
3. ISO 9001 – Quality Management
System
OHSAS 18001:2007
To help organizations put in place
demonstrably sound occupational health and
safety performance.
ISO 14001:2004
To enable organization for developing and
implementing a policy and objectives about
environmental aspects.
ISO 9001:2008
To enable the organization for demonstrating
its ability to provide product that meets
customer requirements, aims to enhance
customer satisfaction through effective
application of system including their continual
improvement of system process.
Occupational Safety and Health Management
System
Safety Programs VS System Approach
Safety Programs
- Traditional approach
- Focused on compliance with
standards/regulations
- Do not have feedback mechanisms
- Performance is measured using
indicators like accidents, injuries
System Approach
- Including of 4 elements ( Input,
process, output and feedback)
- Classes in open and closed system
- Open system interacts with
external environment
- Closed system do not interacts with
environment
OHSAAS 18001 TOOL: PDCA
PDCA is an ongoing process that enables an
organization to establish, implement and
maintain its health and safety policy based on
top management leadership and commitment
to the safety management system.
P – Plan
- Establish the objectives and
processes necessary to deliver
results in accordance with the
organization’s OH&S policy
Eg:
1. Devise OH&S policy
2. Plan for hazard identification, risk
assessment and determination of
controls
3. Plan for emergencies and
responses
4. Provide appropriate use of safety
equipment
5. Training
D – Do
- Implement the process
C – Check
- Monitor and measure performance
against OH&S policy, objectives,
legal and other requirements, and
report results
Eg:
1. Conducting internal audits
2. Evaluation of legal compliance
3. Identify non conformities and
addressing them
4. Thorough analysis of incidents
5. Measure performance & action for an organisation.
monitoring
A – Act
- Take actions to continually improve
OH&S performance
H&S Management System
Specific commitments by BS8800;
Policy: Effective health and safety policies set
a clear direction for the organization to
follow.
Organizing: An effective management
structure and arrangements are in place for
delivering the policy.
Planning & Implementing: There is a planned
and systematic approach to implementing the
health and safety policy through an effective
health and safety management system.
Measuring Performance: Performance is
measured against agreed standards to reveal
when and where improvement is needed.
Auditing and Reviewing of Performance: The
organization learns from all relevant
experience and applies the lessons.
POLICY
- Establishes an overall sense of
direction and sets the principles of
- Sets goals for the level of OHS
responsibility and performance
required from the mine.
- Demonstrates the formal
commitment towards good OH&S
management, particularly that of
the organisation’s top
management.
1. Recognizing that OH&S is an
integral particle of its business
performance.
2. Achieving a high level of OH&S
performance, with compliance to
legal requirements as a minimum,
and to continual cost-effective
improvement in performance.
3. Provide adequate and appropriate
resources to implement the policy.
4. The setting and publishing of OH&S
objectives, even if only by internal
notification.
5. Place the management of OH&S as
a prime responsibility of line
management, from the most senior
executive to first line supervisory
level.
6. Periodic review of the policy, the
management system and audit of
compliance to policy.
7. Ensure that employees at all levels
receive appropriate training and
are competent to carry out their
duties and responsibilities.
8. Employee involvement and
consultation to gain commitment
to the policy and its
implementation.
PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING
Involves;
- Identify requirements for system
- Setting clear performance criteria
- Identify who is responsible
- Setting time scales
- Identify desired outcome
3 Key Need to be Address regarding both
BS8800 and OHSAS 18001
1. Risk Assessment & Management
2. Legal requirements
3. Health & Safety Objectives and
Programs
Emergency Preparedness & Response
Elements of Emergency
1. Planning
2. Practicing
3. Evaluating
4. Adjusting
Parts of Emergency Response Plan
1. Emergency planning
2. Emergency notification
3. Information requirements
4. Toxic chemical release reporting
Eg:
1. First Aid
2. Evacuation Planning
3. Training
4. Fire Drill
5. Trauma Response Team
Recovering from Disasters
Processes need to consider;
1. Structural integrity
2. Utility checks
3. Cleanup protection
4. Health and sanitation
5. Air quality and ventilation
6. Check wall, ceiling, floors
7. Check safety equipment
8. Lighting AUDITING AND REVIEWING PERFORMANCE Route to Registration
9. Hazardous waste removal Key requirements;
10. Check machines, equipment 1. Scheduling International
2. Management support 1. Introductory visit (Identifies areas
MEASURING PERFORMANCE 3. Audits OK and which areas need more
Purpose; 4. Auditors work)
1. Determine whether OH&S plans 5. Data collection and interpretation 2. Phase1 – Desk top review
have been implemented and Eg: 3. Phase2 – Implementation audit
objectives achieved - OH&S emergency procedures 4. Address non-conformances
2. Check that risk control measures - OH&S policy statement 5. BSI Registered
are in place and are effective - OH&S documentation
3. Learn from system failures such as - Minutes meeting of OH&S Benefit of Certification
areas of non-compliance, accidents - Trainign records 1. External audits ensure operational
and incidents - Accident records controls are maintained
4. Promote the implementation of 2. Reduce risk of accidents/incidents
plans and risk controls by providing 6. Audit results and financial losses
feedback to all parties 3. Maintain legal compliance
5. Provide information that can be Management Review 4. Use of BSI Registered symbol
used to review, and if necessary to
improve aspects of an OH&S Steps in management review Malaysia:
management system. 1. Inputs; 1. Application
2. Adequacy Audit
Active Measuring Systems 3. Compliance Audit
- Health surveillance reports 4. Certification
- Workplace exposure levels 5. Yearly surveillance
- PPE use 6. Re-assessment every 3 years
- OH&S specialist report
- Frequency and effectiveness of Benefit of Certification
OH&S committee meetings 1. OSH and OHSAS will help to comply
with legal requirement in OSHA
Reactive Monitoring Systems 2. Eliminate and minimize risk that
- Unsafe Acts associated with activities
- Unsafe Condition 3. Safeguarding business and high
- Lost time accidents confidence level from customers
- Major accidents, facilities 4. Increase staff morale and
- Sickness absences 2. Review commitment in OH&S
- Criticisms made by staff 3. Improvement action plan 5. Increase profitability and business
- Complaints made by public security
member