COMPULSORY NETWORK SYSTEM
  - MODULE I -
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
Bringing Service Design to Service Sciences,
Management and Engineering
Stefan Holmlid Shelley Evenson
Human-Centered Systems Carnegie Mellon University
IDA Linköpings universitet School of Design MMC 110
581 83 Linköping Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
Sweden evenson@cmu.edu
steho@ida.liu.se

AB S T R ACT

Service design is defined as applying design methods and principles to the design of services. Service
design is complimentary to conventional service development approaches and as such should be-
come a contributor to Services Sciences, Management and Engineering (SSME). Two examples of
the unique contribution of methods that Service Design offers are described.

Introduction
Service design is often described as the outside-in perspective on service development [14].
More precisely, service design is concerned with systematically applying design methods
and principles to the design of services. Just as Industrial Management and Engineering
depends on Industrial Design, the service industry needs to develop, integrate and ap-
propriate design as a central competence.

What is Service design?

Service design is often described as the outside-in perspective on service development
[14]. More precisely, service design is concerned with systematically applying design
methodology and principles to the design of services. Service design as a field has a history
almost as old as Interaction Design [7, 15, 14]. It began in earnest in the 90’s and was
positioned relative to industrial design. Service design from our perspective assumes the
customer/user as the starting point or lens into a specific service and through the use
of creative, human-centered and user-participatory methods models how the service can
be performed. At the same time, service design integrates the possibilities and means to
perform a service with the desired qualities, within the economic and strategic intent of
an organization. Thus, in service design, collaborators “visualize, express and choreograph
what other people can’t see, envisage solutions that do not yet exist, observe and interpret
needs and behaviors and transform them into possible service futures, and express and
evaluate, in the language of experiences, the quality of design” [18].
Service Science, Management & Engineering (SSME) 342

As a discipline it should not be viewed in isolation, but as complementary to service

development, management, operations and marketing [6, 14, 5].

Service design activities appear throughout a service development process (see e.g. [5,
9, 17]). In our approach to designing for service innovation we integrate these activities
across a service development process that includes exploratory, generative, and evaluative
research that spans the entire design process—from discovery to release [8]. The process
differs from conventional approaches (see [2, 3, 11, 22]) in that instead of starting by
defining strategy—we start with exploratory or immersive research to lead to opportu-
nities for innovation in strategy. Another difference is that, service design as a design
discipline (see e.g., [14, 16]), is not singularly focused on designing processes—though
process analysis is one dimension of our approach to designing for service. Service design
contributes to service development in areas such as user orientation, contextualization,
and design as a strategic instrument [5, 12, 20, 4, 10].

The human-centered approach to designing for service innovation draws on a variety of

methods and ultimately depicts through enactment and prototyping how the service can
be performed, and with what qualities [18]. Service design in this sense, aims to create
services that are useful, usable, desirable, efficient and effective.

Bringing Design to Service

In the text that follows we describe two high-level categories of methods that can contrib-
ute to the advancement of SSME and drawn from our experience in service design and
innovation.

Human-centered methods
In other design traditions, such as architecture, and interaction design, human-centered
methodology has been a central part of research and practice since the 1980’s (see e.g.
[10]). Our approach to service design builds on this practice as we strive to involve cus-
tomers in all stages of the design process.

A human-centered approach begins with the person; with her goals, what she does, what
she wants to achieve, what she experiences. An important attribute of human-centered
methodology is that the overall process is iterative. That is, we frequently evaluate service
design solutions and ideas with the customers and other stakeholders, and their input
during these meetings heavily influences everything from incremental changes to break-
through innovations. Two particularly useful methods for centering on the person are
documenting the customer journey and using genre as a lens for exploring expectations.
ssme research 343

Documenting customer journeys

To get an understanding of the service experience it is crucial to “walk in the customer’s
shoes”—to understand and experience the customer journey—just the way a user would.
There are a variety of techniques for documenting the journey such as process mapping,
shadowing, and video ethnography, but what is most important is to understand all the
activities and constraints involved, and to chart out options that might be needed to
be tried later. Gathering quotes from actual customers about their service experience is
one way to highlight problems, opportunities and what people value with a service. For
example, in a museum where a lot of the visitors are children, one should walk through
the museum at the height of a child. When designing a parking service, one needs to
experience the signage to get to the facility as well as the parking meter, or when going
through the process of purchasing a book online, understanding delivery at the door can
be as important to the experiences as the electronic shopping cart.

Using genres as a lens to expectations

Understanding the role that people’s expectations play in approaching a service is an im-
portant topic in service research [21]. Working with genres as a framework for design is
a powerful technique [13]. Simplified, a genre can be described as an implicit contract
between producer and consumer, directing both the production process and the expecta-
tions of the consumer. For example, in the US there are several genres in health care deliv-
ery, from local clinics to large medical conglomerates. Explicitly exploring what evidence
communicates what attributes within and across the genre helps in setting expectations at
the service encounter. When we can identify clear genres and the components that differ-
entiate between genres and sub-genres, it provides a base-line and a model of expectations
and efficiency in service design.

Modeling, prototyping and enacting methods

Visualizations or models, prototyping, and enactments are crucial to successful service
design. Modeling, prototyping and enacting are closely related to activities in service de-
velopment, such as documenting the environment or servicescape [1], blueprinting [19],
and defining touchpoints [21]. Modeling, prototyping and enacting in service design
draws on the broader arts (such as Drama) as well as communication, industrial and
interaction design.

Modeling stakeholders
In the service design process, stakeholders are modeled in two ways. First, at the abstract
level a mapping or diagram of all stakeholders and their influence is created in order to
understand the relationships between providers, partners, users and peripheral influencers
to the service. Secondly, using this mapping and based real-world observation, personas
are created to capture and communicate different goal-oriented customer categories and
Service Science, Management & Engineering (SSME) 344

to maintain a deep connection the activities of the service. The personas are then used to
drive scenarios.

Modeling activities—the role of scenarios

Modeling what happens, how people act, in what order things happen and coordination
of back­stage and front-stage activities can be done through scenarios. Story-boards are
created as a narration, often in the form of comic strips, to describe the activities of a
particular stakeholder (or persona) in the service process. In the generative stages of the
design process, enabling users to illustrate, narrate and choreograph their ideal scenario,
highlights solutions and design objectives and often leads to service innovation. When
expressing their ideal scenario in this way, people embed the value they want from a
service, at the same time they express how it will fit it into their activities, lifestyle, and
fulfill their goals.

Prototyping
Prototyping in service encompasses the experience as well as the touchpoints. Prototypes
can range from rough sketches of “moments of truth” [5], to full scale brick and mortar
facilities. Creating cultural probes can also be effective in capturing a wider array of con-
cerns from customers. For example, with a technology probe a customer provided with a
white box to achieve her goals. In doing so she inscribes the service concept and behavior
in the white box, and distinguishes between parts of the service concept that she believes
can be performed through technology and parts that may need a human touchpoint.

Enacting
Working with dramaturgic methods allows designers and users to enact or perform service
experiences before they have been established in an organization. By doing that, anomalies
and alternative solutions can be found.

Letting users look at, try out and act out different suggestions for a solution provides
input on details as well as overall design decisions. Artifacts used in the enactment are
prototypes that invite comments from the participants. Artifacts used in enactments are
often designed to deliberately provoke users, in order to assess specific aspects of design
alternatives.

Conclusion
Based on the description of Service Design as a design discipline, it seems to be well fitted
to drive and support the development of SSME. Service design is human-centered and
participatory by nature; it brings unique methods and perspectives to service innovation
as illustrated by the two examples explained above. The service design practitioner’s focus
on the entire range from useful to effective, as well as a vision to drive the development of
ssme research 345

technology that creates value together with people; make it invaluable in the advancement
of SSME.

References
[1] Bitner, M. J., Servicescapes: The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees. Journal of
Marketing, 55(jan):10-25.
[2] Booz, A., Hamilton. New Product Management for the 1980s. New York: Booz Allen & Hamilton, Inc.
(1982)
[3] Bowers, M. R. New Product Development in Service Industries. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M
University. (1985)
[4] Bruce, M., Bessant, J. Design in business: Strategic innovation through design. Design Council, UK. (2002)
[5] Edvardsson, B., Gustafsson, A., Johnson, M., D., Sandén, B. New service development and innovation in
the new economy. Lund: Studentlitteratur. (2000)
[6] Edvardsson, B., Gustafsson, A., Roos, I. Service portraits in service research: a critical review.
International Journal of Service Industry Management 16(1):107-121. (2005)
[7] Erlhoff, M., Mager, B., Manzini, E. Dienstleistung braucht Design, Professioneller Produkt-und
Markenauftritt für Serviceanbieter. Herausgeber: Hermann Luchterhand Verlag GmbH. (1997).
[8] Evenson, S. Designing for Service. Proceedings of DPPI 2005, Eindhoven.
[9] Grönroos, C. Service management and marketing: Managing the moments of truth in service competition.
Lexington Books: New York. (1990)
[10] Holmlid, S. Interaction design and service design: A comparison of design disciplines. Submitted to
NordiCHI. (2006)
[11] Khurana, A., Rosenthal, Stephen R. Integrating the fuzzy front end of new product development. IEEE
Engineering Management Review, 25(4,):35-49. (1997)
[12] Kristensson, P., Gustafsson, A. and Archer, T. “Harnessing the Creative Potential among Users”, Journal
of Product Innovation Management, 21 (1) 4-14. (2004)
[13] Lundberg, J. Shaping online news: Genre perspectives on interaction design. Linköping Studies in Science
and Technology Dissertation No. 918. Linköping, Sweden: Linköpings universitet.
[14] Mager, B. Service design: A review. KISD, Köln. (2004)
[15] Manzini, E., Il Design dei Servizi. La progettazione del prodotto-servizio, in “Design Management”, n° 7,
Giugno, (1993)
[16] Moritz, S. (2005). Service design: Practical access to an evolving field. MSc thesis, KISD.
[17] Scheuing, E., Johnson, E. A proposed model for new service development. The Journal of Service
Marketing, 3(2):25-34. (1989)
[18] Service Design Network. Service design network manifesto. Unpublished. (2005).
[19] Shostack, L. Designing Services That Deliver,” Harvard Business Review, January-February, 133-9. (1984)
[20] SVID. Design ladder, available at http://www.svid.se/wlt/7FFF9336-1086-4965-8C4F­0CD72E90700B.
wlt
[21] Zeithaml, V. A., Parasuraman, A., Berry, L. L. Delivering Service Quality: Balancing Customer Perceptions
and Expectations. The Free Press, 1990.
[22] Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., and Gremler, D. Services Marketing: Integrating Customer Focus Across the
Firm, 4th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
  
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
  COMPULSORY NETWORK SYSTEM
  - MODULE II -
 

 
 
 

 

 

 
Malaysia
http:// www.who.int/countries/en/
WHO region
World Bank income group
Child health
Infants exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life (%)
()
Diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP3) immunization
coverage among 1-year-olds (%) (2015)
Demographic and socioeconomic statistics
Life expectancy at birth (years) (2015)
Population (in thousands) total (2015)
% Population under 15 (2015)
% Population over 60 (2015)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of
population) (2009)
Literacy rate among adults aged >= 15 years (%) (2007-2012) 93
Gender Inequality Index rank (2014)
Human Development Index rank (2014)
Health systems
Total expenditure on health as a percentage of gross
domestic product (2014)
Private expenditure on health as a percentage of total
expenditure on health (2014)
General government expenditure on health as a percentage of
6.45
total government expenditure (2014)
Physicians density (per 1000 population) (2010)
Nursing and midwifery personnel density (per 1000
population) (2010)
Mortality and global health estimates
Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births) (2015)
Under-five mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per
1000 live births) (2015)
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births) (2015)
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) (2014)
Public health and environment
Population using improved drinking water sources (%) (2015)
Population using improved sanitation facilities (%) (2015)
Sources of data:
Global Health Observatory May 2016
http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.cco
HEALTH SITUATION
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy, located in South-East Asia. As a
multicultural country, Malaysia is home to Malays, Chinese, Indians, Ibans,
Kadazans and other ethnic groups. In 2014, 0.6% of the population was below the
national poverty line, having reduced significantly from 8.6% in 1999, although
there remain persistent inequalities for indigenous people and the bottom 40%.
The Malaysian health system delivers a comprehensive range of services through
public and private providers. Malaysia has one of the lowest incidences of
catastrophic health expenditure in middle-income countries.
The country has had success in reducing the prevalence of communicable diseases
such as HIV, and is in the pre-elimination phase for malaria. Even though
immunization rates are good, there have periodic measles outbreaks, most recently
in 2011–2012. Dengue remains a difficult challenge and TB is stubbornly persistent.
NCDs account for 73% of deaths in Malaysia, including 35% of deaths among people
under 60 years. The prevalence of key NCD risk factors is significant in the
population, and many are undiagnosed. Mental health problems are increasingly
Western Pacific
prevalent in adults and children. An increasingly wide range of complex
environmental health issues is an ongoing challenge including air and water
Upper-middle-income
pollution and activities related to extractive industries.
99 HEALTH POLICIES AND SYSTEMS
Malaysia aims to become a high-income country by 2020 through Vision 2020 and
77.3 (Female) implementation of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan 2016–2020. This plan provides the
72.7 (Male) overarching framework for Malaysia's development and health is identified as a key
75.0 (Both sexes)
component. Four national strategies are identified for the health sector: 1)
30331
Enhancing targeted support, particularly for underserved communities. 2)
24.5 Improving system delivery for better health outcomes, 3) Expanding capacity to
9.2 increase accessibility, 4) Intensifying collaboration with private sector and NGOs to
0
increase health awareness. In support of this, the Ministry of Health Strategic Plan
2016–2020 identifies a vision of a “nation working together for better health”, with
five strategic objectives (outcomes).
42
62
4.17
44.82 COOPERATION FOR HEALTH
Malaysia generally does not receive significant bilateral aid for health. However
there is one HIV/AIDS grant from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and
1.198 Malaria. There is no United Nations Development Assistance Framework for
Malaysia, but it is proposed that a United Nations strategic partnership framework
3.276
for 2017–2020 be developed to support implementation of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and the Eleventh Malaysia Plan 2016–2020. Though
3.9 [3.0-5.0] WHO is the primary UN partner in health, other UN agencies also provide health-
related support. These include UNAIDS, the UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNHCR, , and
7.0 [6.3-7.9] the UN University International Institute for Global Health.
40 [ 32 - 53]
99.0
100.0 (Urban)
98.2 (Total)
93.0 (Rural)
96.1 (Urban)
96.0 (Total)
95.9 (Rural)
 WHO COUNTRY COOPERATION STRATEGIC AGENDA (2016–2020)
Strategic Priorities
STRATEGIC PRIORITY 1:
Facilitate multisectoral collaboration
and support coordination for health
Main Focus Areas for WHO Cooperation
1. Enhancing disaster risk reduction, preparedness, response and recovery including through coordination
of and information sharing on humanitarian action with partners as part of the United Nations
Humanitarian Country Team.
2. Strengthening the engagement and collaboration of communities, state and non-state actors beyond the
health sector, to achieve national priorities, such as NCDs, and work towards achievement of the SDGs.
3. “One Health” approaches to emerging disease surveillance and response, antimicrobial resistance (AMR),
urban health, injuries, water safety, disabilities, environmental health and health promotion.

STRATEGIC PRIORITY 2:
Strengthen policies and capacities to
build a more resilient, sustainable and
responsive health system that moves
even further towards universal health
coverage
1. Governance, organizational arrangements and financing to sustainably and equitably meet future health
needs, including for an ageing population.
2. Integrated, responsive and equitable delivery of quality health services, including human resource
planning and management, and the effective regulation and oversight of health technologies and service
delivery.
3. The availability, quality, management, analysis and use of disaggregated data to support performance
monitoring and improved service delivery, monitoring of equity, health risk management, and reporting on
national priorities and the SDGs or other regional/global commitments.

STRATEGIC PRIORITY 3:
Strengthen policies and capacities for
assessing, preventing, managing,
mitigating and monitoring health risks
and chronic conditions
1. The prevention and management of NCDs and conditions and their risk factors, including mental health,
injuries and disabilities, and enable individual and community empowerment and mobilization for health.
2. Environmental health, including strengthening the use of health impact assessments and similar tools to
be able to assess, advise, manage and respond to an increasingly diverse range of environmental health
issues and concerns.
3. Risk management, including strengthening the role and engagement of the health sector with national
and state systems and organizations responsible for disaster risk management, ensuring sufficient ongoing
IHR (2005) capacities and effective systems, monitoring and managing risks related to food safety and AMR,
and increasing the effectiveness of risk communication.

STRATEGIC PRIORITY 4:
Facilitate the use of Malaysian
expertise and sharing of experiences in
regional or global settings and events
and to provide expert advice to other
countries
1. Supporting Malaysia’s increasing role in sharing expertise and experience for the benefit of other
countries as well as to support the development of global and regional public health policies, strategies and
action plans, the sharing of experiences, and capacity-building.
2. Complementing Malaysia’s role in mechanisms such as ASEAN and the OIC.
3. Facilitating participation of Malaysia’s WHO collaborating centres in continuing to provide significant
contributions to the regional and global work of WHO.

rd
Please note that the 3 generation CCS 2014-2018 is being finalize

© World Health Organization 2017 - All rights reserved.

The Country Cooperation Strategy briefs are not a formal publication of WHO and do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the Organization. The presentation of maps
contained herein does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delineation of its frontiers or boundaries.

WHO/CCU/17.01/Malaysia Updated May 2017

 Sabah : Visitor Arrivals by Nationality 2002 - 2011
Nationality 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Asia 472,684 472,400 649,721 671,723 643,633 865,877 573,643 440,184 665,075 725,054 782,811
Brunei Darussalam 1 50,274 55,989 72,946 58,544 67,464 79,861 65,588 34,252 109,141 115,946 82,499
Philippines 46,897 53,865 51,383 57,626 49,580 66,427 65,805 61,944 71,404 50,195 64,141
Indonesia 233,857 208,128 290,147 386,189 303,636 459,985 181,747 91,892 222,975 250,830 259,827
Singapore 11,415 14,072 14,847 7,646 19,950 18,306 19,125 38,948 31,654 24,776 27,778
China & Hong Kong 24,507 40,298 65,769 51,475 61,567 77,495 87,175 87,217 97,072 133,736 193,010
Japan 25,569 24,500 44,006 32,379 35,667 32,387 35,939 33,985 26,645 31,554 26,006
Taiwan 65,506 49,509 78,675 43,600 46,578 49,338 34,166 31,599 46,213 51,969 45,479
Thailand 585 1,500 1,831 2,726 2,084 2,385 1,883 1,606 2,150 2,278 3,688
South Korea 14,074 24,539 30,117 31,538 57,107 79,693 82,215 58,741 57,821 63,770 80,383
Oceania 6,824 22,514 42,281 20,349 24,034 23,850 29,282 26,124 25,802 32,958 34,330
Australia 5,220 15,920 34,454 17,438 19,825 20,859 26,071 22,965 22,137 29,503 30,917
New Zealand 1,604 6,594 7,827 2,911 4,209 2,991 3,211 3,159 3,665 3,455 3,413
Europe 32,083 50,139 68,276 43,394 48,134 56,096 67,394 65,333 67,561 54,860 76,876
UK & Ireland 18,263 23,883 27,658 25,014 25,175 27,770 34,072 31,697 27,100 21,968 30,723
Germany 1,782 3,547 4,383 2,371 3,401 4,041 5,670 6,050 5,464 4,152 6,740
France 891 3,180 4,285 2,389 3,496 4,191 4,366 4,245 5,196 3,858 6,017
Denmark 2,057 1,868 2,959 563 1,476 1,852 2,170 2,238 2,343 1,765 2,606
Finland 695 1,378 2,539 1,784 1,025 799 841 872 1,142 1,076 1,373
Norway 810 2,010 2,749 403 365 328 577 801 1,290 985 1,146
Sweden 291 3,366 4,543 2,817 3,334 3,263 2,145 2,243 2,382 2,518 3,436
Belgium & Luxembourg 491 1,910 2,965 233 166 152 792 803 1,443 880 1,209
Italy 3,457 2,855 4,341 1,108 931 867 2,251 2,558 2,774 1,899 3,540
Switzerland 596 920 1,736 704 735 719 1,312 1,666 3,114 2,469 2,028
Netherlands 1,278 1,815 3,403 960 1,119 1,176 3,351 3,845 4,124 3,644 5,424
Russia 334 736 1,366 527 843 1,224 2,094 1,655 2,342 2,415 3,502
Others Europe 1,138 2,671 5,349 4,521 6,068 9,714 7,753 6,660 8,847 7,231 9,132
America 10,466 17,781 19,320 12,530 18,536 19,909 19,363 19,272 19,410 19,406 27,149
USA 6,010 8,131 9,382 6,289 11,126 12,596 12,140 12,556 13,075 12,222 19,469
Canada 4,456 9,650 9,938 6,241 7,410 7,313 7,223 6,716 6,335 7,184 7,680
Others 6,207 6,878 12,710 13,098 16,586 21,928 11,516 11,231 18,105 13,632 20,599
International 528,264 569,712 792,308 761,094 750,923 987,660 701,198 562,144 795,953 845,910 941,765
Malaysian 579,092 681,742 980,963 1,067,677 1,340,735 1,490,783 1,599,230 1,683,924 1,708,716 1,998,687 1,933,996
GRAND TOTAL 1,107,356 1,251,454 1,773,271 1,828,771 2,091,658 2,478,443 2,300,428 2,246,068 2,504,669 2,844,597 2,875,761
Source: MASB, Sabah / Immigration Dept, Sabah/ Malaysia Airlines, K.L./Air Asia / FAX /MASWings
Note: 1. Improvement of Data Collection method implemented by Immigration Malaysia (Feb 2008)
Prepared By Research Division For Sabah Tourism
Sabah : Visitors Arrival by Nationality 2013
2013(Preliminary) 2012 Growth %
Nationality Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Jan‐Dec (a) Dec (b) 12/13 (a) 12/13 (b)

ASIA 76,251 79,966 63,669 61,919 66,882 82,937 96,695 99,843 78,954 71,418 76,408 82,866 937,808 782,811 72,426 19.8 14.4
Southeast Asia 33,646 26,746 29,501 27,399 32,104 35,650 32,654 34,681 31,104 30,354 34,390 37,958 386,187 437,933 43,254 ‐11.8 ‐12.2
Brunei 8,924 5,440 5,750 5,501 8,123 10,496 8,575 9,003 7,675 8,312 9,362 11,961 99,122 82,499 13,498 20.1 ‐11.4
Philippines 4,531 3,122 2,706 3,501 3,604 3,761 3,952 4,120 2,749 4,148 4,347 2,823 43,364 64,141 5,474 ‐32.4 ‐48.4
Indonesia 18,227 16,171 17,306 16,326 17,913 17,046 18,004 19,367 18,209 15,812 17,923 18,841 211,145 259,827 20,113 ‐18.7 ‐6.3
Singapore 1,610 1,731 3,504 1,667 2,099 3,973 1,869 1,919 2,170 1,827 2,478 4,016 28,863 27,778 3,851 3.9 4.3
Thailand 354 282 235 404 365 374 254 272 301 255 280 317 3,693 3,688 318 0.1 ‐0.3

Northeast Asia 42,605 53,220 34,168 34,520 34,778 47,287 64,041 65,162 47,850 41,064 42,018 44,908 551,621 344,878 29,172 59.9 53.9
China (Including HKG & Macau) 24,357 35,240 21,654 22,666 22,233 32,935 45,044 43,144 32,664 27,388 25,494 27,542 360,361 193,010 14,401 86.7 91.3
Japan 2,449 2,551 2,949 2,115 2,138 1,531 2,396 4,754 3,028 2,056 2,025 4,514 32,506 26,006 4,070 25.0 10.9
Taiwan 4,268 5,975 2,885 3,574 3,893 5,031 6,905 5,161 4,948 4,430 2,816 2,655 52,541 45,479 2,693 15.5 ‐1.4
South Korea 11,531 9,454 6,680 6,165 6,514 7,790 9,696 12,103 7,210 7,190 11,683 10,197 106,213 80,383 8,008 32.1 27.3

OCEANIA 3,589 1,896 4,388 2,776 2,304 2,526 3,302 1,855 2,519 2,057 1,970 3,244 32,426 34,330 3,693 ‐5.5 ‐12.2
Australia  3,335 1,667 4,019 2,513 2,077 2,257 2,978 1,561 2,289 1,804 1,762 2,922 29,184 30,917 3,350 ‐5.6 ‐12.8
New Zealand 254 229 369 263 227 269 324 294 230 253 208 322 3,242 3,413 343 ‐5.0 ‐6.1

EUROPE 6,266 6,127 8,268 6,415 5,470 5,118 8,087 6,991 5,250 5,353 4,372 6,037 73,754 76,876 6,650 ‐4.1 ‐9.2
UK & Ireland 2,227 2,426 3,478 2,711 2,517 2,373 3,651 2,960 2,285 2,287 1,669 2,192 30,776 30,723 2,548 0.2 ‐14.0
Germany 401 469 1,083 921 439 378 553 609 490 413 373 510 6,639 6,740 533 ‐1.5 ‐4.3
France 399 477 504 571 491 359 553 653 349 416 242 455 5,469 6,017 455 ‐9.1 0.0
Denmark 197 309 321 125 164 171 510 179 162 174 151 243 2,706 2,606 165 3.8 47.3
Finland 196 141 156 72 54 79 78 61 77 90 122 205 1,331 1,373 236 ‐3.1 ‐13.1
Norway 74 127 166 65 24 83 109 54 57 93 70 76 998 1,146 106 ‐12.9 ‐28.3
Sweden 472 537 395 160 141 222 224 111 168 347 218 490 3,485 3,436 598 1.4 ‐18.1
Belgium & Luxembourg  34 78 171 112 110 74 190 113 69 92 80 95 1,218 1,209 87 0.7 9.2
Italy  191 157 215 189 159 171 268 719 228 164 148 216 2,825 3,540 197 ‐20.2 9.6
Switzerland  124 132 197 176 172 128 271 167 120 133 94 134 1,848 2,028 189 ‐8.9 ‐29.1
Netherlands 361 313 315 350 360 346 693 448 401 312 256 319 4,474 5,424 392 ‐17.5 ‐18.6
Russia  738 307 442 328 282 184 276 233 252 264 312 426 4,044 3,502 503 15.5 ‐15.3
Others Europe  852 654 825 635 557 550 711 684 592 568 637 676 7,941 9,132 641 ‐13.0 5.5

NORTH AMERICA 2,136 2,084 2,054 1,559 1,657 1,745 2,053 1,632 1,539 1,463 1,636 2,496 22,054 27,149 2,308 ‐18.8 8.1
U.S.A 1,309 1,294 1,273 1,013 1,009 1,187 1,268 1,091 1,051 901 1,009 1,588 13,993 19,469 1,493 ‐28.1 6.4
Canada 827 790 781 546 648 558 785 541 488 562 627 908 8,061 7,680 815 5.0 11.4

OTHERS 1,949 1,629 1,890 1,832 1,852 2,052 2,035 2,001 1,596 1,893 1,986 2,563 23,278 20,599 2,228 13.0 15.0
Total International  90,191 91,702 80,269 74,501 78,165 94,378 112,172 112,322 89,858 82,184 86,372 97,206 1,089,320 941,765 87,305 15.7 11.3
Total Malaysian  144,901 149,254 167,613 170,862 197,768 208,791 177,728 208,794 192,426 194,663 221,469 259,654 2,293,923 1,933,996 205,979 18.6 26.1
GRAND TOTAL (GROSS) 235,092 240,956 247,882 245,363 275,933 303,169 289,900 321,116 282,284 276,847 307,841 356,860 3,383,243 2,875,761 293,284 17.6 21.7
Source: MASB, Sabah / Immigration Dept, Sabah/Air Asia  Note: 1. Direct Arrivals statistics is based on the IMM26 cards and indirect arrivals is based on the Head Count Method by the Immigration Department.
Prepared By Research Division For Sabah Tourism 2. Malaysian arrivals is based on movements within Malaysia.
Sabah : Visitors Arrival by Nationality 2014
2014(Preliminary) 2013 Growth %
Nationality Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Jan‐Dec (a) Dec (b) 13/14(a) 13/14(b)

ASIA 92,409 75,426 80,212 67,195 59,159 62,051 69,509 77,910 59,214 59,981 56,959 67,962 827,987 937,808 82,866 ‐11.7 ‐18.0
Southeast Asia 28,752 13,080 29,725 26,090 26,734 29,961 25,113 28,680 28,530 31,263 31,481 39,842 339,251 386,187 37,958 ‐12.2 5.0
Brunei 5,354 5,730 6,154 4,382 4,949 7,491 4,772 5,796 7,352 10,699 8,645 13,943 85,267 99,122 11,961 ‐14.0 16.6
Philippines 4,596 2,647 4,111 5,463 4,828 4,288 3,870 4,272 3,824 4,213 4,668 4,452 51,232 43,364 2,823 18.1 57.7
Indonesia 16,914 2,456 16,287 13,526 14,488 14,808 14,273 16,207 14,970 13,842 14,980 17,650 170,401 211,145 18,841 ‐19.3 ‐6.3
Singapore 1,621 1,807 2,762 2,216 2,074 2,923 1,755 1,837 1,788 1,829 2,507 3,265 26,384 28,863 4,016 ‐8.6 ‐18.7
Thailand 267 356 297 359 313 362 373 453 511 577 551 450 4,869 3,693 317 31.8 42.0
Vietnam NA 84 114 144 82 89 70 115 85 103 130 82 1,098 N/A
Northeast Asia 63,657 62,346 50,487 41,105 32,425 32,090 44,396 49,230 30,684 28,718 25,478 28,120 488,736 551,621 44,908 ‐11.4 ‐37.4
China (Including HKG & Macau) 43,518 44,278 36,722 29,250 20,671 18,874 26,068 24,675 17,174 16,144 13,816 13,670 304,860 360,361 27,542 ‐15.4 ‐50.4
Japan 2,866 3,347 3,841 2,329 2,721 2,003 3,285 6,281 3,709 2,241 2,584 3,245 38,452 32,506 4,514 18.3 ‐28.1
Taiwan 2,950 2,767 2,008 2,415 2,010 2,812 3,646 3,368 2,607 2,075 2,630 1,896 31,184 52,541 2,655 ‐40.6 ‐28.6
South Korea 14,323 11,954 7,916 7,111 7,023 8,401 11,397 14,906 7,194 8,258 6,448 9,309 114,240 106,213 10,197 7.6 ‐8.7
OCEANIA 3,295 1,946 4,375 3,317 2,235 2,443 3,564 2,029 2,732 2,081 1,689 3,005 32,711 32,426 3,244 0.9 ‐7.4
Australia  3,015 1,783 4,079 2,991 2,053 2,200 3,184 1,798 2,490 1,859 1,503 2,671 29,626 29,184 2,922 1.5 ‐8.6
New Zealand 280 163 296 326 182 243 380 231 242 222 186 334 3,085 3,242 322 ‐4.8 3.7
EUROPE 8,118 7,287 8,155 8,177 5,478 4,989 8,785 8,657 5,823 6,620 4,709 6,099 82,897 73,754 6,037 12.4 1.0
UK & Ireland 2,025 2,740 3,596 3,600 2,445 2,349 3,923 3,432 2,579 2,757 1,898 2,234 33,578 30,776 2,192 9.1 1.9
Germany 1,439 1,116 993 675 446 370 491 698 491 453 338 417 7,927 6,639 510 19.4 ‐18.2
France 469 416 503 673 510 371 598 803 415 539 268 454 6,019 5,469 455 10.1 ‐0.2
Denmark 214 346 264 316 135 101 459 171 142 214 148 180 2,690 2,706 243 ‐0.6 ‐25.9
Finland 171 163 164 107 62 55 75 49 59 87 74 234 1,300 1,331 205 ‐2.3 14.1
Norway 141 75 114 161 66 71 97 64 75 97 79 114 1,154 998 76 15.6 50.0
Sweden 489 460 396 355 142 169 271 107 167 231 171 540 3,498 3,485 490 0.4 10.2
Belgium & Luxembourg  79 90 99 150 113 85 249 137 139 128 76 92 1,437 1,218 95 18.0 ‐3.2
Italy  435 191 197 276 140 151 313 970 260 206 182 216 3,537 2,825 216 25.2 0.0
Switzerland  320 170 201 206 142 129 299 165 136 149 127 143 2,187 1,848 134 18.3 6.7
Netherlands 397 314 434 474 368 419 846 665 472 508 303 314 5,514 4,474 319 23.2 ‐1.6
Russia  722 377 419 397 272 230 280 339 258 437 344 469 4,544 4,044 426 12.4 10.1
Others Europe  1,217 829 775 787 637 489 884 1057 630 814 701 692 9,512 7,941 676 19.8 2.4
NORTH AMERICA 2,266 1,916 2,621 2,099 1,768 1,756 2,042 1,718 1,620 2,129 1,583 2,130 23,648 22,054 2,496 7.2 ‐14.7
U.S.A 1,351 1,195 1,740 1,381 1,203 1,285 1,421 1,225 1,123 1,511 1,077 1,399 15,911 13,993 1,588 13.7 ‐11.9
Canada 915 721 881 718 565 471 621 493 497 618 506 731 7,737 8,061 908 ‐4.0 ‐19.5
MIDDLE EAST NA 145 218 261 261 213 156 390 236 236 150 163 2,429 N/A
OTHERS 1,841 2,951 1,636 2,136 1,993 2,618 1,962 1,995 1,734 2,989 2,449 2,546 26,850 23,278 2,563 15.3 ‐0.7
Total International  107,929 89,671 97,217 83,185 70,894 74,070 86,018 92,699 71,359 74,036 67,539 81,905 996,522 1,089,320 97,206 ‐8.5 ‐15.7
Total Malaysian  181,424 170,750 196,424 175,619 180,459 206,108 169,533 174,973 174,071 168,650 197,333 238,779 2,234,123 2,293,923 259,654 ‐2.6 ‐8.0
GRAND TOTAL (GROSS) 289,353 260,421 293,641 258,804 251,353 280,178 255,551 267,672 245,430 242,686 264,872 320,684 3,230,645 3,383,243 356,860 ‐4.5 ‐10.1
Source: MASB, Sabah / Immigration Dept, Sabah/Air Asia  Note: 1. Direct Arrivals statistics is based on the IMM26 cards and indirect arrivals is based on the Head Count Method by the Immigration Department.
Prepared By Research Division For Sabah Tourism 2. Malaysian arrivals is based on movements within Malaysia.
Sabah : Visitors Arrival by Nationality 2015
2015(Preliminary) 2014 Growth
Nationality Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Jan-Dec (a) Dec (b) 14/15(a) 14/15(b)
ASIA 67,177 69,835 64,744 65,562 65,104 67,378 74,841 83,345 59,597 60,875 57,434 79,640 815,532 827,987 67,962 -1.5 17.2
Southeast Asia 30,034 28,433 32,804 31,183 29,852 28,648 27,902 28,963 28,201 27,892 27,276 38,638 359,826 339,251 39,842 6.1 -3.0
Brunei 7,469 7,702 7,677 6,868 6,393 4,537 5,309 4,648 7,598 6,359 7,386 13,031 84,977 85,267 13,943 -0.3 -6.5
Philippines 4,293 2,913 4,478 5,081 2,841 3,968 3,257 4,063 3,342 3,577 2,739 3,650 44,202 51,232 4,452 -13.7 -18.0
Indonesia 16,028 15,554 17,687 16,544 17,883 17,438 17,475 17,975 15,450 16,288 15,558 19,096 202,976 170,401 17,650 19.1 8.2
Singapore 1,664 1,743 2,398 2,072 2,217 2,311 1,376 1,754 1,395 1,238 1,288 2,308 21,764 26,384 3,265 -17.5 -29.3
Thailand 448 374 470 465 410 297 371 421 326 343 243 422 4,590 4,869 450 -5.7 -6.2
Vietnam 132 147 94 153 108 97 114 102 90 87 62 131 1,317 1,098 82 19.9 59.8
Northeast Asia 37,143 41,402 31,940 34,379 35,252 38,730 46,939 54,382 31,396 32,983 30,158 41,002 455,706 488,736 28,120 -6.8 45.8
China 15,013 23,384 16,967 20,087 20,482 22,932 28,280 30,640 18,537 18,564 14,024 18,008 246,918 304,860 13,670 -19.0 31.7
Japan 2,749 2,458 2,823 1,658 2,930 2,453 1,758 4,057 2,461 1,344 1,249 2,907 28,847 38,452 3,245 -25.0 -10.4
Taiwan 2,935 3,496 2,481 3,036 2,993 4,114 5,481 4,678 3,117 3,680 2,664 2,399 41,074 31,184 1,896 31.7 26.5
South Korea 16,446 12,064 9,669 9,598 8,847 9,231 11,420 15,007 7,281 9,395 12,221 17,688 138,867 114,240 9,309 21.6 90.0
OCEANIA 2,466 1,487 3,128 2,770 5,337 2,443 2,418 1,781 1,869 1,715 3,170 2,673 31,257 32,711 3,005 -4.4 -11.0
Australia 2,282 1,310 2,770 2,501 4,938 2,213 2,158 1,382 1,455 1,407 2,953 2,369 27,738 29,626 2,671 -6.4 -11.3
New Zealand 184 177 358 269 399 230 260 399 414 308 217 304 3,519 3,085 334 14.1 -9.0
EUROPE 6,587 6,454 9,103 6,881 5,644 4,920 8,477 8,157 5,675 5,528 4,826 6,636 78,888 82,897 6,099 -4.8 8.8
UK & Ireland 1,906 2,592 4,652 3,172 2,614 2,433 3,997 3,255 2,379 2,377 1,831 2,331 33,539 33,578 2,234 -0.1 4.3
Germany 443 496 765 465 451 339 469 553 433 452 529 748 6,143 7,927 417 -22.5 79.4
France 440 526 467 634 468 348 640 764 444 437 277 427 5,872 6,019 454 -2.4 -5.9
Denmark 237 320 355 194 179 233 546 206 154 181 160 211 2,976 2,690 180 10.6 17.2
Finland 142 100 113 68 60 42 43 29 40 92 81 180 990 1,300 234 -23.8 -23.1
Norway 89 87 129 73 46 62 140 65 60 65 48 94 958 1,154 114 -17.0 -17.5
Sweden 301 436 346 199 133 168 181 117 146 187 209 591 3,014 3,498 540 -13.8 9.4
Belgium & Luxembourg 67 78 108 100 89 77 203 136 90 115 113 71 1,247 1,437 92 -13.2 -22.8
Italy 280 146 186 179 133 96 198 769 246 174 127 165 2,699 3,537 216 -23.7 -23.6
Switzerland 439 155 234 201 139 104 241 149 127 119 157 149 2,214 2,187 143 1.2 4.2
Netherlands 264 360 414 419 374 308 869 643 646 444 285 440 5,466 5,514 314 -0.9 40.1
Russia 919 312 373 314 298 200 238 292 183 217 242 354 3,942 4,544 469 -13.2 -24.5
Others Europe 1,060 846 961 863 660 510 712 1,179 727 668 767 875 9,828 9,512 692 3.3 26.4
NORTH AMERICA 2,527 1,863 3,839 2,492 1,655 1,418 1,573 1,409 1,156 2,444 1,706 2,258 24,340 23,648 2,130 2.9 6.0
U.S.A 1,691 1,224 2,749 1,824 1,137 1,020 1,111 985 809 1,760 1,221 1,516 17,047 15,911 1,399 7.1 8.4
Canada 836 639 1,090 668 518 398 462 424 347 684 485 742 7,293 7,737 731 -5.7 1.5
MIDDLE EAST 179 218 219 160 196 100 317 295 181 139 119 191 2,314 2,429 163 -4.7 17.2
OTHERS 2,508 2,116 2,433 2,693 2,236 2,586 2,267 2,180 1,757 1,594 1,531 2,194 26,095 26,850 2,546 -2.8 -13.8
Total International 81,444 81,973 83,466 80,558 80,172 78,845 89,893 97,167 70,235 72,295 68,786 93,592 978,426 996,522 81,905 -1.8 14.3
Total Malaysian 161,954 165,427 193,997 178,111 188,382 184,500 191,725 172,021 182,510 166,347 188,331 224,495 2,197,800 2,234,123 238,779 -1.6 -6.0
GRAND TOTAL (GROSS) 243,398 247,400 277,463 258,669 268,554 263,345 281,618 269,188 252,745 238,642 257,117 318,087 3,176,226 3,230,645 320,684 -1.7 -0.8
Source: MASB, Sabah / Immigration Dept, Sabah/Air Asia Note: 1. Direct Arrivals statistics is based on the IMM26 cards and indirect arrivals is based on the Head Count Method by the Immigration Department.
Prepared By Research Division For Sabah Tourism 2. Malaysian arrivals is based on movements within Malaysia.
Sabah : Visitors Arrival by Nationality 2016
2016(Preliminary) 2015 Growth
Nationality Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Jan-Dec (a) Dec (b) 15/16 (a) 15/16 (b)
ASIA 83,460 88,195 74,555 75,169 70,780 80,043 92,886 90,789 81,120 72,404 79,191 91,583 980,175 823,846 80,307 19.0 14.0
Southeast Asia 29,305 27,258 29,940 28,046 26,614 25,611 25,074 24,752 26,234 25,068 25,144 31,710 324,756 368,140 39,305 -11.8 -19.3
Brunei 7,653 7,550 8,351 7,875 6,273 5,450 5,699 5,468 8,347 7,688 7,687 13,882 91,923 84,977 13,031 8.2 6.5
Philippines 3,498 2,729 3,040 3,147 2,936 3,360 2,802 2,799 2,207 1,856 2,146 2,737 33,257 44,202 3,650 -24.8 -25.0
Indonesia 15,766 14,455 15,156 13,718 14,269 13,591 13,708 13,417 12,639 12,519 12,254 11,443 162,935 202,976 19,096 -19.7 -40.1
Singapore 1,306 1,495 2,121 1,791 1,678 1,990 1,859 1,870 1,831 1,697 1,900 2,491 22,029 21,764 2,308 1.2 7.9
Thailand 306 369 405 514 418 348 262 436 366 528 405 375 4,732 4,590 422 3.1 -11.1
Vietnam 72 197 156 155 113 118 113 126 192 92 129 87 1,550 1,317 131 17.7 -33.6
India 704 463 711 632 690 584 428 487 493 523 448 554 6,717 8,314 667 -19.2 -16.9
Pakistan N/A 214 237 170 203 149 159 165 175 141 1,613 N/A N/A
Northeast Asia 54,155 60,937 44,615 47,123 44,166 54,432 67,812 66,037 54,886 47,336 54,047 59,873 655,419 455,706 41,002 43.8 46.0
China 27,670 35,909 26,405 27,637 25,630 32,879 42,299 37,176 31,697 26,583 29,939 31,115 374,939 246,918 18,008 51.8 72.8
Japan 1,630 2,216 2,941 3,060 2,206 1,407 1,697 3,693 2,407 1,656 1,493 2,687 27,093 28,847 2,907 -6.1 -7.6
Taiwan 3,473 4,209 4,203 4,219 4,003 5,652 5,463 4,976 4,810 4,359 4,782 5,293 55,442 41,074 2,399 35.0 120.6
South Korea 21,382 18,603 11,066 12,207 12,327 14,494 18,353 20,192 15,972 14,738 17,833 20,778 197,945 138,867 17,688 42.5 17.5
OCEANIA 2,303 1,869 4,326 2,417 3,085 2,010 4,031 1,733 2,468 2,847 1,700 4,797 33,586 31,257 2,673 7.5 79.5
Australia 2,077 1,716 3,831 2,189 2,816 1,824 3,525 1,550 2,214 2,639 1,516 4,242 30,139 27,738 2,369 8.7 79.1
New Zealand 226 153 495 228 269 186 506 183 254 208 184 555 3,447 3,519 304 -2.0 82.6
EUROPE 8,063 7,752 9,783 5,972 4,850 4,248 7,487 8,334 5,551 6,076 5,206 5,617 78,939 78,888 6,636 0.1 -15.4
UK & Ireland 2,418 2,444 4,253 3,248 2,577 2,340 3,985 4,059 2,833 2,965 2,344 2,435 35,901 33,539 2,331 7.0 4.5
Germany 755 1,219 1,020 512 509 331 488 566 565 414 492 399 7,270 6,143 748 18.3 -46.7
France 439 606 805 492 414 314 449 657 374 472 297 431 5,750 5,872 427 -2.1 0.9
Denmark 417 393 302 138 113 123 434 172 137 145 159 159 2,692 2,976 211 -9.5 -24.6
Finland 268 206 126 42 22 18 24 12 22 49 79 62 930 990 180 -6.1 -65.6
Norway 140 79 86 40 25 40 80 29 50 68 120 32 789 958 94 -17.6 -66.0
Sweden 478 467 406 148 83 137 137 92 87 217 192 301 2,745 3,014 591 -8.9 -49.1
Belgium & Luxembourg 138 90 140 84 82 48 159 134 87 106 106 72 1,246 1,247 71 -0.1 1.4
Italy 221 211 257 116 71 70 173 649 141 154 119 169 2,351 2,699 165 -12.9 2.4
Switzerland 363 208 254 170 109 96 211 129 98 133 184 166 2,121 2,214 149 -4.2 11.4
Netherlands 343 414 273 297 266 222 616 703 387 360 220 284 4,385 5,466 440 -19.8 -35.5
Russia 703 292 202 115 130 94 61 104 127 206 167 291 2,492 3,942 354 -36.8 -17.8
Others Europe 1,380 1,123 1,659 570 449 415 670 1,028 643 787 727 816 10,267 9,828 875 4.5 -6.7
NORTH AMERICA 1,875 2,178 2,798 2,261 1,216 1,140 996 1,193 881 1,584 1,650 2,514 20,286 24,340 2,258 -16.7 11.3
U.S.A 1,210 1,514 2,127 1,686 835 821 732 839 601 1,079 1,178 1,811 14,433 17,047 1,516 -15.3 19.5
Canada 665 664 671 575 381 319 264 354 280 505 472 703 5,853 7,293 742 -19.7 -5.3
MIDDLE EAST 313 190 255 149 208 100 261 413 239 135 163 159 2,585 2,314 191 11.7 -16.8
OTHERS 1,374 1,093 1,108 1,028 960 1,061 835 1,118 903 1,031 916 1,778 13,205 17,781 1,527 -25.7 16.4
Total International 97,388 101,277 92,825 86,996 81,099 88,602 106,496 103,580 91,162 84,077 88,826 106,448 1,128,776 978,426 93,592 15.4 13.7
Total Malaysian 156,499 176,421 190,668 172,999 185,522 186,895 193,023 178,263 196,672 183,245 233,250 245,675 2,299,132 2,197,800 224,495 4.6 9.4
GRAND TOTAL (GROSS) 253,887 277,698 283,493 259,995 266,621 275,497 299,519 281,843 287,834 267,322 322,076 352,123 3,427,908 3,176,226 318,087 7.9 10.7
Source: MASB, Sabah / Immigration Dept, Sabah/Air Asia
Prepared By Research Division For Sabah Tourism
Sabah : Visitors Arrival by Nationality 2017
2017 (Preliminary) 2016 Growth (%)
Nationality Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Jan-Dec (a) Dec (b) 16/17 (a) 16/17 (b)
ASIA 91,668 85,294 86,531 84,688 81,705 84,363 96,193 108,611 93,884 81,304 85,165 117,883 1,097,289 971,845 90,888 12.9 29.7
Southeast Asia 22,989 19,617 22,857 21,564 20,820 20,027 21,267 19,535 23,558 17,578 19,745 41,704 271,261 316,426 31,015 -14.3 34.5
Brunei 8,374 7,045 7,995 7,418 6,984 4,707 4,831 5,282 9,694 3,913 5,640 22,914 94,797 91,923 13,882 3.1 65.1
Philippines 2,729 2,258 2,630 2,971 2,960 2,931 2,447 2,194 2,478 2,519 2,698 3,344 32,159 33,257 2,737 -3.3 22.2
Indonesia 9,633 8,247 9,513 8,551 8,529 9,836 11,419 9,684 9,150 8,826 9,087 12,630 115,105 162,935 11,443 -29.4 10.4
Singapore 1,816 1,597 2,092 1,858 1,737 2,127 2,014 1,932 1,758 1,806 1,878 2,401 23,016 22,029 2,491 4.5 -3.6
Thailand 336 370 495 675 524 349 423 373 349 402 327 292 4,915 4,732 375 3.9 -22.1
Vietnam 101 100 132 91 86 77 133 70 129 112 115 123 1,269 1,550 87 -18.1 41.4
Northeast Asia 68,679 65,677 63,674 63,124 60,885 64,336 74,926 89,076 70,326 63,726 65,420 76,179 826,028 655,419 59,873 26.0 27.2
China 39,256 35,311 32,061 33,845 32,853 34,774 41,955 46,386 34,826 32,710 30,527 36,522 431,026 374,939 31,115 15.0 17.4
Japan 1,549 1,522 2,616 1,322 1,890 1,117 1,768 3,289 1,947 1,375 1,543 2,141 22,079 27,093 2,687 -18.5 -20.3
Taiwan 4,339 5,078 5,399 4,489 4,932 5,574 6,151 6,006 5,070 5,918 3,836 5,329 62,121 55,442 5,293 12.0 0.7
South Korea 23,535 23,766 23,598 23,468 21,210 22,871 25,052 33,395 28,483 23,723 29,514 32,187 310,802 197,945 20,778 57.0 54.9
OCEANIA 1,815 2,038 5,214 2,103 1,402 2,037 2,077 1,341 1,797 1,585 1,645 4,347 27,401 33,586 4,797 -18.4 -9.4
Australia 1,615 1,903 4,493 1,830 1,166 1,774 1,802 1,137 1,622 1,339 1,458 3,871 24,010 30,139 4,242 -20.3 -8.7
New Zealand 200 135 721 273 236 263 275 204 175 246 187 476 3,391 3,447 555 -1.6 -14.2
EUROPE 3,994 5,035 10,041 5,808 4,452 4,333 8,493 7,377 4,116 5,966 4,546 5,713 69,874 78,939 5,617 -11.5 1.7
UK & Ireland 1,357 1,668 5,338 2,638 2,085 2,130 4,022 3,144 1,900 2,732 1,979 2,800 31,793 35,901 2,435 -11.4 15.0
Germany 328 777 1,089 670 482 299 597 664 466 511 392 426 6,701 7,270 399 -7.8 6.8
France 310 396 558 515 454 380 582 612 365 476 299 392 5,339 5,750 431 -7.1 -9.0
Denmark 160 267 285 229 122 186 674 173 113 166 149 108 2,632 2,692 159 -2.2 -32.1
Finland 75 57 47 38 28 24 30 13 20 54 48 106 540 930 62 -41.9 71.0
Norway 47 53 45 42 22 79 97 29 28 35 49 56 582 789 32 -26.2 75.0
Sweden 217 319 341 196 166 150 196 65 93 209 219 351 2,522 2,745 301 -8.1 16.6
Belgium & Luxembourg 53 91 180 93 83 74 240 145 90 91 64 61 1,265 1,246 72 1.5 -15.3
Italy 111 114 182 145 116 73 193 833 167 172 114 142 2,362 2,351 169 0.5 -16.0
Switzerland 95 95 272 137 86 85 217 118 78 153 212 107 1,655 2,121 166 -22.0 -35.5
Netherlands 277 253 432 314 297 351 800 605 269 439 286 251 4,574 4,385 284 4.3 -11.6
Russia 336 182 283 191 106 147 131 111 77 183 184 303 2,234 2,492 291 -10.4 4.1
Others Europe 628 763 989 600 405 355 714 865 450 745 551 610 7,675 10,267 816 -25.2 -25.2
NORTH AMERICA 1,164 1,345 3,952 1,113 1,062 1,262 1,267 1,027 964 1,380 1,513 2,162 18,211 20,286 2,514 -10.2 -14.0
U.S.A 760 938 2,835 746 707 974 933 725 668 937 1,036 1,472 12,731 14,433 1,811 -11.8 -18.7
Canada 404 407 1,117 367 355 288 334 302 296 443 477 690 5,480 5,853 703 -6.4 -1.8
INDIA 449 523 563 527 509 519 733 461 415 480 449 568 6,196 6,717 554 -7.8 2.5
PAKISTAN 94 138 125 116 118 115 115 89 98 132 157 153 1,450 1,613 141 -10.1 8.5
MIDDLE EAST 117 101 204 113 104 109 231 149 139 114 77 130 1,588 2,585 159 -38.6 -18.2
OTHERS 948 640 1,323 744 719 635 703 735 627 693 1,427 3,975 13,169 13,205 1,778 -0.3 123.6
Total International 100,249 95,114 107,953 95,212 90,071 93,373 109,812 119,790 102,040 91,654 94,979 134,931 1,235,178 1,128,776 106,448 9.4 26.8
Total Malaysian 194,308 185,792 213,429 204,881 205,517 210,026 204,237 202,257 192,727 198,084 204,096 234,202 2,449,556 2,299,132 245,675 6.5 -4.7
GRAND TOTAL (GROSS) 294,557 280,906 321,382 300,093 295,588 303,399 314,049 322,047 294,767 289,738 299,075 369,133 3,684,734 3,427,908 352,123 7.5 4.8
Source: MASB, Sabah / Immigration Dept, Sabah/Air Asia Note: 1. Direct Arrivals statistics is based on the IMM26 cards and indirect arrivals is based on the Head Count Method by the Immigration Department.
Prepared By Research Division For Sabah Tourism 2. Malaysian arrivals is based on movements within Malaysia.
Sabah : Visitors Arrival by Nationality 2018
(Preliminary) 2017 Growth (%)
Nationality Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Jan-Feb (a) Feb (b) Jan-Dec 17/18(a) 17/18(b)
ASIA 107,480 117,815 225,295 176,962 85,294 1,097,289 27.3 38.1
Southeast Asia 19,530 18,317 37,847 42,606 19,617 271,261 -11.2 -6.6
Brunei 5,401 4,495 9,896 15,419 7,045 94,797 -35.8 -36.2
Philippines 2,181 2,729 4,910 4,987 2,258 32,159 -1.5 20.9
Indonesia 9,968 8,601 18,569 17,880 8,247 115,105 3.9 4.3
Singapore 1,619 1,942 3,561 3,413 1,597 23,016 4.3 21.6
Thailand 293 438 731 706 370 4,915 3.5 18.4
Vietnam 68 112 180 201 100 1,269 -10.4 12.0
Northeast Asia 87,950 99,498 187,448 134,356 65,677 826,028 39.5 51.5
China 48,004 65,292 113,296 74,567 35,311 431,026 51.9 84.9
Japan 1,449 1,457 2,906 3,071 1,522 22,079 -5.4 -4.3
Taiwan 4,335 5,005 9,340 9,417 5,078 62,121 -0.8 -1.4
South Korea 34,162 27,744 61,906 47,301 23,766 310,802 30.9 16.7
OCEANIA 3,351 1,360 4,711 3,853 2,038 27,401 22.3 -33.3
Australia 2,991 1,194 4,185 3,518 1,903 24,010 19.0 -37.3
New Zealand 360 166 526 335 135 3,391 57.0 23.0
EUROPE 6,025 6,015 12,040 9,029 5,035 69,874 33.3 19.5
UK & Ireland 2,905 2,709 5,614 3,025 1,668 31,793 85.6 62.4
Germany 381 560 941 1,105 777 6,701 -14.8 -27.9
France 312 393 705 706 396 5,339 -0.1 -0.8
Denmark 162 286 448 427 267 2,632 4.9 7.1
Finland 122 70 192 132 57 540 45.5 22.8
Norway 61 220 281 100 53 582 181.0 315.1
Sweden 227 329 556 536 319 2,522 3.7 3.1
Belgium & Luxembourg 50 77 127 144 91 1,265 -11.8 -15.4
Italy 155 170 325 225 114 2,362 44.4 49.1
Switzerland 143 180 323 190 95 1,655 70.0 89.5
Netherlands 259 243 502 530 253 4,574 -5.3 -4.0
Russia 446 150 596 518 182 2,234 15.1 -17.6
Others Europe 802 628 1,430 1,391 763 7,675 2.8 -17.7
NORTH AMERICA 3,498 1,966 5,464 2,509 1,345 18,211 117.8 46.2
U.S.A 2,584 1,397 3,981 1,698 938 12,731 134.5 48.9
Canada 914 569 1,483 811 407 5,480 82.9 39.8
INDIA 443 370 813 972 523 6,196 -16.4 -29.3
PAKISTAN 152 111 263 232 138 1,450 13.4 -19.6
MIDDLE EAST 110 122 232 218 101 1,588 6.4 20.8
OTHERS 1,061 806 1,867 1,588 640 13,169 17.6 25.9
Total International 122,120 128,565 250,685 195,363 95,114 1,235,178 28.3 35.2
Total Malaysian 190,122 177,401 367,523 380,100 185,792 2,449,556 -3.3 -4.5
GRAND TOTAL (GROSS) 312,242 305,966 618,208 575,463 280,906 3,684,734 7.4 8.9
Source: MASB, Sabah / Immigration Dept, Sabah/Air Asia Note: 1. Direct Arrivals statistics is based on the IMM26 cards and indirect arrivals is based on the Head Count Method by the Immigration Department.
Prepared By Research Division For Sabah Tourism 2. Malaysian arrivals is based on movements within Malaysia.
  
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
  COMPULSORY NETWORK SYSTEM
  - MODULE III -
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 Λ DISCOVERY INVESTIGATION RΞPORT
|Virtual Framework- Ideas of Coherence|

Feasibility Study of Darkwater Technology Utilization |DTU|

synchronized by Dē Perforacīon Terminal Unit |DTU|

Diversification of
Integrated Project Management System
|IPMS|

Revitalization of
-Convalescence Modular Programme-
IP Ref. No:  LCR01/HORP/CRDV00000044
Prepared by: MOHD FIRDAUS BIN MUSTAFA

Constraints Beyond Limitation

Sustainability and Accessibility means not depriving future generations of the resources
that we generate our strategies profits from nowadays. That thinking cuts across all our
economic constraints, societal integration, psychological factors, autonomy effects, job
satisfaction and environmental characteristic. In sample, every day we look forward from
nothing to something that we can create better for socio-economic status also benefit, for
the native committee or culture we work with and for the planet longevity crucial growth.
Silhouette: Lane of Convergencē
- Qualitative & Quantitative Research

Section 1.0: Biological Sanitary Purification

1.1 Prelude: An Insight Idealization

Section 2.0: Qualitative Trajectory Fortification

2.1 ēBiological Catalyst Protection [Process]

Section 3.0: Quantitative Trajectory Fortification

3.1 ēBiological Analyst Projection [Market]

Section 4.0: Implications & Configuration

4.1 Value of Significances

Section 5.0: Conclusion & References

5.1 Executive Summary
Lane of Convergencē
a. Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an
understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into
the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research.
Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive
deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or
semi-structured techniques include focus groups, individual interviews and participations.

b. Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical

data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes,
opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables and generalizes the results from a larger
sample population. Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and
uncover patterns in research. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms
of surveys such as online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys,
interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online and systematic observations.
1.1 Prelude: An Insight Idealization
Growing urbanization, increasing resource consumption, and limited resource availability
mean that urban user behavior and infrastructure systems need to be transformed to
become more efficient and for a more sustainable use and management of resources,
particularly for the provision of primary services such as energy, water and food.

Our present civilization is to a large extent based on principles of centralization. The

large technical effort for the construction, service, and maintenance of centralized
infrastructure systems and the related operational processes involves high monetary and
environmental costs endured by society. The dissipation caused by conventional
centralized infrastructure systems is similar for energy, water supply and wastewater
discharge. For example, almost 70% of the primary energy required for centralized
electricity production in conventional power plants is lost.

The building sector is responsible worldwide for more than 33% of the total resources
and 40% of the total energy consumption. The burning of fossil energy carriers
contributes to most of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The conventional global food
production is responsible for most of the anthropogenic freshwater consumption, a large
component of the global CO2 emissions (from soil carbon losses and chemical fertilizer
production) and energy consumption for farming, harvesting, storage, and transport of
agricultural products. Particularly relevant is the negative interrelationship between urban
and rural areas. The decoupling of food and drinking water production and wastewater
management results in the pollution of natural sources of livelihood and the elimination
of resources. In contrast, sustainable infrastructure systems, based on the principles of
circular flow economy, involve the efficient and local use and reuse of resources.

Many of the world‘s cities are expected to grow significantly during the following decades.
While currently already more than 50% of the world‘s population lives in cities, it is
expected that this percentage will grow to approximately 60%, with a yearly rate of 1.7%
until 2030. Accordingly, the world faces a rural exodus and shrinking rural population as
the urbanization rate exceeds the global population growth.
Similar to rural area residents, many people dwelling in smaller cities will need to deal
with the phenomenon of population shrinkage, particularly in countries with low birth
and immigration rates, such as most European countries as well as Korea and Japan. Both
of these situations put pressure on the operation and management of conventional
centralized infrastructure systems for energy and water and organic waste management.

The disadvantages of these systems include the lockup of capital for very long periods,
limitations in provision and discharge such as the mixing of sewage streams with different
noxious factors (being a barrier for appropriate treatment and reuse), the supply of
drinking water only, and the in-adaptability to changing demographic structures and
quantities, as well as high monetary costs. In contrast with such large-scale centralized
infrastructures, the building integration of decentralized infrastructures for energy, water,
and organic waste management has many advantages.

Furthermore, appropriate system approaches for supply, efficient use, treatment,

recycling, and reuse facilitate the realization of so called zero-emission buildings.
However, the term zero-emission is generally associated with the reduction of specific
emissions, particularly greenhouse gases such as CO2 caused by the burning of fossil
energy carriers for the generation and provision of thermal and electrical energy, such as
by the use of renewable energy.

The building integration of appropriate infrastructure systems for energy, water, and
organic waste management can facilitate the realization of zero-emission buildings and
can contribute to the sustainable development of new or the redevelopment of existing
urban areas and cities. The main purposes of the project are:

a. Reduction of the direct water footprint to the greatest possible degree through
on-site Wastewater Management according to the principles of Integrated Water
Resource Management. Minimization of fresh water demand by approximately
50% through the application of water efficient systems, the collection, processing
and recycling of wastewater, rainwater harvesting and utilization for non-drinking
purposes, and the augmentation of freshwater bodies.
 b. Operation of an organic waste free building through the collection of human
urine and reuse as fertilizer, the collection of solids from black water and organic
waste for fermentation and composting processing, and the subsequent local use
of black fertile soil produced in horticulture and agriculture (for the production
of food and renewable energy).

c. Net zero energy consumption through minimization of the building‘s service

energy demand, local production, and the efficient utilization, storage and export
of surplus energy into external grids which also serve as energy providers in
periods of need. No additional building and service costs in comparison with
reference buildings through smart and integrated design and planning as well as
savings in centralized infrastructure systems and conventional service costs.

Integrated urban water resource management, including rainwater harvesting, the

recycling of wastewater, as well as the recovery of nutrients and the processing of organic
waste is essential for sustainable urban development and shows considerable potential for
(urban) agriculture, but is as yet relatively underutilized. Meanwhile, good agriculture
and forestry practices can contribute to sound watershed management, safeguarding
water catchment and reducing runoff and flooding in cities-ever more important as
climate change increases the frequency of extreme weather events.

Extensive quantities of water could be saved with technologies that allow for fresh water
savings and water recycling. The first step for the reduction of water consumption is the
installation of water saving toilets, showerheads, and taps, which for example allow a
reduction of household freshwater consumption of approximately 30% without loss of
comfort. Such water saving measures is achievable without additional costs if they are
installed in the framework of new installations in place of standard appliances. To reduce
the drinking water consumption and to facilitate the reuse of precious nutrients in
human urine (yellow water), waterless urinals for the separate collection of urine will be
installed in the men‘s toilets. At specific intervals, the filled urine containers will be
replaced by empty containers and transported to a central treatment facility for further
processing and reuse as fertilizer or to produce nutrient enriched fertile black soil.
Section 2.0: Qualitative Trajectory Fortification
2.1 Substances Index of ēBiological Catalyst Protection

Segment A: Microbiology and Ecology of Wastewater Treatment

A.1 Introduction
A.2 Micoorganisms Present in Water and Wastewater
A.3 Biological Cells
A.4 Energy and Carbon Sources for Microbial Cells
A.5 Metabolism of Microorganisms
A.6 Energy Generation in Microbial Cells
A.7 Ecology of Biological Wastewater Treatment

Segment B: Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Hydraulics

B.1 Introduction
B.2 Reaction Kinetics
B.3 Mass Balance
B.4 Reactor Hydraulics

Segment C: Conversion Processes of Organic and Inorganic Matter

C.1 Characterization of Substrate and Solids
C.2 Conversion Processes of the Carbonaceous and Nitrogenous Matters
C.3 Time Progress of the Biochemical Oxidation of the Carbonaceous Matter
C.4 Principles of Bacterial Growth
C.5 Modelling of Substrate and Biomass in a Complex-Mix Reactor

Segment D: Sedimentation
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Types of Settling
D.3 Discrete Settling
D.4 Flocculent Settling
D.5 Zone Settling
 Segment E: Aeration
E.1 Introduction
E.2 Fundamentals of Gas Transfer
E.3 Kinetics of Aeration
E.4 Factors of Influence in Oxygen Transfer
E.5 Oxygen Transfer Rate in the Field and Under Standard Conditions
E.6 Other Aeration Coefficients
E.7 Mechanical Aeration Systems
E.8 Diffused Air Aeration Systems
E.9 Aeration Tests
E.10 Gravity Aeration

Segment F: Indications & Orientations

F.1 Hand-Off Rehabilitation Programme [HORP]
F.2 Acceptance Criterion [AC] or
F.3 Recommended Practices [RP]
F.4 Green Lane Policy & Standard

Overview: Darkwater Technology Utilization |DTU|

Aeration brings water and air in close contact in order to remove dissolved gases (such as
carbon dioxide) and oxidizes dissolved metals such as iron, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile
organic chemicals (VOCs). Aeration is often the first major process at the treatment plant.

During aeration, constituents are removed or modified before they can interfere with the
treatment processes. Aeration brings water and air in close contact by exposing drops or
thin sheets of water to the air or by introducing small bubbles of air (the smaller the
bubble, the better) and letting them rise through the water.

The scrubbing process caused by the turbulence of aeration physically removes dissolved
gases from solution and allows them to escape into the surrounding air. Aeration also
helps remove dissolved metals through oxidation, the chemical combination of oxygen
from the air with certain undesirable metals in the water.
Section 3.0: Quantitative Trajectory Fortification
3.1 Substances Index of ēBiological Analyst Projection

Segment A: Preface
A.1 Market Definition and Research Scope
A.2 Market Segmentation
A.3 Key Research Objectives
A.4 Research Highlights
Segment B: Assumptions and Research Methodology
Segment C: Executive Summary
C.1 Global Water and Wastewater Management Market
C.2 Global Water and Wastewater Management Market Snapshot
C.3 Global Water and Wastewater Management Revenue [2016 – 2025]
Segment D: Market Overview
D.1 Introduction- Key Trends Analysis
D.2 Market Dynamics - Drivers, Restraints and Opportunities
D.3 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
D.4 Market Attractiveness Analysis for Global Wastewater Management
D.5 Competitive Landscape
- Market Positioning of Key Players 2016
- Competitive Strategies Adopted by Leading Players
Segment E: Global Wastewater Management Market Analysis, 2017 – 2025
E.1 Global Wastewater Management Market Analysis; by Components
- Overview, Human Machine Interface (HMI) Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC), Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), SCADA
Communication Systems, Others etc
E.2 Global Wastewater Management Market Analysis; by Architecture
- Overview, Hardware, Software and Services
E.3 Global Wastewater Management Market Analysis; by Geography
- Overview; North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), South
Africa, North America, USA, Canada, Mexico, U.K, Germany,
France, Italy, Brazil, China, Japan, India, UAE, Saudi Arabia etc
 Segment F: Company Profiles
F.1 The Key Players
- ABB, Ltd; Honeywell International, Inc; Emerson Electric, Co;
Siemens AG; Rockwell Automation, Inc; Omron Corporation
General Electric, Co; Afcon Holdings; Yokogawa Electric
Corporation; Schneider Electric etc
F.2 Company Details (HQ, Foundation Year, Employee Strength)
F.3 Market Presence by Section and Geography
F.4 Key Developments
F.4 Strategy and Historical Roadmap
F.5 Revenue and Operating Profits
Segment G: Conclusion & Appendix

Overview: Dē Perforacīon Terminal Unit |DTU|

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) has been around as long as there have
been control systems. The first ‘SCADA’ systems utilized data acquisition by means of
panels of meters, lights and strip chart recorders. The operator manually operating
various control knobs exercised supervisory control. These devices were and still are used
to do supervisory control and data acquisition on energy or wastewater plants, factories
and power generating facilities. In modern manufacturing and industrial processes,
mining industries, public and private utilities, leisure, wastewater treatment and security
industries telemetry is often needed to connect equipment and systems separated by large
distances. This can range from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. Telemetry is used
to send commands, programs and receives monitoring information from these remote
locations. SCADA refers to the combination of telemetry and data acquisition.

SCADA encompasses the collecting of the information, transferring it back to the central
site, carrying out any necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information
on a number of operator screens or interface displays. The required control actions are
then conveyed back to the process. The communications system provides the pathway for
communication between the master station and the remote sites. This communication
system can be wire, fiber optic, radio, phone line microwave and possibly even satellite.
Section 4.0: Implications & Configuration

4.1 Value of Significances

Water represents a key element to sustainable development. Access to safe drinking water
and adequate sanitation are among the main current challenges of the modern society
due to water scarcity, its growth in demand and the increase contamination of water
resources. The protection of human health and aquatic environment should be ensured,
through increased effluent wastewater quality, and water conservation through re-use
adopting best practices and appropriate technologies. The development of advanced
integrated wastewater treatments that are reliable cost efficient and effective in removing
a wide range of pollutants is demanded in order to obtain higher removal efficiencies in
wastewater treatment and to meet the more stringent standards. Biological treatment
technologies are by far the most widely used for integrated process for wastewater
treatment due to their economic advantages over other treatment processes in terms of
capital and operating costs. These integrated processes degrade nutrient compounds and
biodegradable organic matter by microorganisms and even bio-mineralise them to simple
inorganic molecules such as water and carbon dioxide. They also offer the opportunity to
convert waste into renewable energy. Despite these advantages, conventional biological
treatment processes often require large areas, and fail to degrade high strength organic
wastewater, toxic or recalcitrant compounds to produce high effluent of qualifications.

a. The Declaration of Flow Consistencies, Process Stabilities and Parts Capabilities;

Implemented & Supported by Distinctive Teamworks.

b. The Reduction of Operational Expenditure (OPEX) while an Increasing Capital

Expenditure (CAPEX) Sustained by Effective Timelines.

c. The Promotion of Standard Quality, Health & Safety Environmental (SQHSE)

for Social Life Humanities and Communities Guidelines.
High Concentration of Oxidative Stress & Nitrosative Strain = High Gradient-High Transient

Kick Tolerence |Key Relevance| - Critical Component Parts

Transmission characteristics of the optical fibers like bandwidth, attenuation and wave
dispersion. Environmental issues, such as the temperature ranges, risk of lightning, wind
speed, solar radiation, wave-current, harsh environment surrounding, grounding voltage
and electromagnetic compatibility. It is accepted that components may be briefly exposed
to high levels of vibration before the vibration is controlled and those higher levels of
vibration are sustained then damage will occurs. This can often happen where the initial
vibration mode are not alert-detected, leading to undesirable effects during operational
process and high potential for fatigue life performances that induced catastrophic failures.
Catastrophe should quickly distinguish and alleviate this problem that induce serious
damage to equipment and catastrophic failures consequences in terms of safety vigilant
will reduce revenue while increasing the Repairability Modes and Non-Productive Time.
*Hybridization of Remanence~ Resonance |Delocalization Synergy| magnetostrictive effects
Amendment Variables Configuration [AVC]
AVC focus on risk control for repairable items is usually directed by pattern of successive
failures whether the failed components part will be replaced or repaired. The analysts first
must consider a component system comprised of only machinery parts that are replaced
on failure before measuring or examining the parts that are repaired or modified such as
adjusting, lubricating, tightening etc thru the corrective action in response to catastrophe.

The system's reliability can be analyzed through the event series analysis methodology
assuming that replacement (repair) times are negligible and the time to failure of any part
is independent of any repair actions. The failures occurring in repairable systems are an
example of a series of discrete events, which is also referred to as recurrent event data or
data from a stochastic point process.

Repairable systems can follow a decreasing failure rate (DFR) phenomenon when
progressive repair (defective items fail early and are replaced by good items) improves
reliability. An increasing failure rate (IFR) phenomenon is possible for repairable systems
when wearout failure modes begin to dominate within the system. If times to failure for
items are independently and identically exponentially distributed (IID exponential) the
system will have a CFR equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the item's mean times to
failure. This assumption of IID exponential for repairable systems can be deceptive
therefore, it is important to note that:

• The overwhelming failure modes of systems are wearout-related (i.e., failure

probabilities increase with time).

• Times to failure for items within a repairable components system may not always
be independent as the failure or repair rate/mode of one item may affect the
reliability of another components item.

• The "good-as-new" theory to the renewal process introduced by item

maintenance may not be valid as repairs may be imperfect or may introduce other
defects, which lead to the failure of other items.
5.1 Executive Summary
Renewable energy is starting to take place as reliable energy provider throughout the
world. Nevertheless, the demand of fossil fuel is still high although it is known to be
main source of greenhouse gas. Apart from wind and solar energy, biogas yield from
anaerobic digestion of sewage is an alternative energy. This abundant supply is untapped.

In conventional approach, sewage sludge is dewatered, yielding sludge cake as final

product. It is later transport by lorry and dump at nearest landfill. Population growths
indirectly affecting the volumes of sewage produce. Municipal wastewater or sewage
management is crucial as it is one of the major contributors for greenhouse gas (GHG).

The biogas yield from biological treatment in sewage treatment plant (STP) contains
about 60% methane. Existing plant in Malaysia are lacking in capturing this by-product.
There is a great potential for capturing biogas product and combust it to harness energy.

Centralised sewage treatment plant (CSTP) is suggested as long-term solution for the
increasing number of population and environment concern. Optimum location is an
important criterion in building new CSTP in order to keep up with a rapid development.

The References

[1] Boon, P J, Davies, B R & Petts, G E (ed), 2000, Global Perspectives on River
Conservation: Science, Policy and Practice, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, England.
[2] Fair, G.M. and Geyer, J.C (1954). Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, John
Wiley and Sons, New York.
[3] Palanisamy K., Shamsuddin A.H., 2013, Biogas to Energy Potential from Sewage
Treatment Plant in Malaysia, JPP < www.jpp.gov.my> accessed 06.11.2014.
[4] Baziliana, M.; Onyejia, I.; Liebreichd, M.; MacGille, I.; Chased, J.; Shahf, J.; Gieleng,
D.; Arenth, D.; Landfeari, D.; Zhengrongj, S. Re-considering the economics of
photovoltaic power. Renew. Energ. 2013, 53, 329–338.
[5] Mechanical Vibrations, SI Units, Prentice Hall, Singiresu S.Rao ISBN 013-196751-7
[4th Edition] [6] Managing Sand Production and Erosion Recommended Practice
DNVGL-RP- 0501 [Edition August 2015]
  
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
  COMPULSORY NETWORK SYSTEM
  - MODULE IV -
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 SAFETY MANUAL

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

OPERATION AND SEWAGE
COLLECTION SYSTEMS

081606
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

RESPONSIBILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Supervisor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Employee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

GENERAL SAFETY RULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Location of Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Safety Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Personal Conduct While on Company Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Taking Chances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Protecting the Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Housekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Reporting Hazardous Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Fire Prevention and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

SAFE WORKING PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Personal Eye Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Lifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Handling of Materials and Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Dry Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2 081606
 Chlorine Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Proper Use and Care of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

PROPER PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Entering Confined Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Operation of Wastewater Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Maintenance of Treatment Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

ACCIDENT REPORTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

In Case of Traffic Accident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

In Case of Public Accident or Sewer Backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF COMPANY-OWNED VEHICLES . . . . . . . . 18

Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

FIRST AID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

General Directions for First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Other General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Mouth-to-Mouth Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

What to Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3 081606
 INTRODUCTION

This Health and Safety Rulebook is presented for the use of all employees of this
utility to assist in the administration of our safety program and to provide means and
methods that will aid in the performance of our various assignments in a safe and
efficient manner.

It is the intent of the utility to conduct its operations in a safe and efficient manner
with the utmost regard for the health and safety of the employees and the public. Safety
is an integral part of everyone’s duties and responsibilities.

This Health and Safety Rulebook expresses the basic safety policies of this
utility. Each employee and wastewater treatment system is expected to ensure proper
application of its contents.

4 081606
 RESPONSIBILITY

Management

The employer shall have the same responsibility for safety as for any other part
of the operation.

The employer shall appoint only competent personnel as supervisors, who shall
be responsible for the safety of those under his or her supervision.

The employee shall require a supervisor to observe and enforce all safety rules.

The employer shall provide adequate automotive equipment, tools, and

protective devices, and insist upon their proper use and maintenance.

The employer, or designated representative, shall fully investigate all serious

accidents and take remedial steps to prevent repetition of similar accidents wherever
possible.

The employer shall be responsible for safety records and shall be responsible for
completing safety inspections and maintaining records to reflect findings and corrective
actions taken.

The employer shall require employees to use suitable tools and equipment in
order that they may perform their work in a safe manner.

The employer shall require employees to be instructed in safe methods of

performing their work.

The employer shall require employees who, in the course of their work, are
subject to the hazards of electrical shock, asphyxiation, or drowning, to be instructed in
accepted methods of artificial respiration.

Supervisor

Supervisors shall have the same responsibility for safety as any other part of
their wastewater operations.

Supervisors are at all times responsible for the execution of the work in a safe
manner and for the job performance of all personnel under their direction.

Supervisors will be held accountable for all accidents and employee actions
unless investigation indicates the actions were due to conditions beyond the
supervisor’s control.

5 081606
 Supervisors shall instruct all new employees on the reporting of all accidents and
the prompt receipt of first aid.

Supervisors shall be responsible for the training and instruction of new

employees and of employees transferred to their supervision.

Supervisors shall fully understand and comply with the safety rules of this
manual. They shall also ensure that safety rules are understood by the wastewater
operators under their supervision.

Supervisors shall insist on employees observing these safety rules and shall use
disciplinary measures, if necessary, to obtain compliance.

Supervisors shall be responsible for the proper use of safety devices and
equipment by the employees under their supervision.

Supervisors shall be responsible for the regular inspection of all tools and
equipment, including employees personal tools used while working under their
supervision.

Supervisors shall ensure no duties are assigned to an individual who is

unqualified or incapable of completing those duties safely.

Before leaving a job, the supervisor shall see that the site is left in as safe a
condition as possible. The supervisor shall arrange adequate warning of any condition
that might endanger other employees, the general public, or inspectors.

Employee

It is the definite responsibility of each employee to so perform assigned duties

while at work to assure:

y Safety for self;

y Safety for fellow employees;

y Protection for the public;

y Protection for company property, and for public and private property.

It is the responsibility of each employee to report to the person in charge all

unsafe conditions or acts witnessed on the job.

6 081606
 When an employee is requested to perform duties under unsafe conditions, the
employee should not perform those duties without first notifying the person in charge of
the unsafe conditions.

It is the responsibility of management to verify that each employee is acquainted

with the principles of first aid and resuscitation as soon as possible.

It is the responsibility of each employee to attend all safety meetings possible

and to take an active part in safety work.

It is the responsibility of each employee to know and understand the safety rules
of this manual, which will apply to the work being performed.

7 081606
 GENERAL SAFETY RULES

Location of Safety Manual

This safety manual has been prepared for use by the operating personnel of the
company. Each employee shall be given a copy of this manual.

This manual is consistently updated to cover areas relating to the safe operation
of wastewater treatment plants. A current copy may be obtained by contacting the
company office.

Any comments or suggestions on improving this manual or updating information

pertaining to the safe operation of equipment is welcome and may be incorporated into
future editions.

Safety Meetings

Safety meetings shall be held on a quarterly basis on the first day of each
quarter. The company shall provide a program suitable for the season and discuss any
current regulations or changes that may have occurred since the last meeting.

All personnel shall be required to take an active part in the safety program.
Personnel should offer input and dissipate information regarding the safe operation of
municipal sewage systems.

Personal Conduct While On Company Business

The use of intoxicating liquor during working hours, including lunch hour, is
strictly prohibited. Any violation shall be considered sufficient cause for disciplinary
action.

Any employee reporting for duty under the influence of liquor, illegal drugs, or
illegal smoking materials shall be dismissed. Any supervisor or other person in charge
who permits such employee to work shall also be subject to disciplinary action.

Taking Chances

Before commencing any work that may be hazardous, care should be taken to
establish a safe procedure. Where more than one employee is engaged in the same
job, all employees shall be concerned and understand the procedures to be followed to
prevent endangerment to self or other personnel on the job. Under no circumstances
shall safety be sacrificed for speed.

8 081606
 Employees shall always place themselves in a safe and secure position. The
care exercised by others shall not be relied upon for one’s own protection.

Guards

No guard shall be removed from any machine or piece of equipment except to

perform required maintenance.

Protecting the Public

When an employee needs additional light while working on the premises of a

customer, he shall use a battery powered flashlight, or an approved properly guarded
electrical extension light. An open flame light such as a match, torch, or cigarette lighter
shall not be used.

When operating temporary pumping equipment in a public location, barricades

shall be used to keep all traffic and personnel a safe distance away from the site.

Housekeeping

A. Materials and supplies used at a plant site should be stored in a neat and
orderly manner at the site to prevent them from falling off of shelves onto
moving equipment.

B. Junk parts removed from a piece of equipment should be disposed of in a

proper manner.

C. Spare parts used in the operation of a wastewater treatment plant should

be kept in a neat and orderly manner with the item labeled to indicate on
what piece of equipment the spare part is used.

Reporting Hazardous Conditions

A. When an employee observes a hazardous condition that may cause injury

or property damage, the employee shall report it promptly to a proper
authority and when necessary, guard it.

B. An employee who receives a report of a hazardous condition, either from

the general public or another employee, shall immediately refer this
information to the person or utility responsible for such matters.

9 081606
Fire Prevention and Control

A. Paper and other combustible materials shall not be allowed to accumulate

in blower buildings or other structures in order to prevent them from
getting into the machinery or causing a fire.

B. Flammable liquids such as gasoline and diesel fuel shall not be stored in
blower buildings, chlorine rooms, or other structures where they may
cause a fire or leak onto the floor causing hazardous working conditions.

C. Strict adherence shall be paid to “No Smoking” and “Stop Your Motor”
signs at fuel dispensing stations.

D. Oily rags and papers used for cleaning shall not be allowed to accumulate
in service trucks and car trunks, as these can spontaneously combust
under the proper conditions.

10 081606
 SAFE WORKING PRACTICES

Clothing

A. Wearing of loose fitting clothing around machinery with moving parts or

belt drives is discouraged, as clothing may become entangled in
equipment resulting in serious injury or death.

B. Wearing of sandals or open toe shoes in a field environment is

discouraged, especially when handling tools or entering areas where
weeds and debris can hide glass or sharp objects. In all cases rubber
boots or leather shoes shall be worn in areas where contact is possible
with biological organisms found in wastewater treatment plants.

Personal Eye Protection

Eyeglasses, even hardened lenses, are not a substitute for goggles. Full cover
goggles or face shields shall be worn when an employee is engaged in or is close to
work involving:

A. Power grinding, buffing, or wire brushing, even if there is a built in eye

shield.

B. Using compressed air to remove dust or debris from a piece of equipment.

C. Flame welding, cutting, or burning. (Approved colored lenses shall be

used.)

D. Handling of acids, caustics, dry chlorine, ammonia, or other similar liquids,

except when approved complete head covering is worn.

Lifting

A. Consider the size and weight of any object before attempting to lift or
move the object. Do not lift any materials that can not be handled
comfortably. If necessary, obtain assistance or wait until assistance is
available.

B. Exercise extreme care in lifting oily or greasy parts. Use proper

containers or straps to remove these objects.

C. Never carry a load that prevents you from seeing in front of you.

11 081606
 D. Never carry an object over a slick or iced surface.

E. When carrying objects near aeration or settling tanks extra care should be
taken to avoid falling in the tanks or dropping objects into the tanks.

Handling of Materials and Chemicals

The two most commonly used chemicals in a wastewater treatment plant are
chlorine for disinfection of the effluent and herbicides for weed control.

Dry Chlorine

A. Dry chlorine is available in several forms: granular chlorine (HTH or

PACE), tablet chlorine (Sanuril), liquid (household bleach), and gas.

B. Dry chlorine, no matter what type – tablet or powder -- can be very volatile
when mixed with other substances. It should always be kept in a dry
container with the cover sealed to prevent moisture from coming into
contact with the chlorine.

C. Dry chlorine should always be handled with a clean container that is used
only for handling chlorine powder.

D. Dry chlorine should not be stored in an environment with electrical

controls. If left open it can cause corrosion on electrical wiring and
controls.

Chlorine Gas

A. Chlorine gas is relatively stable when properly handled; however, cautions

should be taken due to the large volume of gas that can be released in a
short period of time.

B. Keep chlorine cylinders stored in a proper enclosure to prevent

unauthorized tampering with cylinders.

C. Chain all cylinders to wall to prevent tipping.

D. Open cylinder valve only ¼ turn, or as much as needed, to obtain

sufficient gas flow to the chlorinator.

E. Check for gas leak using ammonia bottle after changing cylinders.

12 081606
 F. Always plan your escape from the chlorine room prior to attempting any
service on a chlorinator.

G. Keep chlorine gas mask available, outside of the chlorine room, in case of
emergency.

Herbicides

A. Herbicides are normally used near wastewater treatment plants to control

weeds around fences and equipment and to control algae in lagoons.

B. Always mix herbicides in a clean disposable container.

C. Use of gloves and appropriate eye protection is recommended.

D. Apply herbicides in proper dosages using the recommended application

procedures - algaecides for lagoons and weed killers for ground
application.

E. Wash hands and clothing thoroughly after each application.

F. Clean and dispose of unused portions and packaging materials properly.

G. Empty containers shall be disposed of in a safe manner. They shall never

be thrown into lagoons or storage tanks.

Proper Use and Care of Equipment

A. Employees shall use tools suitable for the job in progress and only those
in good repair.

B. Employees shall avoid awkward positions when using tools to avoid

possible injuries should the tools slip.

C. When using wrenches always pull the wrench toward you, protecting
hands and knuckles in case the wrench slips.

D. Keep volt and amp meters in good working condition. You are dependent
upon these instruments to tell you if a circuit is hot.

13 081606
 PROPER PROCEDURES

Entering Confined Spaces

A. Confined spaces including wet wells, manholes, dry wells, or any space
that is below ground level or has inadequate ventilation, has the potential
for containing deadly hydrogen sulfide gas.

B. Prior to entering any confined space, an instrument check of the space

should be completed to determine the presence of gas.

C. All confined spaces must have an operating ventilation fan. If a fan is not
present and operating, personnel should not enter the confined space
without an air pack or proper retrieval equipment.

D. Portable ventilation equipment should be readily available for use in case

of failure of the normal ventilation equipment.

E. Under no circumstances should personnel enter a confined space without

proper equipment or rescue personnel standing by.

Operation of Wastewater Plant

A. Extreme caution should always be used near aeration tanks and sludge
collection tanks. The aerated water is turbulent. It can be very difficult to
remain on the surface until reaching a hand hold.

B. Hoses, extension cords, and ropes not in use should not be left where
operating personnel might trip over them and possibly fall into a tank.

C. Operating personnel should never assume that a piece of equipment is

turned off and will remain turned off. Most equipment at a wastewater
plant operates on a time clock and may automatically start at any moment,
unless locked out of service.

Maintenance of Treatment Plant

A. Steep stairways, uncovered aeration tanks, and narrow walkways are all
potential accident areas. Guard rails should be in proper repair and
secured to their foundations any time operating personnel are performing
their duties at a plant.

14 081606
B. Gratings shall be kept in proper place and in adequate repair. Rusted
gratings should be replaced with adequate materials of construction to
allow personnel to safely perform their duties.

C. Indoor areas, such as blower rooms, pump rooms, and electrical control
rooms, shall have adequate lighting for operating personnel to perform
duties in a safe manner.

15 081606
 ACCIDENT REPORTING

In Case of Traffic Accident

A. Stop at once to determine if anyone was injured, the nature and extent of
the injury, and administer first aid and all reasonable assistance.

B. Obtain the names and addresses of all witnesses before they leave the
scene of the accident.

C. Obtain the name and address of each driver involved, and the names and
addresses of all passengers riding with such driver.

D. Secure all available data on each vehicle involved, including make, model,
type, year, state, and license number.

E. Secure all available data from the operator, or driver’s license of the driver
of each vehicle involved.

F. Note the time and place of the accident.

G. Carefully list damage to each vehicle involved.

H. Secure the name and badge number of any police officials who appear.

I. If a parked vehicle is involved in an accident and the owner can not be

located, a notice should be left on or in the vehicle providing the name and
address of the parties involved. Within 24 hours, the police, sheriff, or
highway patrol should be notified of the accident.

J. Comply with other reports as required by state and local ordinance.

K. Avoid discussing the accident and make no admissions of responsibility to

anyone except authorized representatives. Necessary data given to a law
enforcement officer should be given in private. Never obligate your
employer for damages or medical expenses for non-employees.

L. Report the accident to the main office location along with the above
information.

16 081606
In Case of Public Accident or Sewer Backup

A. All accidents resulting in injury or death of a member of the public and in

which the company may be involved shall be reported to the main office
immediately.

B. In the event of damage to the property of a member of the public, such

damage shall be reported to the main office immediately.

C. No employee shall make statements concerning liability or indicating that

settlement will be made in any accident resulting in injury or property
damage to a member of the public.

D. It is important that the names and addresses of all witnesses be obtained

in all accidents involving the public.

17 081606
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF COMPANY OWNED VEHICLES

Maintenance

A. It shall be the responsibility of the driver of the company vehicle to

maintain the vehicle in proper working order, changing the oil and
servicing the vehicle when required to maintain safe operating condition.

B. Whenever possible a company credit card shall be used to pay for

gasoline and services to the vehicle.

18 081606
 FIRST AID

General Directions for First Aid

Following are nine general directions for first aid in an emergency, outlined by the
American Red Cross.

1. Keep the victim lying down.

2. Examine the victim - look for serious bleeding, lack of breathing, and
poisoning.

3. Keep the victim warm.

4. Send someone to call a physician or ambulance.

5. Remain calm. Do not be rushed into moving the victim unless absolutely
necessary.

6. Never give an unconscious victim anything to eat or drink.

7. Keep the crowd away from the victim.

8. Ensure the victim is comfortable and cheerful.

9. Don’t allow the victim see his injury.

Other General Information

Knowing what not to do in an emergency is just as important as knowing what to

do. The original injury may be magnified by the wrong kind of treatment or mishandling.
If a victim must be transported, ensure that methods described in a standard first aid
text are used. With neck or back injuries, particularly, serious damage may occur by
improperly transporting the victim. If possible, the victim should remain at the site
where the injury occurred until a physician arrives, rather than risk an increase to the
injury through mishandling.

19 081606
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

Mouth-to-Mouth Method

The mouth-to-mouth (or mouth-to-nose) technique of artificial respiration is the

most practical method for emergency ventilation of anyone – adult or child – who has
stopped breathing due to an electric shock, drowning, carbon monoxide poisoning, or
any other cause. This method, officially adopted by the American Red Cross, has the
advantage of providing pressure to immediately inflate the victim’s lungs. It also
enables the rescuer to judge more accurately the volume, pressure, and timing of his
efforts, than does other methods. When a victim is unconscious and not breathing, the
base of the tongue tends to press against and block the upper air passageway. The
procedures described below should create an open air passageway when the rescuer is
working alone.

1. If there is foreign matter visible in the mouth, wipe it out quickly with your
fingers or cloth wrapped around your fingers.

2. Tilt head back so chin is pointed upward. Pull or push jaw into jutting out
position. These maneuvers should relieve obstruction of airway by
moving the base of the tongue away from the back of the throat.

3. Open your mouth wide and place tightly over victim’s mouth. At the same
time pinch the victim’s nostrils shut, close them with your cheek, or close
the victim’s mouth and place mouth over victim’s nose. (Air may be blown
through the victim’s teeth even though they may be clenched.)

4. Remove your mouth, turn your head to the side, listen for return rush of air
that indicates air exchange. Repeat blowing effort. For an adult, blow
vigorously at the rate of approximately 12 breaths per minute. For a child,
take relatively shallow breaths appropriate for the child’s size at the rate of
approximately 20 breaths per minute.

20 081606