Chapter 1-Computer-Technology (Feb 2018)

XP
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Computers and Technology
Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 1

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Objectives
1. Explain why it is essential to learn about computers today.
2. Discuss several ways computers are integrated into our

business and personal lives.
3. Define a computer and describe its primary operations.
4. List some important milestones in computer evolution.
5. Identify the major components of a personal computer,

including input, processing, output, storage, and
communications hardware.

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Objectives (cont’d)
6. Discuss the differences between system software and

application software and list examples of each.
7. Describe the purpose of a network and explain what the

Internet is.
8. List the five basic types of computers, providing at least one

example for each type of computer and stating its primary use.
9. Provide an overview of the societal impact of computers,

including some benefits and risks related to their prominence
in society.

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Why Learn About Computers?
• Computers are so prominent in our society and will

become even more so in the future.
• Knowing something about computers can help you

buy the right one for your needs, help you get the
most efficient use out of it, and give you a higher
level of comfort and confidence along the way.
• Basic computer literacy—knowing about and

understanding computers and their uses—is an
essential skill today for everyone.

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How are Computers Used Today?
• At home – home computer use has increased

dramatically over the last few years.
• In education – commonly used as a student-based

learning tool and instructor presentation tool.
• In the workplace – used by all types of employees in

all types of businesses.
• On the go – people use all types of computers in day-

to-day life.

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Computer Use at Home
Reference – many households today have access

to the Internet at home to retrieve news and other
useful information.
Figure 1-1

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Education and entertainment – for children and

adults alike, computers and the Internet offer a
host of educational and entertainment activities.
Figure 1-1

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Communications – many people exchange e-mail

and instant messages from home on a regular
basis.
Figure 1-1

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Smart appliances – regular appliances with

computer technology built in are becoming more
common.
Figure 1-1

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Computer Use in Education
Classrooms and computer labs - most students today

have access to computers at school.
Figure 1-2

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Presentations – students and teachers often use

computers and projection equipment for classroom
presentations.
Figure 1-2

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Distance learning – students today can take classes

from home or wherever they happen to be.
Figure 1-2

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Computer Use in the Workplace
Decision making – many individuals today use a

computer at work to help them evaluate alternatives
and make on-the-job decisions.
Figure 1-3

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Communications – handheld and wearable computers

can be used by employees who need to record data
or access data while out in the field.
Figure 1-3

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Productivity – many individuals today use a computer

at work to perform on-the-job tasks.
Figure 1-3

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Computer Use While On the Go
Portable computers – Many people carry portable

computers with them at all times or when they travel to
remain in touch with others and Internet resources.
Figure 1-4

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GPS applications – Devices with GPS capabilities can

be used for navigational purposes.
Figure 1-4

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Self-service kiosks – Computerized kiosks are found in

a wide variety of locations today, such as hotels, retail
stores, airports, and other locations.
Figure 1-4

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Hotels, coffeehouses, and Internet cafés – Free or fee-

based Internet access is available at many hotels and
coffeehouses.
Figure 1-4

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What Is a Computer?
• A programmable electronic device that:

▪ Accepts data (input)
▪ Performs operations on the data (processing)
▪ Presents the results (output)
▪ Stores the data and results, as needed (storage)
• Communications is sometimes considered the fifth

primary computer operation.

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The Information Processing Cycle
Figure 1-5

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Computers Then and Now
Precomputers and Early Computers
• Began before approximately

1945.
• Included the abacus, slide

rule, mechanical calculator,
and Hollerith’s Punch Card
Tabulating Machine and
Sorter. Figure 1-6

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First-Generation Computers
• Approximately 1946-1957.
• Computers were powered by

vacuum tubes.
• Included ENIAC and UNIVAC.
Figure 1-6

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Second-Generation Computers
• Computers used transistors

instead of vacuum tubes.
• Included mainframe
computers.
Figure 1-6

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Third-Generation Computers
• Computers used integrated

circuits.
• Included mainframe and

minicomputers.
Figure 1-6

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Fourth-Generation Computers
• Approximately 1971-present.
• Computers used
microprocessors.
• Personal computers were

introduced.
Figure 1-6

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Fifth-Generation Computers
• From now and into the future.
• Computers may be based on artificial intelligence

and use voice recognition as the primary interface.
• Computers may take a different physical form, such

as an optical computer.

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Hardware
• Hardware – all of the physical parts of the computer,

such as the keyboard, screen, and printer.
• Hardware can be internal or external.
• Input device – any piece of equipment that is used to

input data into the computer.
• The main processing device for a computer is the

central processing unit (CPU).

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Hardware
• Output device – accepts processed data from the

computer and presents it to the user.
• Storage devices – a variety of drives and storage

media used to store data.
• Communications devices, such as modems and

network adapters, allow users to communicate
electronically with others.

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Typical Computer Hardware
Figure 1-7

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Software
• Software – the programs or instructions used to tell

the hardware in a computer system what to do.
• System software – the collection off software that

allows a computer to operate.
▪ The main system software program is the
operating system.
▪ Common operating systems are Microsoft
Windows, Mac OS, and Linux.

The Microsoft Windows Operating
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System
Figure 1-9

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Software
• Application software – programs designed to allow

people to perform specific tasks using a computer.
▪ Can be stand-alone programs or software suites
(collections of related software).
▪ Can be purchased on CD or DVD, or downloaded
from the Internet.

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Examples of Application Software
• Word-processing
programs
• Spreadsheet programs
• Multimedia programs
Figure 1-10

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Examples of Application Software
• Games
• Web browsers
• E-mail programs
Figure 1-10

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Software
• Programming language – a set of rules used to write

computer programs.
• Markup languages – indicate where text, images,

hyperlinks, and other elements on a Web page
should be displayed and how they should look.
• Scripting languages – enable Web developers to

include small sets of instructions, or scripts, within the
page’s HTML code.

Example of a Programming XP
Language
Figure 1-12

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Example of a Markup Language
Figure 1-12

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Computer Networks and the Internet
• A computer network
ties a group of
computers together so
that users can share
hardware, software,
and data, as well as
electronically
communicate with
each other.
Figure 1-13

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• The Internet is the largest and most well-known

computer network in the world.
• Networks access each other on the Internet via the

main backbone infrastructure.
• People connect to the Internet via Internet service

providers (ISPs), which are continually connected to
the Internet.

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• Common Internet activities include:

▪ Exchanging e-mail
▪ Viewing Web pages
• Web pages are part of the World Wide Web and are
viewed with a Web browser.

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Common Internet Activities
Figure 1-14

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Basic Types of Computers
• Mobile devices
• Personal computers (PCs)
• Midrange servers
• Mainframe computers
• Supercomputers

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Mobile Devices
• Mobile devices – small

devices with some type of
built-in computing or Internet
capability.
▪ Typically based on cellular

phones (smart phones).
▪ Can be used to access

Web page data and
exchange e-mail.
Figure 1-15

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Personal Computers (PCs)
• Personal computers (PCs) – designed to be used

by one person at a time.
▪ Widely used in homes, schools, and businesses;

can be connected to networks.
▪ Can be desktop PCs, portable PCs, or thin

clients.

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Desktop PCs:
• The complete system unit fits on or next to a desk.
• Can use:
▪ Desktop case
▪ Tower case
▪ All-in-one case
Figure 1-16

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Portable PCs:
• Are smaller than typical desktop PCs and are

designed to be easily carried around.
• Can be:
▪ Notebook computers
▪ Tablet PCs
▪ Handheld computers

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Thin clients:
• Designed to be used in conjunction with a company

network.
• Typically use a network server for storage and

processing.
• Also called network computers (NCs)

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Internet appliances:
• A type of network computer designed for accessing

the Internet
• Can be in the form of:

▪ Stand-alone device
▪ Set-top box
▪ Digital media
receiver Figure 1-20

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Midrange Servers
• Midrange server – a medium-sized computer

used to host programs and data for a small
network.
• Users connect to the

server using a PC,
thin client, or dumb
terminal.
Figure 1-21

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Mainframe Computers
• Mainframe computer – the standard

choice for organizations.
• Larger, more expensive, and more

powerful than midrange servers.
• Usually operate 24 hours a day and

accommodate thousands of users.
• Typically runs multiple programs at

one time.
Figure 1-22

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Supercomputers
• Supercomputer – the most powerful and most

expensive type of computer available.
• Generally runs one program at a time, as fast as

possible.
• Used for scientific research,

military applications,
weather forecasting, and
other high-performance
applications.
Figure 1-23

Benefits of a XP
Computer-Oriented Society
• Ability to design and test buildings before

construction and other virtual applications.
• Earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment of

diseases.
• Ability to shop, pay bills, research products, take

online courses, and locate information 24 hours a
day.
• Faster communications and financial transactions.

Risks of a XP
Computer-Oriented Society
• Stress and health concerns.
• Personal security and privacy issues.
• Fear of ―Big Brother‖ situations.
• These and more are discussed in Notes 4 through 8

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Summary
• Computers in Your Life
• What Is a Computer?
• Basic Types of Computers
• Computers, Technology, and Society

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Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 1

1. Explain why it is essential to learn about computers today.

2. Discuss several ways computers are integrated into our

3. Define a computer and describe its primary operations.

4. List some important milestones in computer evolution.

5. Identify the major components of a personal computer,

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 2

6. Discuss the differences between system software and

7. Describe the purpose of a network and explain what the

8. List the five basic types of computers, providing at least one

9. Provide an overview of the societal impact of computers,

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 3

• Computers are so prominent in our society and will

• Knowing something about computers can help you

• Basic computer literacy—knowing about and

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 4

• At home – home computer use has increased

• In education – commonly used as a student-based

• In the workplace – used by all types of employees in

• On the go – people use all types of computers in day-

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 5

Reference – many households today have access

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 6

Education and entertainment – for children and

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 7

Communications – many people exchange e-mail

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 8

Smart appliances – regular appliances with

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 9

Classrooms and computer labs - most students today

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 10

Presentations – students and teachers often use

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 11

Distance learning – students today can take classes

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 12

Decision making – many individuals today use a

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 13

Communications – handheld and wearable computers

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 14

Productivity – many individuals today use a computer

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 15

Portable computers – Many people carry portable

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 16

GPS applications – Devices with GPS capabilities can

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 17

Self-service kiosks – Computerized kiosks are found in

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 18

Hotels, coffeehouses, and Internet cafés – Free or fee-

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 19

• A programmable electronic device that:

• Communications is sometimes considered the fifth

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 20

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 21

Precomputers and Early Computers

• Began before approximately

• Included the abacus, slide

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 22

• Computers were powered by

• Included ENIAC and UNIVAC.

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 23

• Computers used transistors

Chapter 1 Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 24