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1
Newton-Raphson Method
f(x)
f(xi) x f x f(xi )
i, i
xi 1 = xi -
f (xi )
f(xi-1)
xi+2 xi+1 xi X
AB
f(xi) B tan(
AC
f ( xi )
f ' ( xi )
xi xi 1
C A X f ( xi )
xi+1 xi xi 1 xi
f ( xi )
4
Step 1
5
Step 2
6
Step 3
xi 1- xi
a = 100
xi 1
7
Step 4
Compare the absolute relative approximate error
with the pre-specified relative error tolerance s.
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Example 1 Cont.
Solve for f ' x
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Example 1 Cont.
Iteration 1
The estimate of the root is
f x0
x1 x0
f ' x0
0.05
0.05 0.1650.05 3.993 10 4
3 2
30.05 0.330.05
2
1.118 10 4
0.05
9 10 3
0.05 0.01242
0.06242
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Example 1 Cont.
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Example 1 Cont.
Iteration 2
The estimate of the root is
f x1
x2 x1
f ' x1
0.06242
0.06242 0.1650.06242 3.993 10 4
3 2
30.06242 0.330.06242
2
3.97781 10 7
0.06242
8.90973 10 3
0.06242 4.4646 10 5
0.06238
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Example 1 Cont.
2 m
The maximum value of m for which a 0.5 10 is 2.844.
Hence, the number of significant digits at least correct in the
answer is 2.
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Example 1 Cont.
Iteration 3
The estimate of the root is
f x2
x3 x2
f ' x2
0.06238
0.06238 0.1650.06238 3.993 10 4
3 2
30.06238 0.330.06238
2
4.44 10 11
0.06238
8.91171 10 3
0.06238 4.9822 10 9
0.06238
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Example 1 Cont.
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Advantages and Drawbacks
of Newton Raphson Method
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Advantages
Converges fast (quadratic convergence), if
it converges.
Requires only one guess
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Drawbacks
1. Divergence at inflection points
Selection of the initial guess or an iteration value of the root that
is close to the inflection point of the function f x may start
diverging away from the root in ther Newton-Raphson method.
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Drawbacks – Oscillations near local
maximum and minimum
3. Oscillations near local maximum and minimum
roots.
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Drawbacks – Oscillations near local
maximum and minimum
Table 3 Oscillations near local maxima 6
f(x)
and mimima in Newton-Raphson method. 5
f xi a %
Iteration
Number xi 4
3
0 –1.0000 3.00 3
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Drawbacks – Root Jumping
4. Root Jumping
In some cases where the function f x is oscillating and has a number
of roots, one may choose an initial guess close to a root. However, the
guesses may jump and converge to some other root.
1.5
f(x)
For example 1
f x sin x 0 0.5
x
Choose 0
x0 2.4 7.539822
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.06307 0.5499 4.461 7.539822
-0.5
instead of
location of root for
f x sin
. x0
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THE END
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