Ito Ay Peke

including Snopes.com and FactCheck.
org, have posted guides to spotting and avoiding fake news

websites.[130][134] New critical readings of media events and news with an emphasis on literalism
and logic have also emerged.[135] Social media sites and search engines, such
as Facebook and Google, received criticism for facilitating the spread of fake news. Both of these
corporations have taken measures to explicitly prevent the spread of fake news; critics, however,
believe more action is needed.[132]
After the 2016 American election and the run-up to the German election, Facebook began labeling
and warning of inaccurate news[136][137] and partnered with independent fact-checkers to label
inaccurate news, warning readers before sharing it.[136][137] After a story is flagged as disputed, it will
be reviewed by the third-party fact-checkers. Then, if it has been proven to be a fake news story, the
post cannot be turned into an ad or promoted.[138] Artificial intelligence is one of the more recent
technologies being developed in the United States and Europe to recognize and eliminate fake news
through algorithms.[131] In 2017, Facebook targeted 30,000 accounts related to the spread of
misinformation regarding the French presidential election.[139]
Fake news by country

Australia
A well-known case of fabricated news in Australia happened in 2009 when a report Deception
Detection Across Australian Populations of a "Levitt Institute" was widely cited on the news websites
all over the country, claiming that Sydney was the most naive city, despite the fact that the report
itself contained a cue: amidst the mathematical gibberish, there was a statement: "These results
were completely made up to be fictitious material through a process of modified truth and credibility
nodes."[140] The Australian Parliament initiated investigation into "fake news" regarding issues
surrounding fake news that occurred during the 2016 United States election. The inquiry looks at a
few major areas in Australia to find audiences most vulnerable to fake news, by considering the
impact on traditional journalism, and by evaluating the liability of online advertisers and by regulating
the spreading the hoaxes. This act of parliament is meant to combat the threat of social media power
on spreading fakes news as concluded negative results to the public.[141]
Austria
Politicians in Austria dealt with the impact of fake news and its spread on social media after the 2016
presidential campaign in the country. In December 2016, a court in Austria issued an injunction on
Facebook Europe, mandating it block negative postings related to Eva Glawischnig-
Piesczek, Austrian Green Party Chairwoman. According to The Washington Post the postings to
Facebook about her "appeared to have been spread via a fake profile" and directed derogatory
epithets towards the Austrian politician.[142] The derogatory postings were likely created by the
identical fake profile that had previously been utilized to attack Alexander van der Bellen, who won
the election for President of Austria.[142]
Brazil
Brazil faced increasing influence from fake news after the 2014 re-election of President Dilma
Rousseff and Rousseff's subsequent impeachment in August 2016. BBC Brazil reported in April
2016 that in the week surrounding one of the impeachment votes, three out of the five most-shared
articles on Facebook in Brazil were fake. In 2015, reporter Tai Nalon resigned from her position at
Brazilian newspaper Folha de S Paulo in order to start the first fact-checking website in Brazil, called
Aos Fatos (To The Facts). Nalon told The Guardian there was a great deal of fake news, and
hesitated to compare the problem to that experienced in the U.S.[143] In fact, Brazil also have
problems with fake news and according to a survey have a greater number of people that believe
fake news influenced the outcome of their elections (69%) than the United States (47%)[144]
Canada
Fake news online was brought to the attention of Canadian politicians in November 2016, as they
debated helping assist local newspapers. Member of Parliament for Vancouver Centre Hedy
Fry specifically discussed fake news as an example of ways in which publishers on the Internet are
less accountable than print media. Discussion in parliament contrasted increase of fake news online
with downsizing of Canadian newspapers and the impact for democracy in Canada. Representatives
from Facebook Canada attended the meeting and told members of Parliament they felt it was their
duty to assist individuals gather data online.[145]
In January 2017, the Conservative leadership campaign of Kellie Leitch admitted to spreading fake
news, including false claims that Justin Trudeau was financing Hamas. The campaign manager
claimed he spread the news in order to provoke negative reactions so that he could determine those
who "aren't real Conservatives".[146]
Czech Republic
See also: Centre Against Terrorism and Hybrid Threats
Czech Republic has become home to numerous fake news outlets, many redistributing news in
Czech and English originally produced by Russian sources. Czech president Miloš Zeman has been
supporting media outlets accused of spreading fake news.[147]
The Centre Against Terrorism and Hybrid Threats (CTHH) is unit of the Ministry of the Interior of the
Czech Republic primarily aimed at countering disinformation, fake news, hoaxesand
foreign propaganda. The CTHH started operations on January 1, 2017. The CTHH has been
criticized by Czech President Miloš Zeman, who said: "We don't need censorship. We don't need
thought police. We don't need a new agency for press and information as long as we want to live in a
free and democratic society."[148]
In 2017 media activists started a website Konspiratori.cz maintaining a list of conspiracy and fake
news outlets in Czech.[149]
China
See also: Internet censorship in China
Fake news during the 2016 U.S. election spread to China. Articles popularized within the United
States were translated into Chinese and spread within China.[143] The government of China used the
growing problem of fake news as a rationale for increasing Internet censorship in China in November
2016.[150] China took the opportunity to publish an editorial in its Communist Party newspaper The
Global Times called: "Western Media's Crusade Against Facebook", and criticized "unpredictable"
political problems posed by freedoms enjoyed by users of Twitter, Google, and Facebook. China
government leaders meeting in Wuzhen at the third World Internet Conference in November 2016
said fake news in the U.S. election justified adding more curbs to free and open use of the Internet.
China Deputy Minister Ren Xianliang, official at the Cyberspace Administration of China, said
increasing online participation led to "harmful information" and fraud.[151] Kam Chow Wong, a
former Hong Kong law enforcement official and criminal justice professor at Xavier University,
praised attempts in the U.S. to patrol social media.[152]The Wall Street Journal noted China's themes
of Internet censorship became more relevant at the World Internet Conference due to the outgrowth
of fake news.[153]
The issue of fake news in the 2016 United States election has given the Chinese Government a
reason to further criticize Western democracy and press freedom. The Chinese government has also
accused Western media organisations of bias, in a move apparently inspired by President Trump.[154]
In March 2017, China used the phrase "Fake News" in the flagship newspaper, People's Daily, run
by the ruling communist party and emphasized President Donald Trump's well known phrase as they
denounced western news coverage of a Chinese lawyer and human rights advocate who had said
they had been tortured by the police.[154] A tweet by Peoples Daily reads "Foreign Media reports that
police tortured a detained lawyer is FAKE NEWS, fabricated to tarnish china's image". "The stories
were essentially fake news", Xinhua wrote, the state run news agency. The Chinese government is
known for its long history of denouncing most western news organizations.[155]
Another internal issue of fake news in China is associated with the power of internet and social
media. According to the Chinese government, there is a practice where people who present
themselves as Chinese journalists spread fake information about Chinese organisations, politicians,
and celebrities until they are paid by the affected parties to stop the action. These people use online
social media to spread fake news in order to achieve their goals. According to David Bandurski,
University of Hong Kong's China Media Projector, this problem is growing and worsening.[156]
Finland
Officials from 11 countries held a meeting in Helsinki in November 2016, in order to plan the
formation of a center to combat disinformation cyber-warfare including spread of fake news on social
media. The center is planned to be located in Helsinki and include efforts from 10 countries with
participation from Sweden, Germany, Finland, and the U.S. Prime Minister of Finland Juha
Sipilä planned to deal with the center in spring 2017 with a motion before the Parliament of Finland.
Jori Arvonen, Deputy Secretary of State for EU Affairs, said cyberwarfare became an increased
problem in 2016, and included hybrid cyber-warfare intrusions into Finland from Russia and Islamic
State of Iraq and the Levant. Arvonen cited examples including fake news online, disinformation, and
the little green men troops during the Ukrainian crisis.[157]
France
During the 10-year period preceding 2016, France was witness to an increase in popularity of far-
right alternative news sources called the fachosphere ("facho" referring to fascist); known as
the extreme right on the Internet (fr).[143] According to sociologist Antoine Bevort, citing data
from Alexa Internet rankings, the most consulted political websites in France in 2016
included Égalité et Réconciliation, François Desouche (fr), and Les Moutons Enragés.[158][159] These
sites increased skepticism towards mainstream media from both left and right perspectives.
In September 2016, the country faced controversy regarding fake websites providing false
information about abortion. The National Assembly moved forward with intentions to ban such fake
sites. Laurence Rossignol, women's minister for France, informed parliament though the fake sites
look neutral, in actuality their intentions were specifically targeted to give women fake information.
France saw an uptick in amounts of disinformation and propaganda, primarily in the midst of election
cycles. Social media outlets in France were overflowing with fake news prior to the 2017 presidential
election.[160] A study looking at the diffusion of political news during the 2017 presidential election
cycle suggests that one in four links shared in social media comes from sources that actively contest
traditional media narratives.[161] According to The Independent, Facebook corporate deleted 30,000
Facebook accounts in France associated with fake political information.[162]
Macron’s presidential campaign was attacked by the fake news articles much more than the
campaigns of more conservative candidates like Marine Le Pen.[163] Many sources believe the fake
information was coming from Russia, similar to what happened in the recent US presidential
election. One of the fake articles announced that Marine Le Pen won the presidency before the
people of France had even voted.[164] Clinton Watts, at the George Washington University Center for
Cyber and Homeland Security believes that these fake political articles will play a significant role in
the upcoming German election.[165]
In April 2017, Russian actors were accused by technology companies Trend Micro and Flashpoint of
leaking presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron's private emails and other documents on a file
sharing website. The leaked documents were mixed with fake ones in social media in an attempt to
sway the upcoming presidential election. The documents were said to include various professional
and private emails, as well as memos, contracts and accounting documents.[166][167] Director of
research with IS-based cyber intelligence firm Flashpoint, Vitali Kremez, said his analysis indicated
that APT28, a group tied to Russias GRU military intelligence directorate, was behind the
leak.[168] However, the head of the French cyber-security agency, ANSSI, later said that there was no
evidence that the hack leading to the leaks had anything to do with Russia, saying that the attack
was so simple, that "we can imagine that it was a person who did this alone. They could be in any
country."[169]
The newly elected President Macron of France, wants to combat the spread of fake news while he is
in office.[170]
Germany
German Chancellor Angela Merkel lamented the problem of fraudulent news reports in a November
2016 speech, days after announcing her campaign for a fourth term as leader of her country. In a
speech to the German parliament, Merkel was critical of such fake sites, saying they harmed political
discussion. Merkel called attention to the need of government to deal with Internet trolls, bots, and
fake news websites. She warned that such fraudulent news websites were a force increasing the
power of populist extremism. Merkel called fraudulent news a growing phenomenon that might need
to be regulated in the future. Germany's foreign intelligence agency Federal Intelligence
Service Chief, Bruno Kahl (de), warned of the potential for cyberattacks by Russia in the 2017
German election. He said the cyberattacks would take the form of the intentional spread of
disinformation. Kahl said the goal is to increase chaos in political debates. Germany's domestic
intelligence agency Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution Chief, Hans-Georg Maassen,
said sabotage by Russian intelligence was a present threat to German information security.[171]
India
Fake news in India has led to episodes of violence between castes and religions and interfered with
public policies. It often spreads through the smartphone instant messengerWhatsapp,[172] which had
200 million monthly active users in the country as of February 2017[173].
On November 8, 2016, India established a 2,000-rupee currency bill on the same day as the Indian
500 and 1,000 rupee note demonetisation. Fake news went viral over Whatsapp that the note came
equipped with spying technology that tracked bills 120 meters below the earth. Finance
Minister Arun Jaitley refuted the falsities, but not before they had spread to the country's mainstream
news outlets.[174] Later, in May 2017, seven people were lynched as rumor of child abductions spread
through WhatsApp in a village.[172]
Prabhakar Kumar of the Indian media research agency CMS, told The Guardian India was harder hit
by fake news because the country lacked media policy for verification. Law enforcement officers in
India arrested individuals with charges of creating fictitious articles, predominantly if there was
likelihood the articles inflamed societal conflict.
In July 2017, News18 India published a photograph of a flag alleged to be the Pakistani flag being
raised over Uttar Pradesh. The story caused widespread outrage in India, but the flag in question
was revealed to actually be a green Islamic flag, not the Pakistani flag.[175]
Indonesia
Recently, Indonesia has seen an increase in the amount of fake news circulating social media. The
problem first arose during their 2014 presidential election, where candidate Jokowi became a target
of a smear campaign which falsely claimed he was the child of Indonesian Communist Party
members, of Chinese descent, and a Christian.[176] Unlike the 2016 U.S. presidential election, where
the sharing of fake news resulted in increased social-media engagement than real news, inflaming
ethnic and political tensions could be potentially deadly in Indonesia, with its recent incidences of
domestic terrorism, and its long and bloody history of anticommunist, anti-Christian and anti-Chinese
pogroms.[176] The government, watchdog groups, and even religious organizations have taken steps
to prevent its spreading, such as blocking certain websites and creating fact-check apps. The largest
Islamic mass organization in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama, has created an anti-fake news campaign
called #TurnBackHoax, while other Islamic groups have defined such propagation as tantamount to
a sin.[176] While the government currently views criminal punishment as its last resort, officials are
working hard to guarantee law enforcement will respect the freedom of expression.
Israel/Palestine
Fake news about Israel has been published by the Palestinian Authority and news agencies.[citation
needed]
. The Second Intifada, for example, was sparked by the exaggerated account of retired
politician Ariel Sharon to the Temple mount in 2001[citation needed].People had been killed in the Western
Wall Tunnel riots in reaction to fake news accounts,[177] and one Egyptian newspaper reported on
when Israeli spy sharks trained to eat Arab bathers, an example of a Israel-related animal
conspiracy theories, in the Red Sea.[178] The Israeli state has been accused of spreading propaganda
in the USA.[179]
The Palestinian Islamist political organization, Hamas published a political program in 2017 intended
to ease its position on Israel. Among other things, this charter accepted the borders of the
Palestinian state circa the Six-Day War of 1967.[180] Although this document is an advancement from
their previous 1988 charter, which called for the destruction of the State of ‘’’Israel’’’, it still does not
recognize Israel as legitimate independent nation.[180] In a video, Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin
Netanyahu responded to the coverage of this event by news outlets such as Al Jazeera, CNN, New
York Times and The Guardian, calling their reporting fake news.[181] He specifically disagreed with the
notion that Hamas had accepted the state of Israel within their new charter, and called this "a
complete distortion of the truth.” Instead he said, “The new Hamas document says Israel has no right
to exist.” In a later speech, addressed to his supporters, Netanyahu responded to allegations against
him: “The fake news industry is at its peak… Look, for example, how they cover with unlimited
enthusiasm, every week, the left-wing demonstration. The same demonstrations whose goal is to
apply improper pressure on law enforcement authorities so they will file an indictment at any price.”
Observers likened his blanketed use of the term, ‘fake news’, for describing left-wing media to
Donald Trump, and his similar statements during the 2016 election cycle.[182]
Italy
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President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, Laura Boldrini, stated: "Fake news is a critical issue
and we can’t ignore it. We have to act now."
Between October 1 and November 30, 2016, ahead of the Italian constitutional referendum, five out
of ten referendum-related stories with most social media participation were hoaxes or inaccurate. Of
the three stories with the most social media attention, two were fake. Prime Minister of Italy Matteo
Renzi met with U.S. President Obama and leaders of Europe at a meeting in Berlin, Germany in
November 2016, and spoke about the fake news problem. Renzi hosted discussions on Facebook
Live in an effort to rebut falsities online. The influence became so heavy that a senior adviser to
Renzi began a defamation complaint on an anonymous Twitter user who had used the screenname
"Beatrice di Maio", the wife of a former minister.
The Five Star Movement (M5S), an Italian political party founded by Beppe Grillo, managed fake
news sites amplifying support for Russian news, propaganda, and inflamed conspiracy theories. The
party's site TzeTze had 1.2 million Facebook fans and shared fake news and pieces supportive of
Putin cited to Russia-owned sources including Sputnik News. TzeTze plagiarized the Russian
sources, and copied article titles and content from Sputnik. TzeTze, another site critical of Renzi
called La Cosa, and a blog by Grillo – were managed by the company Casaleggio Associati, which
was started by Five Star Movement co-founder Gianroberto Casaleggio. Casaleggio's son Davide
Casaleggio owns and manages TzeTze and La Cosa, and medical advice website La Fucina, which
markets anti-vaccine conspiracy theories and medical cure-all methods. Grillo's blog, Five Star
Movement fake sites use the same IP addresses, Google Analytics and Google Adsense. The 5 Star
Movement has rejected the accusations saying: "The investigation of Buzzfeed is a fake news" and
"The accuse of making propaganda pro Kremlin or to spread fake news are ridiculous."
Mexico
Main article: Peñabot
Myanmar
See also: Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar
In 2015, BBC News reported on fake stories, using unrelated photographs and fraudulent captions,
shared online in support of the Rohingya.[183] Fake news negatively affected individuals in Myanmar,
leading to a rise in violence against Muslims in the country. Online participation surged from one
percent to 20 percent of Myanmar's total populace from 2014 to 2016. Fake stories from Facebook
were reprinted in paper periodicals called Facebook and The Internet. False reporting related to
practitioners of Islam in the country was directly correlated with increased attacks on Muslims in
Myanmar. BuzzFeed journalist Sheera Frenkel reported fake news fictitiously stated believers in
Islam acted out in violence at Buddhist locations. She documented a direct relationship between the
fake news and violence against Muslim people. Frenkel noted countries that were relatively newer to
Internet exposure were more vulnerable to the problems of fake news and fraud.
Pakistan
Khawaja Muhammad Asif, the Minister of Defence of Pakistan, threatened to
nuke Israel on Twitter after a false story claiming that Avigdor Lieberman, the Israeli Ministry of
Defense, said "If Pakistan send ground troops into Syria on any pretext, we will destroy this country
with a nuclear attack."[184][185]
Philippines
See also: List of fake news websites § For Philippine audiences
Fake news has been problematic in the Philippines where social media has outsized political
influence. Following the 2016 Philippine election, Senator Francis Pangilinan filed that there be an
inquiry of conduct of social media platforms that allowed for the spreading of fake
news.[186] Pangilinan called for penalties for social media platforms that provided the public with false
information about his ideas. The news that came out was meant to discredit the opposing party and
used social media as an outlet to bring propaganda into the mainstream media.[187] According to
media analysts, developing countries such as the Philippines, with the generally new access to
social media and democracy, feel the problem of fake news to a larger extent.[188] Facebook is one of
the largest platforms being an open website, that works as a booster to sway the opinion of the
public due to manufactured stories. While Facebook provides free media sources, it does not
provide its users with the access to fact checking websites.[189] Because of this, government
authorities call for a tool that will filter out "fake news" to secure the integrity of cyberspace in the
Philippines.[186] Rappler, a social news network in the Philippines, investigated online networks
of Rodrigo Duterte supporters and discovered that they include fake news, fake accounts, bots and
trolls, which Rappler thinks are being used to silence dissent. The creation of fake news, and fake
news accounts on social media has been a danger to the political health of the country. According to
Kate Lamble and Megha Mohan of BBC news, "What we're seeing on social media again is
manufactured reality… They also create a very real chilling effect against normal people, against
journalists (who) are the first targets, and they attack in very personal ways with death threats and
rape threats." Journalists are often risking their lives in publishing articles that contest fake news in
the Philippines.[190]
The 2016 Filipino election was influenced, in large part, by false information propagated by fake
news outlets. By New York Times contributor Miguel Syjuco’s account, President Rodrigo Duterte
benefited from a disproportionate amount of complimentary fake news compared to his opponents.
The pro-Duterte propaganda spread across Filipino social media include fake endorsements from
prominent public figures like Pope Francis and Angela Merkel.[191] Duterte's own campaign was
responsible for a portion of the misinformation spread during the election; according to a study from
Oxford University’s Computational Propaganda Research Program, Duterte’s campaign paid an
estimated $200,000 for dedicated trolls to undermine dissenters and disseminate misinformation in
2016.[192]
An incident was the accusation made by Justice Secretary Vitaliano Aguirre II regarding 2017
Marawi Crisis in which he tagged various opposition senators and other people as masterminds of
the attack based on a photo shared through social media and other blog sites which produces fake
news.[193] Another government official, Communications Assistant Secretary Margaux "Mocha"
Uson has been accused of spreading fake news.[194][195]
The prevalence of fake news in the Philippines have pushed lawmakers to file laws to combat it, like
criminalizing its dissemination.[196][197] The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines strongly
opposes the spread of fake news as a sin, and published a list of fake news websites.[198][199]
Poland
Polish historian Jerzy Targalski (pl) noted fake news websites had infiltrated Poland through anti-
establishment and right-wing sources that copied content from Russia Today. Targalski observed
there existed about 20 specific fake news websites in Poland that spread Russian disinformation in
the form of fake news. One example cited was fake news that Ukraine announced the Polish city
of Przemyśl as occupied Polish land.[200]
Poland's anti-EU Law and Justice (PiS) government has been accused of spreading "illiberal
disinformation" to undermine public confidence in the European Union.[201] Maria Snegovaya of
Columbia University said: "The true origins of this phenomenon are local. The policies of Fidesz and
Law and Justice have a lot in common with Putin's own policies."[201]
Some mainstream outlets were long accused of fabricating half-true or outright false information.
One of popular TV stations, TVN, in 2010 attributed to Jarosław Kaczyński (then an opposition
leader) words that "there will be times, when true Poles will come to the power".[202] However,
Kaczyński has never uttered those words in the commented speech.
Russia
Russian state has allegedly invested significant resources in organized and systematic distribution of
fake news on an industrial scale. News agencies Russia Today and Sputnik International, Olgino
troll factory and hackers from APT28 are all officially or unofficially associated with Russian
government structures and used as part of organized active measures campaign to influence
global public opinion on politically sensitive matters whenever Russian point of view conflicts with the
Western one.[203][204]
See also: Russia–European_Union_relations § Allegations of Russian intimidation and
destabilisation of EU states
Classified briefings in the summer of 2016 from the CIA indicate that Russia attempted to sway the
vote in favor of Donald Trump as president of the United States.[205]
Singapore
Under existing Singapore law, "Any person who transmits or causes to be transmitted a message
which he knows to be false or fabricated shall be guilty of an offence".[206]
On March 18, 2015, a fake screenshot of Prime Minister's Office website announcing the demise of
the Mr Lee Kuan Yew went viral. Several international news agencies such as CNN and China
Central Television fell for the prank and reported it as news. The image was created by a student to
demonstrate to his classmates how fake news could be easily created and propagated. The student
received stern police warning as a consequence.[207]
The Minister for Law K. Shanmugam views the current remedies as limited and ineffective[208] and
has indicated that the government intends to introduce legislation to combat fake news in 2018.[209]
The Mothership, which was founded by ex-Minister George Yeo, has been rapped by MOE for
propagating fake news on Singapore's culture of compliance purportedly made by its official.[210] The
States Times Review, which claimed a near-zero turnout to mock at the late President S. R.
Nathan's state funeral, was singled out by K Shanmugam for spreading fake news.[211] Even,
STOMP, owned by government-controlled SPH has not been spared of such accusations. [212]
It does not help that the integrity and impartiality of the mainstream media is in doubt due to political
interference and self-censorship. Legislation against fake news is regarded by some as a further
attempt to curb the free flow of information, so that only the "real news", as dictated by the
government, gets disseminated to the public.[213]
A state-run website, Factually, has been set up by the Ministry of Communications and Information
to present the government's version of news, purportedly to represent "facts" and counter
"falsehoods", especially on issues of public interest such as environment, housing and transport.[214]
A Parliamentary Select Committee led by Punggol East MP Charles Chong has been set up to
tackle fake news by proposing new laws.[215] Ironically, Charles Chong himself is accused of
spreading falsehood in the 2015 General Election which played a significant role in his victory over
Workers' Party MP Lee Li Lian.[216] Renowned historian Dr Thum Ping Tjin pointed out that the PAP
government has been the major perpetrator of fake news and listed the Marxist Conspiracy as the
most significant fake news that has ever occurred in Singapore.[217][218]
Internet giants Facebook and Google warned Singapore against introducing new laws to combat
"fake news", saying that existing legislation is adequate to address the problem and that that an
effective way of combating misinformation is through educating citizens on how to distinguish
reliable from unreliable information.[219]
The Select Committee on Deliberate Online Falsehood was accused of publishing falsehoods of its
own in a summary report. Complaints of misrepresentation were lodged by five witnesses, forcing
the committee to amend its report.[220]
South Africa
A wide range of South African media sources have reported fake news as a growing problem and
tool to both increase distrust in the media, discredit political opponents, and divert attention from
corruption.[221] Media outlets owned by the Gupta family have been noted by other South African
media organisations such as The Huffington Post (South Africa), Sunday Times, Radio 702, and City
Press for targeting them.[222] Individuals targeted include Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan who was
seen as blocking Gupta attempts at state capture with accusations levelled against Gordhan of
promoting state capture for "white monopoly capital".[223][224]
The African National Congress (ANC) was taken to court by Sihle Bolani for unpaid work she did
during the election on the ANC's behalf. In court papers Bolani stated that the ANC used her to
launch and run a covert R50 million fake news and disinformation campaign during the 2016
municipal elections with the intention of discrediting opposition parties.[225][226][227]
South Korea
South Korean journalists and media experts lament political hostility between Korea's which
distorts Media coverage of North Korea[228] and North Korea has attributed erroneous reporting to
South Korea and United States with being critical to media organization Chosun Ilbo[229] while also
American journalist Barbara Demick had made similar criticisms on media coverage of North.[229]
Spain
Fake news in Spain has become much more prevalent in the past year, but has been a major factor
in Spain's history. The United States government published a fake article in regards to the purchase
of the Philippines from Spain, which they had already purchased.[230] Despite this, the topic of fake
news has traditionally not been given much attention to in Spain, until the newspaper El
País launched the new blog dedicated strictly to truthful news entitled "Hechos"; which literally
translates to "fact" in Spanish. David Alandete, the managing editor of El País, stated how many
people misinterpret fake news as real because the sites "have similar names, typography, layouts
and are deliberately confusing" (Southern).[231] Alandete made it the new mission of El País "to
respond to fake news" (Scott).[232] María Ramírez of Univision Communications has stated that much
of the political fake news circulating in Spain is due to the lack of investigative journalism on the
topics. Most recently El País has created a fact-checking position for five employees, to try and
debunk the fake news released.[231]
Sweden
The Swedish Security Service issued a report in 2015 identifying propaganda from Russia infiltrating
Sweden with the objective to amplify pro-Russian propaganda and inflame societal conflicts.
The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB), part of the Ministry of Defence of Sweden,
identified fake news reports targeting Sweden in 2016 that originated from Russia. Swedish Civil
Contingencies Agency official Mikael Tofvesson stated a pattern emerged where views critical of
Sweden were constantly repeated. The Local identified these tactics as a form of psychological
warfare. The newspaper reported the MSB identified Russia Today and Sputnik News as significant
fake news purveyors. As a result of growth in this propaganda in Sweden, the MSB planned to hire
six additional security officials to fight back against the campaign of fraudulent information.[233]
Syria
In February 2017, Amnesty International reported that up to 13,000 people had been hanged in a
Syrian prison as part of an “extermination” campaign. Syrian president Bashar al-Assad questioned
the credibility of Amnesty International and called the report "fake news" fabricated to undermine the
government. "You can forge anything these days - we are living in a fake news era.” [234]
Taiwan
In a report in December 2015 by The China Post, a fake video shared online showed people a light
show purportedly made at the Shihmen Reservoir. The Northern Region Water Resources Office
confirmed there was no light show at the reservoir and the event had been fabricated. The fraud led
to an increase in tourist visits to the actual attraction.
According to the news updated paper from the Time World in regards the global threat to free
speech, the Taiwanese government has reformed its policy on education and it will include "media
literacy" as one part of school curriculum for the students. It will be included to develop the critical
thinking skills needed while using social media. Further, the work of media literacy will also include
the skills needed to analyze propaganda and sources, so the student can clarify what is fake
news.[235]
Ukraine
Since the Euromaidan and the beginning of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, the Ukrainian media
circulated several fake news stories and misleading images, including a dead rebel photograph with
a Photoshop-painted tattoo which allegedly indicated that he belonged to Russian Special
Forces,[236] a video game screenshot disguised as a satellite image ostensibly showing the shelling of
the Ukrainian border from Russia,[237] and the threat of a Russian nuclear attack against the
Ukrainian troops.[238] The recurring theme of these fake news was that Russia was solely to blame for
the crisis and the war in Donbass.[238]
In 2015 the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe published a report criticizing
Russian disinformation campaigns to disrupt relations between Europe and Ukraine after ouster
of Viktor Yanukovych. According to Deutsche Welle, similar tactics were used by fake news websites
during the US elections. A website, StopFake was created by Ukrainian activists in 2014 to debunk
fake news in Ukraine, including media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis.[239]
United Kingdom
See also: Fake news website § United Kingdom
On December 8, 2016, Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Alex Younger delivered a
speech to journalists at the MI6 headquarters where he called fake news and propaganda damaging
to democracy. Younger said the mission of MI6 was to combat propaganda and fake news in order
to deliver to his government a strategic advantage in the information warfare arena, and assist other
nations including Europe. He called such methods of fake news propaganda online a "fundamental
threat to our sovereignty". Younger said all nations that hold democratic values should feel the same
worry over fake news.[240]
However, definitions of "fake news" have been controversial in the UK, with political satire being
seen as a key element of British humor.[241]
United States
See also: Fake news websites in the United States and Media bias in the United States
Fake news became a global subject and was widely introduced to billions as a subject mainly due to
the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[2][242][243][244][245][246][247] Numerous political commentators and
journalists wrote and stated in media that 2016 was the year of fake news and as a result nothing
will ever be the same in politics and cyber security.[248]Due to the fair amount of fake news in 2016, it
became hard to tell what was real in 2017. Donald Trump tweeted or retweeted posts about "fake
news" or "fake media" 176 times this year as of Dec. 20, according to an online archive of all of
Trump's tweets.[249] Governmental bodies in the U.S. and Europe started looking at contingencies
and regulations to combat fake news specially when as part of a coordinated intelligence campaign
by hostile foreign governments.[250][251] Online tech giants Facebook and Google started putting in
place means to combat fake news in 2016 as a result of the phenomenon becoming globally
known.[252][253] Google Trends shows that the term "fake news" gained traction in online searches in
October 2016.[254]
Professor Philip N. Howard of the Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford studied web
traffic in the United States prior to the election. He found that about one half of all news on Twitter
directed at Michigan was junk or fake, and the other half came from actual professional news
sources.[85]
According to BuzzFeed, during the last three months of the presidential campaign, of the top twenty
fake election-related articles on Facebook, seventeen were anti-Clinton or pro-Trump. Facebook
users interacted with them more often than with stories from genuine news outlets.[60]
Debate over the impact of fake news in the election, and whether or not it significantly impacted the
election of the Republican candidate Donald Trump, whom the most shared fake stories
favored,[91][92] led researchers from Stanford to study the impact of fake news shared on social media,
where 62% of U.S. adults get their news from. They assessed that 8% of readers of fake news
recalled and believed in the content they were reading, though the same share of readers also
recalled and believed in "placebos" — stories they did not actually read, but that were produced by
the authors of the study. In comparison, over 50% of the participants recalled reading and believed
in true news stories. The authors do not assess the final impact of these numbers on the election,
but seek to "offer theoretical and empirical background" for the debate.[14]
60 Minutes producers said President Trump uses the phrase "fake news" to mean something else: "I take
offense with what you said."[16]
In the United States in the run-up to the 2016 presidential election, fake news was particularly
prevalent and spread rapidly over social media "bots", according to researchers at the Oxford
Internet Institute.[255][256] In a speech shortly after the election, former Democratic candidate Hillary
Clinton warned of the "real-world consequences" of fake news.[257] Shortly thereafter, in the early
weeks of his presidency, U.S. President Donald Trump frequently used the term "fake news" to refer
to traditional news media, singling out CNN.[258] Linguist George Lakoff says this creates confusion
about the phrase's meaning.[259] According to CBS 60 Minutes, President Trump may use the term
fake news to describe any news, however legitimate or responsible, with which he may disagree.[85]
After Republican Colorado State Senator Ray Scott used the term as a reference to a column in
the Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, the newspaper's publisher threatened a defamation lawsuit.[260][261]
In December 2016, an armed North Carolina man, Edgar Maddison Welch, traveled to Washington,
D.C., and opened fire at the Comet Ping Pong pizzeria, driven by a fake online news story known as
the Pizzagate conspiracy theory, which accused the pizzeria of hosting a pedophile ring run by
Democratic Party leaders.[262] These stories tend to go viral quickly. Social media systems, such
as Facebook, play a large role in the broadcasting of fake news. These systems show users content
that reflects their interests and history, leading to fake and misleading news. Following a plea
agreement with prosecutors, Welch pleaded guilty to the federal charge of interstate transport of
firearms and a District of Columbia charge of assault with a dangerous weapon. Welch was
sentenced to four years in prison on June 22, 2017 and agreed to pay $5,744.33 for damages to the
restaurant.[263]
A situation study by The New York Times shows how a tweet by a person with no more than 40
followers went viral and was shared 16,000 times on Twitter.[264] The tweet concluded that protesters
were paid to be bussed to Trump demonstrations and protest. A Twitter user then posted a
photograph of two buses outside a building, claiming that those were the Anti-Trump protesters. The
tweet immediately went viral on both Twitter and Facebook. Fake news can easily spread due to the
speed and accessibility of modern communications technology.
A CNN investigation examined exactly how fake news can start to trend.[265] There are "bots" used by
fake news publishers that make their articles appear more popular than they are. This makes it more
likely for people to discover them. "Bots are fake social media accounts that are programmed to
automatically 'like' or retweet a particular message."[266]
Fraudulent stories during the 2016 U.S. presidential election included the claim that Donald Trump
was born in Pakistan, a viral post popularized on Facebook that Pope Francis had endorsed Trump,
and another that actor Denzel Washington "backs Trump in the most epic way
possible".[267][268] Trump's son and campaign surrogate Eric Trump, top national security
adviser Michael Flynn, and then-campaign managers Kellyanne Conway and Corey
Lewandowski shared fake news stories during the campaign.[269][270][271][272]
Starting in July 2017, President Trump's 2020 presidential campaign launched Real News Update,
an online news program posted on Facebook. The series reports on Trump's accomplishments
as president of the United States and claims to highlight "real news" as opposed to alleged "fake
news". Lara Trump introduced one video by saying "If you are tired of all the fake news out
there...we are going to bring you nothing but the facts" and "I bet you haven't heard about all the
accomplishments the president had this week, because there's so much fake news out
there".[273] The show has been labelled as "propaganda".[274]
In January 2018, it was reported that a Gallup-Knight Foundation survey found that 17% of
Democrats and 42% of Republicans "consider accurate news stories that cast a politician or political
group in a negative light to always be 'fake news.'"[275]
See also
• Journalism portal
• Alarmism
• Alternative facts
• Climate change denial
• Demoralization (warfare)
• Fearmongering
• Internet meme
• Journalism ethics and standards
• Lying press – German phrase
• Media bias
• Media coverage of North Korea
• Pseudohistory
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Further reading
Wikiquote has quotations
related to: Fake news
• "Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: 'This Is All About Income'" The New York
Times November 25, 2016
• An online journal for Paul Horner and all of his hoaxes and fake news over the past 20 years
• Elizabeth Schumacher (January 4, 2018). "Fake news 'casts wide net but has little
effect'". Deutsche Welle.
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